百年孤寂-台灣棒球發展之政治經濟分析

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杰夏
7 years ago
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4 Al Benander Benander 晧

5 堃

6 game fixing sociability social capital industrial-specific human capital structured multiple comparative case studies i

7 One Hundred Years of Solitude An Analysis of the Political Economy of the Taiwanese Baseball Development Abstract Almost completely left behind by educational ladders, reinforced by the fact that core baseball skills are highly industry-specific, baseball players under 12K tend to be highly exploited by the management hierarchy in Taiwan. Baseball sports at all levels in Taiwan, particularly the professional baseballs, have been replete with erratic management practices, low pays, meager benefits, and underdeveloped bargaining measures. Frequent foul play is the result. Even though baseball sports have caught the attention of the media and many baseball games have aroused tremendous emotions in the general public, students of public administration and public policies have rarely tackled such topics systematically. This paper tries to compare features of the development of baseball sports in USA, Japan, South Korea, Cuba and Taiwan, and come up with a theoretical framework encompassing both micro- and macro-based elements for explaining the similarities and disparities in the development of baseball sports of these three countries. In a nutshell, the authors argue that the most essential element for the comprehensive development of baseball sport is the type of governing regimes that have existed in local governments. This paper contents that if local governments are highly autonomous and have to be responsible for their own development, then, in order to out-compete other localities, political, economic, and social elite of the same locality tend to venture together into large-scale and systematic type of development projects. Consequently, these elite will have to mobilize huge amount of resources and tied themselves closely together in the provision and production of large-scale and systematic public infrastructures and services, through intensive communication and negotiation. In this process, ample social capital will be created and accumulated. Based on such backgrounds, many sort of team sports will be chosen as critical parts of the integral local development strategy, baseball sport included. This paper use political economy as approach and social capital, industrial-specific human capital as a theoretical framework to analysis baseball development of different countries. Finally, the authors will also put forth different policy recommendations for the development of different type of baseballs. Key Words: Baseball Development, Social Capital, Regime Politics, Industrial- Specific Human Capital. ii

Baseball sports at all levels in Taiwan, particularly the professional baseballs, have been replete with erratic management practices, low pays, meager benefits, and underdeveloped bargaining

8 ...v...vi iii

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10 v

11 vi

12 game fixing/ game rigging /

13 / / sociability / structured multiple comparative case studies / state civil 2

14 society genealogy

15 1974 / / Chinese Professional Baseball League, CPBL /08/26 4

16 Taiwan Major League, TML TML / Baseball World Cup Chinese Taipei Baseball Association /08/26 4 context / / 5

Chinese Taipei Baseball Association 1997 4 18 1998

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18 La New World Baseball Classical, WBC /08/ /08/25 7

2009 3 World Baseball Classical, WBC 12.

19 9 2009a 7 Williamsport 2009a LaNew LaNew /08/25 8

20 / /

21 1960 Samuel Huntington, 1997 The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order Benedict Anderson, 1999 Imagined Community 60 / vehicle / 8 subversive interpretations Andrew Morris, 2006 Morris 10

22 Williamsport Lloyd Glenn McClendon /09/ /09/

23 / state 12 New International Division of Baseball Labor Wallerstein, 1976 core semi-periphery periphery ( resistance identity ) ( 1992 ) 13 12

24 hegemony 2000 Baseball s International Division of Labor 14 Miller, Rowe, Mckay & Lawrence, BBS 15 New York Yankees starts rotation 2009 globalization of sports industries 14 Tobby Miller 2003 New International Division of Cultural Labour, NICL Baseball s International Division of Labor 15 (BBS, Bulletin Board System) / BBS 流不不類論論 BBS 流 13

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33 Competitive Balance Draft Free Agent Luxury Tax actors stakeholders 28 Gini Index 22

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35 a 33 / bargaining power

36 2-1 Chinese Professional Baseball League Nippon Professional Baseball Major League Baseball Korean Baseball Organization KBO Minor League Baseball 3A AAA 2A AA 1A Advanced A 1A A 1A Short A Rookie 25

37 Robert Yin 2003 analytical generalization International Baseball Federation, IBAF International Baseball Federation /08/25 26

38 / / 35 10% b 27

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40 9-12 American football 8 10 / department of recreation Community Service Department National Collegiate Athletic Association, NCAA offer letter Ohio 29

41 State University, OSU , First Year Player Draft 37 Salary Arbitration national pastime Ohio State's athletic revenue tops $100 million USA TODAY. 2006/08/18. Latest update 25 Aug Posting system Posting system International Player /03/ /08/ /02/ /08/26 30

