西漢晚期以來，儒家思想對社會已有了深入的影響，當時不論士庶，普遍對孝悌之行抱有由衷的敬意。在此背景下，原本存在於大家庭的治家之法，在士人階層發生了深刻而微妙的變化。士人立身以禮、躬行實踐的結果，推動著家庭內的倫理關係趨向於嚴謹規矩。

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20 16 The Aristocratic Polity during the Wei-Jin and Southern-Northern Dynasties and the Making of the East Asian World Viewed from the Establishment of Military Governorship Tanigawa Michio Abstract One of the characteristics of the Wei-Jin and Southern-Northern Dynasties is the rise of non-han peoples. Another is the prevalence of aristocracy. Actually, these two features appeared basically at the same time. By analyzing this synchronicity, this article tries to examine the nature of the East Asian World of the time. The establishment of the local Military Governorship (Dudu zhuzhou junshi) from the Wei-Jin Period was for better control of local areas by the Central Government in China. However, this policy was based on the increasing local autonomy. This could be seen in the fact that the officials in the Military Governments were staffed by the local ruffians and warlords. The Yongjia Rebellion (311) undermined the Han Chinese regime in China proper. Its impact on the Korean Peninsula and Japanese Islands accelerated the unification of these two countries. This change, in turn, also contributed the making of the East Asian World centered around China. The countries in East Asia, such as Po-ji and Japan, were connected with China through the institution of investiture and enfeoffment. In doing so, China first recognized the administrative power of the locality and then invested Military Governorship to the local kings. This Military Governorships in the various East Asian Countries had become the most important institution coming from the Chinese Emperor, and later gradually developed their respective independence in the East Asian World. Keywords: Wei-Jin and Southern-Northern Dynasties, East Asian World, aristocratic polity, Military Governorship, Title of General, investiture, Kaogouli, Poji, Wo.

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36 32 The Common Education of Intellectuals in Ancient East Asia Kao, Ming-shih Abstract In traditional East Asia, education generally proceeded from pre-school books such as Thousand Words, to the Classic of Filial Piety, the Analects and other Confucian classics. Such a pedagogic procedure was first put into practice in Han China, and became common in East Asia as a whole. All private as well as official education in East Asia shared this procedure in common. The philosophical foundation of this education with East Asian character was Confucianism. Keywords: Edict during the reign of Yoro, imperial university, village cultural center, local young elite, temple schools.

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54 50 The Dissemination of the Tang Calendar in East Asia Wang, Yong Abstract The dissemination of Chinese calendar in East Asia has its multifold significance and the compound influence. The academic circle has, however, long over-emphasized its effect on the scientific and technological level, while unduly underestimating its political and cultural importance. As a matter of fact, before modern times, the Chinese calendar was adopted by nearly every country in East Asia, not only as a way of learning advanced astronomical knowledge, but, more importantly, as a symbol of their compliance with orthodox calendar to seek cultural identification. On the basis of the above viewpoint, this article aims to explore the impact exerted upon Japanese politics and culture by the Chinese calendar in the background of cultural linkage in East Asia, while tracing the process of the dissemination of the Tang calendar in Japan, with Baiji, Xinluo, and Bohai also brought into the study. Meanwhile, in the light of the achievements already made by my forerunners, I will focus particularly on the following problems: I. The earliest time in, and the initial approach through, which the Chinese calendar was disseminated into Japan. In A.D.554, Wang-Baosun, a doctor of calendar in Baiji, set out for Japan to impart knowledge about calendar, and in A.D.602, Guanle, a monk in Baiji, passed the almanac, together with calendar (Yuanjia Li from the Liang State during the Southern Dynasty), to Tama-furu, which testifies to the fact that even before the 7th century, the systematic calendar of the Southern Dynasty had already been imported into Japan. II. There are two sayings concerning the time when Japan began to adopt the Chinese calendar: one is the introduction of Yuanjia Li by Guan Le in A.D.604; another is the simultaneous importation of Yuanjia Li and Yifeng Li. Personally, I believe that the calendar used in 604 was the one introduced from Baiji, while the one used in 690 was made natively by Japanese on the basis of Chinese calendar.

55 51 III. The enigma of Yifeng Li. For a long period of 73 years, Japan had followed Yifeng Li, which, as generally acknowledged by academics, is the alternative name for Linde Li. Yet, no evidence has ever been found in both Chinese and Korean literatures to prove this hypothesis. In accordance with the record in the chapter Linde Li the Eighth Volume, Yifeng Li the Third Volume in Nihonkoku Genzaisyo Mokuroku, the two calendars actually belonged to different volumes, and there might have been three volumes of Yifeng Li in Chinese history. Keywords: Sino-Japanese relationship, Qiantangshi, East Asia, Tang calendar, calendar, Yuanjia Li, Yifeng Li, Linde Li.

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77 73 The Law and Code System in Japan and the Cultural Zone of Ancient East Asia Ōtsu Tōru Abstract One important constituent of the East Asian World was the Law and Code System. By examining this system in Japan, we found its differences from the Tang Law and Code System, and identified its Japanese uniqueness which later contributed to the rise of the Emperorship. This essay tries to trace the operation of the rent and tax system in ancient times and its role in the making of distinctive Japanese law and code system. In Tang China, all the adult males were taxed evenly. The basic government unit in charging tax is Xiang district and San-zhang official during the Han, Northern Dynasties and Tang. The problem is the false report of the numbers of adult males by the local officials. In Japan, just as in Tang China, local administrations were responsible for the creation of tables and lists of the household and male statistics. In case of Tang China, that local administration was the Xiang district and Li village; whereas in Japan it was the County (jun) to be accounted for. Moreover, to avoid malpractice, in both countries there was a Mao-yue system to supervise the tax collecting. Unlike Tang China, the Li village and Guo district offices did not play a significant role in the Japanese Tax System. This is one of the differences between China and Japan. Keywords: Law and code system, Tax and Corveé Order, Household Order, land rent, tax in silk and corveé, corveé system, tax ledger, physical feature examiner, household control, local statistic report to the court.

