68 stratification distributive justice The present essay suggests a way to resolve the seemingly inherent contradiction between the conception of soci

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1 67 Idiosyncratic Sexuality and The Social Construction of Sexuality: Towards A Theory of Sexual Emancipation by YinBin Ning Keywords: psychoanalysis, social construction of sexuality, sexual voluntarism, idiosyncratic sexuality, sexual diversities, desire/unconscious, sexual identity, polysexuals or sexual variants, sexual moods, metaphor, contingency, emancipation of sexualities, the politics of sexuality or erotic politics, Chuen-Juei Ho, Richard Rorty NSC H D Received: September 18, 1996; in revised form: March 16,1997.

identity, polysexuals or sexual variants, sexual moods, metaphor, contingency, emancipation of sexualities, the politics of sexuality or erotic

2 68 stratification distributive justice The present essay suggests a way to resolve the seemingly inherent contradiction between the conception of socially constructed sexuality and that of erotic diversity, through an investigation of the nature of erotic idiosyncrasy and various conceptions of socially constructed sexuality. By distinguishing sexual identity from sexual desire, this essay argues that while our sexual identity is socially constructed, erotic diversity in terms of sexual desires cannot be explained by our present culture or social relations. Although my sexual desire/sexual identity distinction comes out of a Freudian tradition, it has now taken a linguistic turn. With the theoretical vehicle provided by Richard Rorty, I argue that, unlike the Freudian opposition between the impulsive power of sexual instinct and the repressive force of civilization, the relation between sexual desire and sexual identity is better understood in the trajectory of the metaphor. This then leads to the conclusion that a progressive and liberating sexual politics should not aim at the curbing or repression of sexual desires or erotic diversity. Instead, it should work to promote sexual equality by further cultivating and developing erotic diversity and thereby transforming the power context of sexual desires as well as the meaning of sexual identities.

By distinguishing sexual identity from sexual desire, this essay argues that while our sexual identity is socially constructed, erotic diversity in terms of sexual desires cannot be explained by our

3 69 0. linguistic turn

4 70 1. Hollibaugh 1 Amber 1 Amber Hollibaugh, Desire for the Future: Radical Hope in Passion and Pleasure, Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality, ed. by Carole S. Vance (London: Pandora P, 1992),402.

5 thesis Sexuality 71

6 72 2 playfulness 3 2 good sex better Sara Ruddick, Better Sex, Philosophy and Sex, second edition, ed. by Robert Baker and Frederick Elliston (Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books, 1984), Russell Vannoy, Sex Without Love: A Philosophical Exploration (Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books, 1980), Chapter 3. R. Belliotti Good Sex Raymond A. Belliotti, Good Sex: Perspectives on Sexual Ethics (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1993). (1948) good sex (frequent sex) Lionel Trilling, The Liberal Imagination (New York: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1950), 223. Belliotti 3 (59) (69-70) (33) (79) (133) (H. Marcuse) (productive) (positive) Cf. Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964)

Russell Vannoy, Sex Without Love: A Philosophical Exploration (Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books, 1980), Chapter 3. R. Belliotti Good Sex Raymond A.

7 agents... 4 ( ) sexual or erotic minorities (polysexuals sexual variants) S/M fetishism 1994

8 74 (theme) social constructionism 6 6 normal sexuality--that is, sexuality which is serviceable to civilization Civilized Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness, Standard Edition IX, 189) (problematized) (190f) libido (Civilization and its Discontents, trans. by James Strachey. New York: W.W. Norton, 1961, Chapters 2 & 4)

Illness, Standard Edition IX, 189) (problematized) (190f) libido (Civilization

9 75 erotic idiosyncracy

10 7 8 politics of difference 76 7 Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality: volume I: An Introduction (New York: Vintage Books, 1980), esp. Chapter 2. 8 Judith Butler, Gender Trouble (New York: Routledge, 1990) Butler

11 9 post-sexuality 10 vs. politics of opposition politics of identity empowerment privilege Tania Modleski, Feminism Without Women (New York: Routledge, 1991) Queer theories radical feminists Sheila Jeffreys, Return to Gender: Post-Modernism and Lesbianandgay Theory Sue Wilkinson and Celia Kitzinger, The Queer Backlash Diane Bell and Renate Klein, eds., Radically Speaking: Feminism Reclaimed (North Melbourne, Australia: Spinifex P, 1996), , Paul Robinson, The Modernization of Sex: Havelock Ellis, Alfred Kinsey, William Masters and Virginia Johnson (Ithaca, New York: Cornell U P, 1976, 1989) 11 cultural feminists

radical feminists Sheila Jeffreys, Return to Gender: Post-Modernism and Lesbianandgay Theory Sue Wilkinson and Celia Kitzinger, The Queer Backlash Diane Bell

12 78 opposition 12 vs. Amber Hollibaugh vs. 13 disposition 12 vs. 13 strands sex radicals W. Reich H. Marcuse ; Foucault Lars Ullerstam, Guy Hocquenghem

13 Richard Rorty metaphor fad theme contingency 2. 79

14 Sexuality Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick Sedgwick Sedgwick

15 81 Sedgwick 16 Sedgwick variation Gayle Rubin Ethel Spector Person (sex-print) 19 Person 16 Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Epistemology of The Closet (Berkeley: U of California P, 1990), Gayle Rubin, Thinking Sex, The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, ed. by Henry Abelove, et al (New York: Routledge, 1993), 15. Rubin Ethel Spector Person, Sexuality as the Mainstay of Identity: Psychoanalytic Perspectives, Signs, Vol. 5, No. 4, Summer 1980,

Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, ed. by Henry Abelove, et al (New York: Routledge, 1993), 15.

