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1 16 the Ottomans Jamal ad-din al-afghani 1 Selim 1 Mahmud Tanzimat, New Order 2 Askir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye 1 Bernard Lewis. The Impact of the French Revolution on Turkey. Journal of World History. 1, Pp Mufti Bernard Lewis. Emergence of Modern Turkey. Oxford: Oxford University Press, P.78.

2 17 waqf Reinhard Schulze aliya-yi uthmaniya daula 7 3 Bernard Lewis. Emergence of Modern Turkey. Pp Ahmed Vefik Pasha Mustafa Resid Pasha Albert Hourani. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Pp Abdulhamid 6 Donald Quataert. The Ottoman Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Pp Reinhard Schulze. A Modern History of the Islamic World. p.17.

3 Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali Mamluk 9 10 Muhammad Ali Council of State Private Council 11 Muhammad Ali 8 Albert Hourani. A History of the Arab Peoples. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap. P P. J. Vatikiotis. History of Modern Egypt. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, P A. Paton. A History of the Egyptian Revolution. Vol.2. London. 1870, p.79. Vatikiotis. History of Modern Egypt. P Vatikiotis. History of Modern Egypt. P

4 19 tax-farming) Mamluk 12 Muhammad Ali Ciftilik Muhammad Ali 13 Muhammad Ali Aswan Muhammad Ali Mamluk Muhammad Ali 12 multazimun Afaf Lutfi al-sayyid Marsot. Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, P Vatikiotis. History of Modern Egypt. P. 60.

5 20 14 Ali Ali al-rahman Hasan al-jarbati Ali 15 Muhammad Ali Ismail Pasha 16 Khedive 17 Ismail Ismail 14 Vatikiotis. History of Modern Egypt. P Daniel Crecelius. Nonideological Response of the Egyptian Ulama to Modernization in Nikki Keddie, ed. Scholars, Saints, and Sufis. California: California University Press, Pp Vatikiotis. History of Modern Egypt. P Abdülaziz Husayn Khedive The New Encyclopaedia Britannica.

6 21 18 Ismail (Geographical Society) 19 Muhammad Ali Ismail Ismail 20 Ismai Muqabala Dual 21 Control 22 Caisse dela Dette ( Ismail 18 Vatikiotis. History of Modern Egypt. P Vatikiotis. History of Modern Egypt. P Ismail Ismail Ismail 21 Marsot Afaf Lutfi al-sayyid. Egypt and Cromer. P Urabi Afaf Lutfi Al-Sayyid Marsot. Egypt and Cromer. P

7 22 Nubar Ismail National Urabi Society National Party Jamal ad-din al-afghani al-afghani Ismail National 23 Project Rivers of Reform Wilson Ismail Rivers Wilson 24 Ismail Nubar Riad Pasha Sharif Pasha Ismail Ismail Ismail Tawfiq Vatikiotis. History of Modern Egypt. P Vatikiotis. History of Modern Egypt. P Vatikiotis. History of Modern Egypt. P

8 23 Tawfiq Tawfiq (Law of Liquidation) 26 Khedive Ismail Tawfiq Sharif Pasha 27 Sharif Urabi Urabi Juan Cole. Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East. Princeton: Princeton University Press, Pp Afaf Lutfi Al-Sayyid Marsot. Egypt and Cromer. P.18.

9 24 Urabi 29 Disraeli 30 3 Urabi Granville [] 31 Dufferin [ ] 29 Vatikiotis. History of Modern Egypt. P Vatikiotis. History of Modern Egypt. P Vatikiotis. History of Modern Egypt. P.29.

10 25 32 Cromer Muhammad Ali Ismail Jamal al-din al-afghani Al-Afghani 36 Al-Afghani 32 Vatikiotis. History of Modern Egypt. P Dufferin, p. 65.Baring( Cromer) Modern Egypt Afaf Lutfi Egypt Al-Sayyid and Cromer. Marsot. P Baring Afaf Lutfi Al-Sayyid Marsot. Egypt and Cromer. P / 36 Charles Wendell. Evolution of the Egyptian National Image. California: UCP, P.171.

11 26 Gordon I II Al-Afghani Guizot The Progress of European Civilization 39 Guizot al-afghani 37 Albert Hourani. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age. P al-afghani Albert Arabic Thought in the Liberal Hourani. Age. P Guizot al-afghani Muhammad Abduh Albert Hourani. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age. P

12 27 40 al-afghani 41 [ ] al-afghani 42 I Sayyid Ahmad Khan II 43 al-afghani 40 Charles Wendell. Evolution of the Egyptian National Image. Berkeley: University of California Press, P Charles Adams. Islam and Modernism in Egypt. New York : Russell & Russell, P.6. n.6. Albert Hourani. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age. P Charles Wendell. Evolution of the Egyptian National Image. P Albert Hourani. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age. P.124.