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104 100 Social Structure of Nara Period as Seen from the Legal System Xu, Jian-xin Abstract The Ancient Japanese Legal Status System was in fact a hierarchical system in its social structure. In its process of crystallization of ancient eastern cultural circle, which was patterned on ancient Chinese culture, the ancient Japanese state transformed the status system into a social hierarchical system of Chinese-style, while following legal system of Chinese Tang Dynasty. The status system was indeed the instrument by which the government controlled its people. In the so-called community of the nobles, the struggle and separation of classes remained. Analyzing from the identity and career of the noble and the humble, their rights and duties (esp. privileges) in social life in ancient Japanese society, the division of three social classes, that of noble, citizen and humble, could be completed. Keywords: social structure, legal status system, ranked noble, noble, humble.

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148 144 Tokugawa Confucian Ito Jinsai's Conception of Zitsu ( ) Tung, Chang-yi Abstract The importance of Tokugawa Confucian Ito Jinsai( ) in Japanese Neo-Confucian history lies on his anti-zhu Xi( ) character, including his: 1.emphasizing political utilitarianism rather than individual moralism; 2.stressing the importance of daily human relationships rather than Zhu Xi s investigation of things to explore principle, etc. To trace the intellectual critical crossroad between Ito Jinsai and Zhu Xi, the author would like to point out the Chinese charactor (pronounced shi in PINYIN, and as "zitsu" in Japanese). The character is the most conspicious and frequent one in Ito Jinsai's writings. It is usually used by Ito Jinsai to connote social and utilitarian meanings of a uniquely Japanese style. Especially, the term is used by Ito Jinsai to exlude any ontological and metaphisical meanings, as conspiciously connoted in Zhu Xi's thought. Starting from this special usage of the character, Ito Jinsai developed up his explanation of Confucianism in great contrast with that of traditional Chinese intellectuals represented by Zhu Xi. Keywords: Ito Jinsai ( ), Shi ( ), Shi-li ( ), Shi-gan ( ), Tokugawa intellectual history, utilitarianism.

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151 ~ ~ The New Japanese Civil Code, as material for the Study of Comparative Jurisprudence Tokyo: Maruzen 1912 chap Rudolf Von Ihering, 1818~

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181 Gustave Emile Boissonade de Fontarabie, 1825~ ~ ~188 35

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186 182 The Latest Influence of the Traditional Chinese Law on Japanese Criminal Legislation Huang, Yuan-sheng Abstract It occurs very often among peoples of well-developed cultures, that they usually influence one another so far as their facticities and institutions are concerned. The case is the same with respect to the establishment of legal institutions and the founding of social order. The present paper compares the modern criminal legislation of Japan and China in regard to their incentives, processes and effects. It is expected that the said efforts will be able to discover the limits and defects in our conventional legal culture and will be helpful to our legislative policy-making and the development of our legal system in the future. Keywords: Adoption of foreign law, Meiji Restoration, The legal modernization, Chinese Legal System, Hsin-lu-kang-ling, Kai-ting-lu-li.

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194 190 Victor G. Kiernan Okuma ~ ~97 20 Victor G. Kiernan ~ Douglas R. Reynolds China, : The Xinzheng Revolution and Japan ~38

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206 Benidict Anderson nationalism

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209 205 The Imaginative and the Actual: Who Identifies with Asia? Reflections on Japanese and Chinese Asiaist Discourses from the Late Qing Dynasty to the Early Republican Era Ge, Zhao-guang Abstract There can be no doubt that we should take Asia as a historically, culturally and intellectually interrelated space from the viewpoint of which we can rethink the past, the present and the future. However, this view of Asia has lasted a long time which can be traced to the Meiji period of Japan and the late Qing Dynasty of China. The present essay surveys both the Asiaist discourses in the Meiji period in Japan and the reaction of Chinese intellectuals to Asiaism from the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republican Era. The author suggests that the radical differences between the two parts which exhibited themselves in their respective positions, emotions and approaches were relevant to the concrete situations Japan and China faced with at that time, especially to their specific development of nationalism and pursuit of modernity. The nationalism at the turn of the 20 th century became a passionate pursuit of modernity on the behalf of the whole country, both in China and Japan, namely, to ensure national survival by searching for power and wealth, which in turn just meant westernization and modernization; henceforth, the mixture of the national positions and the universal values. Therefore, the recognition of the same Asia for Chinese and Japanese during that period differed from each other to a much greater extent. Presently some scholars proposed the implication of Asian Values and The Community of Asia, but in my opinion, we should still ask the following questions: a) What does Asia mean, East Asia or Asia as a whole? b) How can Asia the geographical unit become Asia the unit of cultural identity? c) Is the Asia with which the Japanese identified the same as the political and cultural community with which the Chinese and Koreas identified themselves? d) Finally, is Asia a community which still needs to be constructed or is it already a community

210 206 which had gained its identification, in other words, is it a history which has been made or is it merely a hopeful yet unfinished actuality? Keywords: Asia, Asiaist, late Qing Dynasty China, Meiji period Japan, identify.