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45 1860 Nemiso Guillo Havana 47 Joseph Arbena David Gerald LaFrance 2002 Fidel Castro Valdes municipio neighborhood or barrio Jamail Escuela de Iniciación Depotiva, EIDE, Sports Initiation School Escuela Superior de Perfeccionamiento Atlético, ESPA, Advanced School for Athletic Perfection Jamail 2000 Baseball Academy Serie de Desarrollo Serie Nacional Jamail Cuban Baseball Home /08/25 34

46 Serie Nacional Jamail, 2000: 40 National Technical Commission Cuban baseball eqiupo Cuba Baird, 2005: Isla de la Juventud Smart, 2005: 43 35

47 3% 7% Korea National Sport University Seoul university Pusan University Korea University Sungkyunkwan University Yonsei University /08/26 36

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49 Korean Baseball Organization Kia Tigers SK SK Wyverns Doosan Bears Lotte Giants Samsung Lions Nexen Heros LG LG Twins Hanwha Eagles Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism /08/ /08/ /08/26 38

50 Yokohama Baystars New York Yankees Mike Mussina Stanford 39

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53 Coleman 1988: % 14.4% Coleman Coleman 1988 collective behavior Coleman, 1988: 114 Putnam 1993 Coleman 1988 Coleman (trustworthiness of social environment ) 2. (information-flow capacity of social structure) 3. (norms of accompanied by sanctions) (Coleman, 1988: 119) 42

54 Putnam short-term altruism long-term self-interest possibly vague uncertainly uncalculating Putnam, 2000 Lin 2002 Lin 2002 perfect knowledge Lin 2002 Lin 2002 Putnam 1993 Coleman 1988 Lin 2002 Putnam 1993 political process community 43

55 2007 Stone 1989 Regime Politics: Governing Atlanta, Stone Urban Regime Politics informal arrangement Stone Urban Regime Stone Stone Stone pre-emptive power William B. Hartsfield Hartsfield

56 Stone 1989 Regime Politics 2007 Jessop free rider Jessop, 2002 / linking social capital 58 Stone Stone 1989 intergovernmental relations Halpern,

57 selective incentives 59 accountability Stone, 1989: 168, legitimacy 46

58 47

59 Development and Investment of Specific Humanpower Resources highly industrialspecific skills and human capital know-how / / standardization 2006 learning-by-doing codifiable tacit knowledge 61 skill master senior player trial-and-error learning 61 implicit knowledge explicit knowledge Michael Polanyi understanding

60 by doing craft skill material / 62 sunk cost Roy Umstattd 60 80% 62 Learning Curve / 49

61 rotate cuff valgus torque micro trauma vulnerable industrialspecific human capital

62 Labor Policy: Collective Workplace Bargaining industry or team-specific skills Internal Labor Market, ILM 64 predictability 64 51

63 1960 Major League Baseball 70 National Labor Relations Board, NLRB NLRB Major League Baseball Player Association, MLBPA Marvin Miller

64 / / monopoly market failure franchise monopoly /08/25 53

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67 diversify the risks Government s baseball development policy and resource allocation Baird, 2005: 167 Wilson, 1991: 11 Wilson(1991: 11) 56

68 57

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70 George Orwell Robert Yin 2003 analytical generalization 1A 4 1 Putnam 1993 Lin 2002 social network community dynamic processes 2007 urban revitalization 力 59

71 fiscal effort 力力 fiscal decentralization localistic approach 金 2002 accountability 利度度力行利領糧 Putnam 1993 Coleman community development town 68 60

72 / / / 來 Knotts 2006 Community Development Corporations, CDCs 里 consensus building 61

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81 1980 Information and Communications Technology, ICT 1980s ICT ICT 2003 outsourcing Electronics Manufacturing Service, EMS 70

82 2 overuse syndrome USA Baseball Medical & Safety Advisory Committee American College of Sports Medicine, 74 USA Baseball Youth Baseball Injuries USA Baseball Medical & Safety Advisory Committee Noverber Latest Update 26 August American Sports Medicine Institute. USA Baseball Medical & Safety Advisory Guidelines: May Latest Update 26 Aug Latest Update 26 August

83 ACSM Dr. James Andrews fatigue curveball slider breaking pitches Edmund, Denise, Glenn & Andrews, Tommy John humerus ulna Radius tendon ulnar collateral ligament, UCL 72