13 28 al-afghani 44 jabr 45 al-afghani [ ] Charles Wendell. Evolution of the Egyptian National Image. P Charles Wendell. Evolution of the Egyptian National Image. P.177, n.34 Abu l-huda al-sayyadi al-afghani Abu l-huda al-afghani Albert Hourani. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Thought. P Charles Wendell. Evolution of the Egyptian National Image. P.174.

14 29 al-afghani Ismail Nasir al-din Shah 47 Al-Afghani Al-Afghani 48 Keddie Afghani Afghani 47 Nikki Keddie. An Islamic Response to Imperialism. Berkeley: University of California Press, P Sayyid Jamal al-din al-afghani (Lecture on Teaching and Learning) Charles Kurzman. ed. Modernist Islam: A Sourcebook. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.105 Nikki Keddie. An Islamic Response to Imperialism. P Elie Kedourie. Afghani and Abduh. London: Frank Cass, 1966.

15 30 49 al-afghani Muhammad Abduh Rashid Rida Rifa a Badawi Rafi al-tahtawi al-tahtawi al-afghani Al-Afghani al-tahtawi II al-tahtawi 50 III al-tahtawi al-tahtawi 51 Al-Afghani Muhammad Abduh 49 Nikki Keddie. An Islamic Response to Imperialism. P Al-Tahtawi al-azhar John W. Livingston. Western Science and Educational Reform in the Thought of Shaykh Rifa a al-tahtawi in IJMES. 28, Pp Albert Hourani. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Thought. P. 76.

16 31 Muhammad Abduh Muhammad Abduh al-afghani Muhammad Abduh 1 Abduh Abduh Asharite Mutazilite

17 32 Ashari Mutazilite 52 Abduh Mutazilite Abduh Abduh al-qada wa l-qadar 55 compulsionist 56 Abduh 57 Abduh 52 Mutazilite EI, 2 nd. 53 Abduh Muhammad Abduh. Theology of Unity. trans. by Charles Wendell. London: George Allen& Unwin, Pp Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform: the Political and Legal Theories of Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Rida. Berkeley: University of California Press, P Muhammad Abduh. Theology of Unity. P Malcom Kerr. Islamic Reform. P Abduh

18 33 58 Malcom Kerr Abduh al-ghazali Abduh 59 Abduh Abduh Abduh Maturidite 60 Malcom Kerr religious imperative Malcom Kerr. Islamic Reform. P Malcom Kerr. Islamic Reform. P Malcom Kerr. Islamic Reform. P Malcom Kerr. Islamic Reform. P. 127.

19 34 Abduh Mutazilite Abduh Abduh 2 Abduh Abduh Mutazilite Abduh sign secondary origin 62 Q Abduh 62 Malcom Kerr. Islamic Reform. P.129.

20 35 63 Q Allah Malcom Kerr. Islamic Reform. P Malcom Kerr. Islamic Reform. P Abduh Ash arite sunnat Ash arite Allah Duncan Black Macdonal. Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence, and Constitutional Theory. New York: Russell & Russell, Pp

21 36 norm Abduh Abduh Abduh Auguste Comte Abduh 66 Albert Hourani Abduh Abert Hourani. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age. Pp Malcom Kerr. Islamic Reform. P

22 37 shura 68 Ibn Khaldun asabiyya Ibn Khaldun Abduh Abduh Abduh 68 Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform. p Ibn Khaldun power group Aziz al-azmeh. Ibn Khaldun. London: Routledge, Pp Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform. P.138.

23 38 71 Abduh Abduh 72 Abduh Abduh authority Abduh Abduh 71 Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform. P Muhammad Abduh. Ash-Shura wa l-qanun Tarikh, II. Pp Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform. P.133.

24 39 73 Abduh 74 Abduh Abduh 75 Abduh 3 Abduh 73 Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform. P Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform. P Abduh Charles Adams. Islam and Modernism in Egypt. P.22.

25 40 Abduh Nationalist Party Urabi Abduh temporarieness Abduh Abduh 4 Abduh Abduh Abduh 76 Abduh Charles Islam and Modernism in Egypt. Adams. Pp Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform. P.139.

26 41 78 Abduh Abduh 79 Abduh 80 vs. A 78 Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform. P Abduh obedience in sin) Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform. P Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform. P

27 42 81 Abduh 82 ijma ijma 83 Abduh ijma ijma Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform. P Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform. P Erwin Rosenthal. Political Thought in Medieval Islam. Westport: Greenwood Press, p.31. Joseph Schacht. An Introduction to Islamic Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, P Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform. Pp

28 43 Rashid Rida Rashid Rida al-afghani Abduh Rashid Rida Abduh al-manar Abduh al-afghani Rashid Rida Rashid Rida 85 1 Rashid Rida Pan-Arabism Ottomanism 86 Abdul-Hamid 87 Rashid Rida al-afghani 85 Olivier Roy. Failure of Political Islam. trans. by Carol Volk. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, P Urabi Marsot al-lufti al-sayyid. Egypt and Cromer. P Rashid Rida Mahmoud Haddad. Arab Religious Nationalism in the Colonial Era Journal of American Oriental Society. 117(2), p.256.