211 30 BIBLID (2002)30p ~ * *

212 ~ ~279 3

213 ~ ~336 4 T50 no.2059 p.385 c17~19 T

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215 ( 119 ) 318~ ~192

216 devaputra ~ Sten Konow ed., Kharosht!hī Inscriptions Varanasi: Indological Book House, 1969, rep. 20 John Rosenfield, The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967, 186~ John Rosenfield, 202, 205~ T16 no. 663 p. 347 a7~19 2~3 Lévi Fils des dieux (son of gods) Lévi, Devaputra Journal Asiatique, 1934, Paris, ~ ~ ~

217 Chandragupta ~ ~319 T49 no p. 51 a21~23 30 J. Allan, The Cambridge Shorter History of India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1934), Hermann Kulke, The Devaraja Cult Ithaca: Cornell University, 1978 ; J. W. Mabbett, Devaraja, Journal of Southeast Asian History , 202~ ~322 (Mahaiśvara)

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219 ~31 39 T50 no p. 327 b8~

220 T50 no p. 363 b5~6 42 T50 no p. 365 a13~ T42 no p. 29 a

221 217 傉 ~

222 ~ T55 no p. 78 a7~8 T55 no p. 57 c12~13 48 T55 no p. 63 c9~

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226 cosmography T50 no p. 332 b6 65 T52 no a~230a a 67 T50 no p. 363 b7~16 68 T52 no p. 74b 69 Randy Kloetzli, Buddhist Cosmology: From Single World System to Pure Land (Delhi:

227 Motilal Banarsidass, 1983); Akira Sadakata, Buddhist Cosmology (Tokyo: Kōsei Publishing Co., 1997). 70 T1 no. 1 p. 40b14~41a22

228 mahāsudarśana Sam%kha T1 no. 1 p. 38b23~38c1 72 T 1 no. 1 41b~42b p. 119b~121b 73 T 55 no p. 45 a6 74 T55 no p. 74c~75a T55 no p. 41c E. Lamotte, The Teaching of Vimalakīrti(London: Rouledge & Kengan Paul, 1976), 14~17 75 Stanley J. Tambiah, World Conqueror and World Renouncer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976)

229 deva devarāja T01 no. 5 p. 169c28~170a17 78 T2 no. 99 p. 295c~296a.

230 226 Śakra Śa 2 śak- to be strong or powerful, to be able or competent for 79 Śakra Indra Śakra-devānām-indra Śa devā in (4) Śa devānā= min= Śakra -devā- -indra min kauśika Mahābhārata 82 Śakra/Indra Lalitavistara Śakrah! devānām indrah!" Śakra, Lord of the gods 83 Brahmī Ī [m%] drah! devarājā Indra, King of the gods Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1899), T5 no p. 443 b14~16 81 T53 no p. 1c 82 V. P. Varma, Hindu Political Thought and Its Metaphysical Foundation (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1959), 183~ Gouriswar Bhattacharya, Letter, Oriental Art. 26:1(1980), Gouriswar Bhattacharya 200 BCE 82 CE Pratapaditya Pal, A Kushan Indra and Some Related Sculptures, Oriental Art 25:2(1979), 212~ T2 p. 292a~c p. 294a~295b

231 Śakra/Indra T28 no p. 110 b3~15 T25 no p. 135 b7~9 87 T2 no c~85a 88 T2 p. 293a~c 89 T2 no. 100 p. 384 b18~22 T2 no. 99 p. 290 c13~17 1

232 Samyuka-nikaya T25 no p. 456 b5~13 91 T25 no p. 618 a25~b

233 Dīgha-nikāya Sakka-pañha Sutta A. von Le Coq Enst Waldschmidt Tokharian Waldschmidt Waldschmidt indra-sala-guha A. Soper E. Waldschmidt, Central Asian Sūtra Fragments and their Relation to the Chinese Āgamas, Die Sprache der Altersten Buddhistischen Über Lieferung, (Symp. II), 1980, 138~ T55 no p. 64 b17 64a Anada K. Coomaraswamy, Early Indian Iconography, pt. I, Indra, Eastern Art, 1:1 (1928), 32~41; A. C. Soper, Aspects of Light Symbolism in Gandharan Sculpture, Artibus

234 Soper Asiae 7:3 (1949), 252~283; 7:4 (1949), 314~330; 8:1~2 (1950), 63~ ~ T1 no. 26 p. 632 c28~a8 99 p. 635 b4~5 100 p. 635 b14~15

235 T50 no p. 326c 102 T55, no p. 24c T55 p. 428b T55 no p. 657b T55 no p. 994c 103 T55 no p. 75 a13~14

236 T53 no p. 74 c21~ T53 no p. 75 a10~ T49 no p. 332 b6 107 T8 no. 223 p. 310 a8~ T25 no a~b 109

237 T25 no p. 469 a22~ ~ 傉 T49 no p. 335 a19~20 T25 no p. 458 a20~21 T5 no p. 476 a25~29 116

238 ~ T53 no p. 1c~2a Frank Reynolds & Mani Reynolds, Three Worlds According to King Ruan (Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press, 1982) T55 no p. 24

239 Champputra Śrībhadravarman a ~216

240 Franklin Edgerton devaputra deva Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit, vol. I(New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1953),