84 League Cup UCL Tommy John Tommy John

85 2009 Jim Lefebvre / / 74

86 79 / 79 75

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88 MLB Major League Baseball Players Association 2008: exploitation /08/26 83 (reservation clause) ( ) 77

89 non-tender National Labor Relations Board, NLRB Collective bargaining 2005 MLB

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91 2009b 2009 unanimous vote / Council Of Labor Affairs 80

92 The Economic and Social Development Commission Act Korea Tripartite Commission

93 82

94 1995 Jamail, 2000: 81 Omar Linares Orestes Kinderlan 15 1, Jamail, 2000: 35 Slake, 1982 Jamail,

96 2010 Wimbledon Championships accessible 5 ICT Information and Communications Technology international subcontracting fundamental technology innovation 85

97 chaebol Zimbalist, 2003 direct benefit indirect benefit /07/

98 Short Run Average Cost curve, SRAC U Long Run Average Cost curve, LRAC U L Cooke, 1994: economies of scale incremental innovation 2009 Samsung LG Hyundai financial leverage International Monetary Foundation, IMF 85 InterBrand. Latest update 26 August

100 /08/26 87 KPMG /08/ c /08/26 89

101 Jehl, vulnerable industrial-specific human capital

102 stakeholder collectively involved

103 92

104 T social communication Maguire, Jarvie, Mansfield & Bradley, 2002: informational capitalism Benedict Anderson idea emotion 93

105 Manny Pacquiao / New Classical Economics Perfect Competition 90 Manny Pacquiao Forbes Magazine Time Magazine Sarangani /08/26 91 Benedict Anderson 2010/05/10 ems)&id=bd0049&p=excerpt&exid= /08/26 94

106 95

107 96

108 2009 [ ] Rawls, 2009: 242 Johnson, 2001 / / authenticity 97

109 98

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112 Public Policy. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. Anderson, Benedict 1999 (Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism) Halpern, David 2008 (Social Capital) Johnson, Allan G (The Forest and The Trees) Márquez, Gabriel García 1990 (One Hundred Years of Solitude) Rawls, John 2003 (A Theory of Justice) 2009a 3 NOWnews 2009/12/ /08/ b NOWnews 2009/02/ /08/ 行 /03/09 A a b

113 /02/ /10/ /08/ Clarence N. Stone 論理理論 /08/ /06/ /08/ /01/ ( 78 ~92 ) /09/

114 /10/ /08/ /08/ : w.newtaiwan.com.tw/bulletinview.jsp%3fbulletinid= &cd=1&hl=zh-tw&ct=clnk&gl=tw 2010/08/ /11/ a 2009/12/28 A5 2009b 2009/12/28 A1 2009c A 2009/12/28 A5 2009d 2009/12/28 A5 2009e 2009/12/28 A

115 /07/ /08/ /01/ /07/ /10/31 A : / /08/ /07/ /08/ /10/ :

116 /03/ /08/ /07/22 l 2010/08/ /08/ /08/ a KO 2009/07/ /08/ b 2009/07/ /08/ (CBA) /03/10 NewsList-id A140-type-12-daterange search.html 2010/08/

117 /08/ : /12/ /08/ /01/ /08/ /08/ : /9 2008/10/09 C /03/ /08/ :

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119 /11/27 D /07/18 AA /03/ /03/08 A /02/ LLB 1997/04/ /03/07 A /10/25 D a 2009/05/ /08/ b 2009/05/ /08/

120 /11/20 B Nownews 2009/02/ /08/ NPF Commentary 2002/11/ /08/ /07/ /08/ ~ /11/ /08/ /06/06 109

121 2010/08/ /06/ /08/ /11/ /08/ /08/ /01/ /08/

122 KBO 111

棒球不能承受之重 :2008 北京奧運棒球賽國族意識報導分析棒球在台灣不只是一項運動賽事, 它所代表是台灣多年來累積的巨大期待與情感寄託, 甚至是集體認同的象徵意義

棒球不能承受之重 :2008 北京奧運棒球賽國族意識報導分析棒球在台灣不只是一項運動賽事, 它所代表是台灣多年來累積的巨大期待與情感寄託, 甚至是集體認同的象徵意義棒球不能承受之重 :2008 北京奧運棒球賽國族意識報導分析安碧芸朝陽科技大學傳播藝術系助理教授駱碧蓮國立師範大學運動與休閒管理研究所聯絡地址 : 台中縣霧峰鄉吉峰東路 168 號朝陽科技大學傳播藝術系電話 :04-2332-3000