29 44 Rashid Rida Ottoman Consultative Society Rashid Rida 88 Rashid Rida Abdul-Hamid Progress CUP Rashid Rida 89 Rashid Rid 90 Rashid Ridah 88 Eliezer Tauber. Rashid Rida as Pan-Arabist before World War I Muslim World. 79(2), pp Rashid Rida Rashid Rida 89 Rashid Rida The Superior Council for Arab Association Eliezer Tauber. Rashid Rida as Pan-Arabist before Worl p Ahmed Ali Salem. Challenging Authoritarianism, Colonialism, and Disunity American Journal of Islamic Social Studies. 21(2), Pp

30 45 Rashid Ridah Abd al-rahman al-kawakibi 91 usul 92 Rashid Rida Rashid Rida Rashid Rida Rashid Rida 93 Rashid Rida Rashid Rida 94 Rashid Rida Sharif Husayn 91 Abd al-rahman al-kawakibi Martin Kramer. Islam Assembled. NY: Columbia University Press, Pp Mahmoud Haddad. Arab Religious Nationalism in the Colonial Era. P Ahmed Ali Salem. Challenging Authoritarianism, Colonialism, and Disunity p Rashid Rida. EI2nd. Vol.8. p.447.

31 46 Husayn Rashid Rida 95 Rashid Rida Sharif Husayn Rashid Rida Rashid Rida 2 Rashid Rida Abduh Rashid Rida (an irrational secret) 95 Arab Revolt sharif Blunt Zohrab Zohrab Kawakibi Sharif Husayn Ali Pilgrim Ibn Sa udcongress Martin Kramer. Islam Assembled. Pp

32 Rashid Rida Rashid Rida Hasan al-banna Rashid Rida 96 Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform, p Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform, p Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform, p.156.

33 48 99 umra ulama al-manar Hijaz 102 Rashid Rida Rashid Rida Rashid Rida 99 Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform, p Mahmoud Haddad. Arab Religious Nationalism in the Colonial Era. P Marsot al-lufti al-sayyid. Egypt and Cromer. P Al-Manr. 27, p.119. Charles Adams. Islam and Modernism in Egypt. P.184

34 49 3 Rashid Rida Arab Caliph Husayn Rashid Rida Rashid Rida (bay a) 103 (ahl al-hall wa l- aqd) Rashid Rida 103 Abu Bakr Uthman ijma Erwin Rosenthal. Political Thought in Medieval Islam. Westport: Greenwood Press, p.31.

35 50 Rashid Rida Malcom Kerr 106 Rashid Rida ( adala) ( ilm) (ra y wa hikma) (self-sufficient fact) Taftazani Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform, p Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform, p Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform, p.162. Rashid Rida Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform, p.163.

36 51 Kerr mujtahid Malcom Kerr Rashid Rida (ra is) 110 Rashid Rida Muhammad Abduh 108 Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform, p Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform, p Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform, p.164.

37 52 Rashid Rida Rashid Rida 111 kufr Rashid Rida Rashid Rida Ali Abd ar-raziq 113 Rida 114 Malcom Kerr 111 Rashid Rida Mahmoud Haddad. Arab Religious Nationalism in the Colonial Era.p Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform, p Rashid Rida al-raziq Abu Bakr Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform, p Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform, p

38 53 Rashid Rida 115 Rida Rashid Rida 116 Rashid Rida (Al-Khilafa au al-imama l- Uzmaa) 117 Rashid Rida 115 Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform, p Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform, p Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform, p

39 54 Rashid Rida Rashid Abduh Rida Abduh Rashid Rida Rida Rashid Rida al-raziq Rashid Rida Malcolm Kerr. Islamic Reform, p Rashid Rida Jamal al-din al-afghani Muhammad Abduh 120 P. J. Vatikiotis. History of Modern Egypt. P Vatikiotis Khedive Rashid Rida 121 Fazlur Rahman Fazlur Rahman. Islamic Modernism: Its Scope, Method and Alternatives IJMES. 1(4), Pp

~ Jason Thompson, A History of Egypt: From Earliest Times to the Present, Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2008, p

2015 3 Mar. 2015 2 Arab World Studies No.2 Margot Badran, Dual Liberation Feminism and Nationalism in Egypt 1870~1925, Spring, 1988, p.24. 77 ~ Jason Thompson, A History of Egypt: From Earliest Times to