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243 T52 no.2108 p.452a

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246 242 Yao Xing, A Chinese Buddhist Devarāja around the Fourth Century CE Chou, Po-kan Abstract By critically examining historical accounts of a powerful proto-tibetan king, Yao Xing, who replaced his regal title huangdi (emperor) with tienwang in 399 CE, in an official history, Book of the Jin (completed in 644), the article determines that tienwang actually refers to Śakra/Indra, the ruler of Trayastrim%śā Heaven, often called as devarāja(king of gods), representing the Buddhist ideal king, rather than the Confucian concept of tienwang (heavenly king) as suggested by other scholars. The article argues for this explanation with materials from various sources: the Buddhist conception of Śakra/Indra in the scriptures and sculptures that were then circulated in China, Chinese Buddhist records on Yao Xing, and the Buddhist usage of devarāja in the regions other than China. For Yao Xing s regime was short-lived, the article reaches the conclusion that Buddhism s political operation in the name of devarāja was essentially incongruous, and therefore unworkable, with the existing Chinese statecraft. Keywords: Buddhism, Buddhist concept of kingship, devarāja, Sakra, Indra, Tienwang, Northern Dyansties, intercourse between Buddhist and Chinese political thoughts.

247 30 BIBLID (2002)30p ~ * *

248 244 Paul Cézanne, 1839~1906 Claude Monet, 1840~1927 Auguste Renoir, 1841~1919 Camille Pissarro, 1830~ Charles Baudelaire, 1821~ Edgar Degas, 1834~1917 J. A. D. Ingres, 1780~ baigneuse La 1 Francis Jourdain, Cézanne, (1950); Émile Bernard, Paul Cézanne, L Occident, July 1904; Jules Borély, Cézanne à Aix, (1902) L Art vivant, no.2, 1926; repr. in Michael Doran, ed., Conversations avec Cézanne (Paris: Macula, 1978), 84, 37, Hippolyte Taine, De l intelligence (Paris, 1870), I, 76~85; II, 122. John Gage, Colour and Culture (London: Thames and Hudson, 1993), Charles Baudelaire, Le peintre de la vie moderne, 1863, in Œuvres complètes, ed. Claude Pichois, II (Paris: Gallimard, 1976), 682~724 Œ.C.

249 245 Toilette 4 Gustave Courbet, 1819~1877 Édouard Manet, 1832~1883 Judgment of Paris T. J. Clark Beatrice Farwell, Courbet s Baigneuses and the Rhetorical Feminine Image, in Thomas B. Hess and Linda Nochlin, eds., Woman as Sex Object. Sutides in Erotic Art, 1730~1970 (New York : Allen Lane, 1972), 67; Manet s Bathers, Arts Magazine 54 (May 1980), 124~133 (124). 5 Françoise Cachin, in F. Cachin and Charles Moffett, Manet. 1832~1883 (Paris : Éditions de la Réunion des musées nationaux, 1983), 165~ Beatrice Farwell, Manet s Bathers, Arts Magazine 54 (May 1980), 124~133. Bruno Foucart et al, L Art du nu au XIX e siècle. Le photographe et son modèle (Paris : Hazan, 1998). 7 T. J. Clark, The Painting of Modern Life. Paris in the Art of Manet and His Followers (Princeton University Press), 79~146.

250 John Reward 9 nymphs Roger Fry, 1866~ Meyer Schapiro, 1904~ Eunice Lipton, The Bathers. Modernity and Prostitution, Looking into Degas. Uneasy Images of Women and Modern Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 168~ V: Lionello Venturi, Cézanne, son art - son œuvre, catalogue raisonné (Paris, 1939, rev.ed.; repr. San Francisco: Alan Wofsy, 1989); NR: John Rewald, in collaboration with Walter Feilchenfeldt and Jayne Warman, The Paintings of Paul Cézanne. A Catalogue raisonné (New York: Abrams, 1996); Ch Adrien Chappuis, The Drawings of Paul Cézanne : A Catalogue Raisonné (New York: Graphic Society,1973); R : John Rewald, Paul Cézanne, Watercolours, a catalogue raisonné, Boston: Little and Brown, 1983 ; Les aquarelles de Cézanne, catalogue raisonné, tr. by Jacques Chavy (Paris : Arts et métier graphiques, 1984). 10 Roger Fry, Le développement de Cézanne, L'Amour de l'art, décembre 1926, 389~418 ; see also Cézanne. A Study of His Development (London, 1927; repr. University of Chicago Press, 1989), 77~78.

251 247 V550 V Mary Louise Krumrine Lawrence Gowing Krumrine 1900~ Richard Shiff 11 Meyer Schapiro, The Apples of Cézanne : An Essay on the Meaning of Still-Life, Art News Annual, 34, 1968, 35~53 ; repr. in Modern Art. 19th and 20th Centuries. Selected Papers (New York: G. Braziller, 1979), 1~38 (11~12). 12 L. Gowing, L œuvre de jeunesse de Paul Cézanne, in Cézanne, les années de jeunesse, 1859~1872 (Paris, Musée d'orsay, 1988), 17~30. Lionello Venturi (1936, I, 13~65) 1858~ ~ ~ ~ Mary Louise Krumrine, Paul Cézanne. Les Baigneuses (Basel : Kunstmuseum, 1989 ; Paris : Albin Michel, 1990), 33~ Guila Ballas, Cézanne: Baigneuses et Baigneurs: Thème et composition (Paris: Adam Biro, June 2002) William Rubin et al, Cézanne. The Late Work

252 Tamar Garb displacement substitution archetype T. J. Clark Sigmund Freud, 1856~1939 Hermann von Helmholtz, 1821~ (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1978) 1995~96 Françoise Cachin et Joseph Rishel, Cézanne (Paris: RMN, 1995; Philadelphia: Museum of Art, 1996). 16 Richard Shiff, Cézanne and the End of Impressionism (Chicago, 1984). Cf. Chiao-mei Liu, Cézanne: la série de Château Noir (Thèse de doctorat, Université de Paris I, Panthéon-Sorbonne; Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 1998). 17 Tamar Garb, Cézanne s Late Bathers: Modernism and Sexual Difference, in Bodies of Modernity. Figure and Flesh in Fin-de-Siècle France (London: Thames and Hudson, 1998), 197~ T. J. Clark, Freud s Cézanne, Representations 52 (Fall 1995), 94~122; repr. in Farewell to an Idea. Episodes from a History of Modernism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), 138~ Chiao-mei Liu, 1998, 118~130, 168~172. Richard Shiff, Cézanne's physicality : the politics of touch, in Salim Kemal et Ivan Gaskell, eds., The Language of Art History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 129~180.

253 ~ L Estaque 20 Émile Bernard, 1868~1941 Château Noir Une charogne Joris-Karl Huysmans, 1848~ Ambroise Vollard, La vie et l œuvre de Renoir (Paris, 1919), 114; Vollard, En écoutant Cézanne, Degas, Renoir (Paris: Grasset, 1938 ; repr. 1994), 202. (V902/R132, collection Mr & Mrs Walter Annenberg, Palm Springs, Calif.). Rewald Émile Bernard, Souvenirs sur Paul Cézanne, Mercure de France, octobre 1907 ; in Conversations, Chiao-Mei Liu, 1998, 103~112.

254 Stéphane Mallarmé, 1842~ transposition V252/NR des Baigneuses nues, cernées par des lignes insanes mais emballées, pour la gloire des yeux, avec la fougue d un Delacroix, sans raffinement de vision et sans doigts fins, fouettées par une fièvre de couleurs gâchées, hurlant, en relief, sur la toile appesantie qui courbe! Huysmans, Paul Cézanne, La plume, 1 er septembre 1891, 301 ; repr. in Certains (Paris, 1892) ; L'art Moderne/Certains (Paris: Union générale d'éditions, 1975), Mallarmé, The Impressionists and Edouard Manet, Art Monthly Review; 30 September 1876; repr. in Charles Moffett et al, The New Painting. Impressionism 1874~1886 (San Francisco, Museum of Fine Arts, 1986), 27~35 (33), the intrepid M. de Césane [sic] ). 25 V252/NR593, 253/NR591, 255/NR592, R136, R138, Ch463, 464, 465. (2 Samuel 11: 2)

255 251 R135, 137, Ch463 Ch460, 461, 462 Ch V253/NR591 Honoré Daumier, 1808~ Eugène Delacroix, 1789~1863 Œ.C., II, 557 Caravaggio, 1571~ Retrospective of Daumier, 1878; exhibition at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, 1888; see Daumier, (L Autopsie or La toilette funéraire, V105. c x 80 cm. Private collection). Venturi sees in the drawing Ch463 certain features in common with the painting by Eugène Delacroix, St. Sebastian tended by the Holy women, Robaut no.627. Th. Reff, Burlington Magazine, August 1963, shares Lawrence Gowing s opinion that the Bacchante of Poussin s Education of Bacchus in the Louvre was the model for this female figure; Chappuis, 1973, I, Ch167, 468 ; Chappuis, I, ills.12, 61. (Chapelle de la Vierge, église Saint-Denis-du-Saint-Sacrement) 1843~ See Arlette Sérullaz et al, Delacroix, les dernières années (Paris: RMN, 1998), 296~297, no.124.

256 252 Krumrine Deposition 29 Titian, c.1488~1586 J. M. W. Turner,1775~1851 V252 Rembrandt, 1606~ V253 Ch Krumrine V Ch162, 163, 236 ; Ch237, 290 ; Krumrine, 1990, 43, 256, n9. 30 Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn (1609~69), Bethsabée, Musée du Louvre, Paris. Cézanne, Bethsabée, d après Rembrandt, c NR173. Private collection, Aix-en-Provence. 31 Krumrine, 1990, 137~ % % 41% Theodore Zeldin, Religion and Anticlericalism, in France. 1848~1945, II (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), 983~1039 (992, 987).

257 253 Francisco de Goya, 1746~ Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, 1547~ Ainslie A. Mclees 35 Nadar, Gaspard-Félix Tournachon, 1820~ Les fleurs du mal, Ch.145, 1856~59; Ch146, 1866~69, in Carnet de jeunesse, Musée du Louvre, Paris. 34 Baudelaire, Quelques caricaturistes étrangers, Le Présent, 15 octobre 1857 ; repr. in l'artiste, 26 septembre 1858 ; repr. in Curiosités esthétiques. L Art romantique et autres œuvres critiques de Baudelaire (Paris : Bordas, 1990), 297 (Œ.C., II, 568). 35 Ainslie Armstrong Mclees, Baudelaire s Une charogne : Caricature and the Birth of Modern Art, Mosaic, 21:4 (Fall 1988), 111~22; repr. in Baudelaire s Argot Plastique : Poetic Caricature and Modernism (Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1989), 1~ Nadar, Charles Baudelaire discovering carrion in the undergrowth of Les Fleurs du Mal, ca.1848 [1858?], Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris. in Maria Morris Hambourg, Françoise Heilbrun, Philippe Néagu, Nadar (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995), 60, fig.50.

258 254 Les paradis artificiels, 1851~ Eugène Chevreul, 1786~ V253 Charles Philipon, 1806~1862 Louis-Philippe, r.1830~1848 Le Charivari 17 La Caricature, 1830 Le Charivari, Baudelaire, Œ.C., I : Des méthodes de composition, in Conseils aux jeunes littérateurs, L'Esprit public, 15 avril, 1846, signé Baudelaire-Dufays; repr. in Curiosités esthétiques, 544. (Œ.C. II, 17). 39 Judith Wechsler, A Human Comedy: Physiognomy and Caricature in 19 th Century Paris (Chicago : The University of Chicago Press, 1982), 71~ Ch459, Krumrine, 1990, 96.

259 V l enfant terrible harmless wit of tendency 43 30, ,753 55, Nina Athanassoglou-Kallmyer, An Artistic and Political Manifesto of Cézanne, The Art Bulletin, vol.lxxii, no.3 (September 1990), 482~ ~ Albert Wolff, in Le Figaro, 3 April 1876; Louis Enault, in Le Constitutionnel, 10 April 1876; quoted in The New Painting, Sigmund Freud, Wit and its relation to the unconscious, in The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud (New York: Random House, 1938), 633~803 (633~708). 44 Jean-Marie Mayeur, in Les débuts de la III e République.1871~1898 (Paris: Seuil, 1973), 9~ 54, 103; English translation by J. R. Foster, J.-M. Mayeur and Madeleine Reberioux, The Third Republic from its origins to the Great War, 1871~1914 (Cambridge University Press; Paris: Maison des Science de l homme, 1984), chap.1, 3.

260 L Éclipse Le Hanneton ~ ~ Chantilly 48 satyre 49 figure-ground V551 Ambroise Vollard, 1868~ Robert Justin Goldstein, Censorship of Political Caricature in Nineteenth-Century France (Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1989), 202~ Th. Reff, Pissarro's Portrait of Cézannne, Burlington Magazine (Novembre 1967), 627~632. Reff 47 R. J. Goldstein, 1989, 204, 183, John Rewald (NR591) 1885~ (biche) 1870 Henri Mitterand, preface, in Zola, Nana (Paris: Gallimard, 1977), 9~ Rishel, 1993, 106.

261 Robert Macaire, 1838 Histoire ancienne, 1841~1842 Œ.C., II, 555~ Ségolène Le Men, in Daumier, 1999, 219; Judith Wechsler, 1982, Judith Wechsler, 1982, 153~154. Baudelaire, Quelques caricaturists français, Le Présent, 1 er octobre 1857; repr. in L Artiste, 24~31 octobre 1858; in Curiosités esthétiques, 281 (Œ.C., II, 556). 53 Michel Hanoosh, Baudelaire and Caricature. From the Comic to an art of Modernity (University Park, Penn.: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), 113~ Cézanne, Cinq Baigneuses, V385, 1879~ x 55.7 cm. Musée Picasso, Paris.

262 Léo Larguier Correspondances ~1900 V390/NR449, V547/NR458, V582/NR748, V724/NR861, V729/NR Sous-bois, V419/NR815, Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Françoise Cachin, in Cézanne, 1995, 378~ Léo Larguier, Cézanne ou la lutte avec l'ange de la peinture (Paris: René Julliard, 1947), 73, Une terrible histoire, 29 December 1859; John Rewald, Cézanne. Correspondance (Paris, 1978; 2 nd ed.), 59~61.

263 Leonardo da Vinci, 1452~ David Hume, 1711~ contiguity Michel Foucault, La prose du monde, in Les mots et les choses. Une archéologie des sciences humaines (Paris : Gallimard, 1966), 32~40. (English trans. The Order of Things, London: Viking, 1970.) See, for example, Francesco Giorgi (1466~1540), De Harmonia Mundi Totius (Venice, 1525), canto I, vol.iv, ch.5, excerpt in David Englander, Diana Norman, Rosemary O Day and W. R. Owens, eds, Culture and Belief in Europe, 1450~1600 : An Anthology of Sources (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), 157~ Peter Burke, The Italian Renaissance. Culture and Society in Itlay, (Princetion University Press, 1972; rev. 2 nd ed., 1999), 205~208. Peter Burke (numerology) 62 Michel Foucault, Classer, in 1966, 167~175 (chap.5). 63 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Laokoon, oder Über die Grenzen der Malerei und Poesie (1766); Gesammelte Werke (Berlin and Weimar, Aufbau-Verlag, 1968), V, 7~215 (Part I), 219~347 (supplement). English trans. Laokoon (London: G. Bell, 1914).

264 260 Jonathan Culler 64 Théophile Gautier, 1811~ Carl Maria von Weber, 1786~ Richard Wagner, 1813~1883 vibration Jonathan Culler, Intertextuality and Interpretation : Baudelaire s Correspondances, in Christopher Prendergast, ed., Nineteenth-Century French Poetry (Cambrideg: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 118~ Cézanne, Mes confidences, in Conversations, 103 ; Gasquet, Cézanne (Paris, 1921; new ed., 1926 ; repr. Paris, 1988), Delacroix, lac de sang hanté des mauvais anges, / Ombragé par un bois de sapins toujours vert, / Où, sous un ciel chagrin, des fanfares étranges / Passent, comme un soupir étouffé de Weber. Œ.C., I, Heinrich Morstat Alfred H. Barr, Jr. Cézanne d'après les lettres de Marion à Morstatt, Gazette des Beaux-Arts 17 (January 1937), 37~58; Cézanne : In the Letters of Marion to Morstatt, 1865~1868 : Chapter III, Cézanne and Wagner, tr. by Margaret Scolari, Magazine of Art 31 (May 1938), 288~91 Chiao-mei Liu, 1998, 191~210.

265 E.T.A. Hoffmann Théodore Duret, 1839~ Paul Alexis, 1847~ enveloppe Une 68 Baudelaire, Richard Wagner et Tannhäuser à Paris, Revue Européenne, 1 er avril 1861 ; repr. in Curiosités esthétiques, 697 (Œ.C. II, 784). 69 Baudelaire, Salon de 1846, in Curiosités esthétiques, 109, 106 (Œ.C. II, 425~426). 70 Baudelaire, Le peintre de la vie moderne, 1863, in Curiosités esthétiques, 488 (Œ.C. II, 714). 71 Théodore Duret, Richard Wagner aux concerts populaires, La Tribune, 26 December 1869 ; repr. in Critique d'avant-garde (Paris : Charpentier, 1885), 292~ Paul Alexis, Le naturalisme en musique, Le Cri du Peuple, 11 March 1884, excerpt in Paul Alexis, "Naturalisme pas mort". Lettres inédites de Paul Alexis à Emile Zola, 1871~1900, ed.

266 262 page d amour, Hippolyte Taine, 1882~ Atelier Suisse 75 Les Rougon-Macquart Edgar Allan Poe, 1809~ B. H. Bakker (Toronto: Univeristy of Toronto Press, 1971), 486~ Letter to Zola, 1878, in Correspondance, Zola, M. H. Taine, artiste, La Revue contemporaine, 15 February 1866 ; repr. in Ecrits sur l'art, 74. Cf. Taine, De la nature de l'œuvre d'art, Philosophie de l'art (Paris: Baillière et C ie, 1879, 3 e ed.), 5~73 (13), pour comprendre une œuvre d'art, un artiste, un groupe d'artistes, il faut se représenter avec exactitude l'état général de l'esprit et des mœurs du temps auquel ils appartenaient. Là se trouve l'explication dernière ; là réside la cause primitive qui détermine le reste. 75 Gasquet, 1988, Baudelaire, Edgar Poe, Sa vie et ses œuvres, Revue de Paris, March-April 1852; repr. in Histoires extraordinaires, 1856 ; repr. in Curiosités esthétiques, 617 (Œ.C., II, 317~318).

267 263 hachures Charles Blanc, 1813~ Joachim Gasquet 77 Theodore Reff 1875 Reff, Cézanne s Constructive Strokes, The Art Quarter ly 25 (Autumn 1962), 214~226 (modulation) Chiao-mei Liu, 1998, 146~ Éric Michaud, Un voyage en barbarie (Delacroix au Maroc), in La fin du salut par l image (Paris : Macula, 1992), 24~34 (30~34). 79 Charles Blanc, Eugène Delacroix, Gazette des Beaux-Arts, February 1864, 113, 115~ Baudelaire, Exposition Universelle de 1855, in Curiosités esthétiques, 235~236 (Œ.C. II, 594).

268 cette belle viande Gasquet, 1988, Voici la jeune femme aux fesses rebondies. / Comme elle était bien au milieu des prairies / Son corps souple, splendide épanouissent; / La couleuvre n a pas de souplesse plus grande / Et le soleil qui luit darde complaisamment / Quelques rayons dorés sur cette belle viande. Bernard, Souvenir, 1907, in Conversations, 71~72; quoted in T. J. Clark, 1999, (la chair) (la chère) Fribourg University Prof. Victor Stoichita

269 265 la chair la viande Les Halles 84 cette viande-là Krumrine 1989, 96 viande chair 84...une lointaine ressemblance avec le groin de ces cochons, de cette viande..., Émile Zola, Le Ventre de Paris. (1873; Paris : Gallimard, 1979), 77~79. (Bryn Mawr College) Prof. Steven Z. Levine 85 Delteil 3010, in Le Charivari, 27 January 1858 ; Messieurs les bouchers, series of 3 pieces in Le Charivari, January February cf. D.3010~3021, Nevember 1857 ~ March Judith Wechsler, Daumier (Paris: Flammarion, 1999), French tr. by Jean-François Allain, 48~49 ; Colta Feller Ives et al, Daumier Drawings (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 147~ Elizabeth C. Childs and Kirsten Powell, eds., Femmes d esprit. Women in Daumier s caricature. Middlebury, Vermont: Middlebury College, 1990.

270 266 Beatrice Farwell Antoine Watteau, 1684~ Marthe, 1876 La Fille Elisa, 1877 Guy de Maupassant, 1850~1893 La Maison Tellier Charles Fourier, 1772~ Harmonie 88 B. Farwell, 1980, 131~ Charles Bernheimer, Degas s Brothels: Voyeurisme and Ideology, Representations 20 (Autumn 1987), 158~ Linda Nochlin, A House Is Not a Home: Degas and the Subversion of the Family, in Representing Women (London: Thame and Hudson, 1999), 152~ V379/NR455, V380/NR456. Guila Ballas (2002, 15~25) 92 Beryl Schlossman, 1992, 555.

271 analogie hiéroglyphique aromal cosmogonie 16~20 94 Honoré de Balzac, 1799~ La peau de chagrin 93 Charles Fourier, Œuvres Complètes. (Paris, 1968) IX : D2 [632] ; commented by Leslie F. Goldstein, Early Feminist Themes in French Utopian Socialism: The St.-Simonians and Fourier, Journal of the History of Ideas 43:1 (January~March 1982), 91~108 (98~107); Claire Goldberg Moses, French Feminism in the 19 th Century (Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York, 1984), 90~ Charles Fourier, Œuvres complètes (Paris: Libraire Sociétaire, 1841~48), II, Sommaire du traité de l unité universelle; xxx; IV, Traité de l association domestique-agricole, seconde partie, 212~268 (213~215, 219, 221~224). 95 Fourier; Œ.C., 1968, I :180, n.1; quoted in Priscilla Parkhurst Ferguson, A Cultural Field in the Making: Gastronomy in 19 th -Century France, American Journal of Sociology 104:3 (Nov. 1998), 597~641 (626~327).

272 T. J. Clark cocottes demi-monde 98 Jean-Baptiste Baille L Œuvre, 1886 Claude Lantier 96 T. J. Clark, 1999, Zola, 1979 (1873), 45. Kenneth Cornell, Zola s City, Yale French Studies 32 (1964), 106~111 (109~111). 98 Henri Mitterand, preface, in Zola, Nana (1880; Paris: Gallimard, 1977), 9~ Cézanne, Mes confidences, in Conversations, 102.

273 Hortense Fiquet Frédéric Bazille, 1841~1870 Georges Seurat, 1859~ Jean-Claude Lebensztejn, Persistance de la mémoire. Note sur la datation des confidences de Cézanne, Critique 555~556 (August~Septembre 1993), 609~630; repr. in Les couilles de Cézanne, (Paris : Séguier, 1995), 38~79, 88~ Gasquet, 1988, 52 ; Marcel Provence, Cézanne collégiens. Les prix de Cézanne, Mercure de France, t.177, 1925, (Rosa Bonheur, 1822~1899) 103 Georges Seurat, Une baignade, Ansières, 1883~ x 300 cm. National Gallery, London. Daumier, Vue de la Seine, prise non loin d Asnières, 19.6 x 25.5 cm, in Le Charivari, 19 August 1854.

274 Hubertine Auclert, 1848~1914 Alexandre Dumas fils, 1824~1895 Alfred Naquet, 1834~ Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, 1809~1865 Jules Michelet, 1798~ De l amour, Norma Broude, Edgar Degas and French Feminism, ca.1880: The Young Spartans, the brothel monotypes, and the bathers revisited, Art Bulletin 70 (December 1988), 640~ Norma Broude, 1988, 644~645. C. Goldberg Moses, 1984, 197~227 (214~21). 106 Proudhon, De la justice dans la Révolution et dans l église (Paris, 1858); La Pornocratie ou les femmes dans les temps modernes (Paris, 1875); Michelet, De l amour, 1858 ; La femme, 1860 ; see C. Goldberg Moses, 1984, 151~ Proudhon, De la justice dans la Révolution et dans l église (Paris, 1858); La Pornocratie ou les femmes dans les temps modernes (Paris, 1875); Michelet, De l amour, 1858 ; La femme, 1860 ; see Claire Goldberg Moses, French Feminism in the 19 th Century (Albany,

275 271 Jules Ferry, 1832~ Louis Blanc, 1811~1882 Le Siècle Louis Jourdan Berthe Morisot, 1841~1895 grande bourgeoisie Maria Desraisme, ~ N.Y. : State University of New York Press, 1984), 151~ J.-M. Mayeur, 1973, 95~133; English translation, 1984, chap C. Goldberg Moses, 1984, 194~195, J.-M. Mayeur, 1973, M. Desraismes, Ce que veulent les femmes, Le Droit des femmes, 10 April 1869, 1; quoted in C. Goldberg Moses, 1984, 185~186

276 272 Pontoise Le Républicain de Seine-et-Oise Fernand Caussy, Psychologie de l'impressionnisme, Mercure de France, t.52, Decembre 1904, 622~647 (631, 634). 113 C. Goldberg Moses, 1984, Bernard, letter to his mother, 5 February 1904, in Conversations, Rewald, Cézanne. Une biographie (Paris,1986), repères biographiques. 116 Richard Brettell, Pissarro and Pontoise. The Painter in a Landscape (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990); French translation, Pissarro et Pontoise (Édition du Valhermeil, 1991), 33~34, 41~42, 208, n13. R. Brettell Chiao-Mei Liu, 1998, 12~13, 212~221.

277 Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1908~ transposition harmonie générale 120 se confondent / se répondent Walter Benjamin, 1892~1940 anagramme 121 le flâneur 118 Schapiro, 1979, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Le doute de Cézanne, (1946), repr. in Sens et non-sens, (Paris: Nagel, 1966), 15~ Cézanne, Mes confidences, in Conversations, Walter Benjamin, Zentralpark, quoted in Beryl Schlossman, Benjamin s Über Einige Motive bei Baudelaire: The Secret Architecture of Correspondances, MLN 107 (1992): 548 ~579. Le Paris du Second Empire chez Baudelaire