16 20 Person Robert Stoller microdot 21 Stoller 22 Person idiosyncracy Ibid., Robert Stoller, Sexual Excitement (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979). 22 Ibid., Person, op. cit., ad hoc hypothese 18 pragmatism (Richard) Rorty- Freud Rorty Richard Rorty, Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (New York: Cambridge U P, 1989), 39

17 83 Richard Rorty 26 ( ) association metaphor 26 Richard Rorty, Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 30-39, 61, 153 Freud and Moral Reflection, Essays on Heidegger and Others. (New York: Cambridge U P, 1991),

University Press, 1989), 30-39, 61, 153 Freud and Moral

18 84 association 27 chance (contingency) 28 Lionel Trilling faculty 29 Trilling 27 Rorty, Contingency, 31. Sigmund Freud, Standard Edition, XI, Sigmund Freud, Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Chapter Rorty, Contingency, p.36. Lionel Trilling, Beyond Culture (New York: Harper & Row, 1961). p.79. Rorty Trilling Sigmund Freud, Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Chapter 12.

28 Sigmund Freud, Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Chapter 12. 29 Rorty, Contingency, p.36.

19 synecdoche metonymy 30 Trilling condensation displacement Philip Rieff Lionel Trilling, The Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society. (New York: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1950), Trilling, ibid., ( ) Sigmund Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, trans. by James Strachey (New York: W.W.Noton & Co, 1966), allusion association Ibid., 174, Philip Rieff, Freud: The Mind of the Moralist, third Edition. (Chicago: The U of Chicago P, 1979), Ibid., 35.

31 Trilling, ibid., 61. 32 ( ) Sigmund Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, trans. by James Strachey (New York: W.

20 86 Gärtner Flora Flora 36 identity formation fantasy Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, trans. by James Strachey (New York: Avon Books, 1965) fixation obsession associations (perversion) (obsessional neurosis)

by James Strachey (New York: Avon Books, 1965). 209.

21 asocial Nancy Fraser, Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy, Social Text 25/6 (1990):

22 Clare Hemmings social construction of sexuality Clare Hemmings, Resituating the Bisexual Body: From Identity to Difference, Activating Theory: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Politics, ed. by Joseph Bristow and Angelia Wilson (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1993), Rubin Sedgwick Gayle Rubin, Thinking Sex, The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, ed. by Henry Abelove, et al (New York: Routledge, 1993), Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Epistemology of The Closet (Berkeley: U of California P, 1990),

23 89 3. social constructionist controversy 42 Mary McIntosh 1968 The Homosexual Role 43 M. Foucault Jeffrey Weeks, Kenneth Plummer, Diane Richardson, Jonathan Katz Carol S. Vance gender 42 Dennis Altman, et al., Homosexuality, Which Homosexuality? (London: Gay Men s Press, 1989); Kenneth Plummer, ed. The Making of the Modern Homosexual (Totowa, N.J.: Barnes and Noble, 1981); Edward Stein, Forms of Desire: Sexual Orientation and the Social Constructionist Controversy (New York: Routledge, 1992). Kenneth J. Dover, Greek Homosexuality (Cambridge: Havard University Press, 1975); John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1980); David Greenberg, The Construction of Homosexuality (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1988); David Halperin One Hundred Years of Homosexuality and Other Essays on Greek Love, (New York: Routledge, 1990) Plummer (30-44) Stein (25-42) Mary McIntosh, Liberalism and the Contradictions of Sexual Politics, Sex Exposed: Sexuality and the Pornography Debate, ed. by Lynn Segal and Mary McIntosh. (London: Virago Press, 1992), ; Mary McIntosh, Queer Theory and the War of the Sexes. Activating Theory: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Politics, ed. by Joseph Bristow and Angelia R. Wilson. (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1993),

24 90 Carol S. Vance, Mary McIntosh, Lynn Segal, 44 Gayle Rubin Ellen Willis, Alison Assiter Willis Willis Wilhelm Reich 45 Willis Assister Assiter Willis 46 Assiter Assiter 44 Lynn Segal, Is the Future Female? ( London: Virago, 1987); Slow Motion, (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers U P, 1990); Straight Sex, (Berkeley: U of California P, 1994.) 45 Ellen Willis, No More Nice Girls, (London: Wesleyan U P, 1992), 3-14, Alison Assiter, Essentially Sex: A New Look, Bad Girls and Dirty Pictures: The Challenge to Reclaim Feminism, ed. by Alison Assiter & Avedon Carol (London: Pluto Press, 1993). Enlightened Women A Critique of Constructivist Accounts of Sexuality Alison Assiter, Enlightened Women: Modernist Feminism in A Postmodern Age (London: Routledge, 1996), Essentially Sex

25 91 species-specific drive Assiter Assiter hydraulic model of sexuality 47 Assiter Assiter Assiter Assiter, Essentially Sex, Ibid., 101.

26 92 Assiter 49 Assiter Ibid., idea idealism David Halperin, One Hundred Years of Homosexuality and Other Essays on Greek Love (New York: Routledge, 1990), 29.

27 93 Assiter sexual voluntarism Assiter Assiter Sandra Lee Bartky 51 Bartky Bartky 51 Sandra Lee Bartky, Femininity and Domination: Studies in the Phenomenology of Oppression (New York: Routledge, 1990), Bartky, Ibid., 55.

28 54 94 Bartky 56 Bartky Bartky Bartky 54 Linda Phelps, Female Sexual Alienation, Women: A Feminist Perspective, 2nd ed., ed. by Jo Freeman (Palo Alto, Calif.: Mayfield, 1979). Quoted in Bartky Joyce Trebilcot, Taking Responsibility for Sexuality, Philosophy and Sex, second edition, ed. by Robert Baker and Frederick Elliston, (Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books, 1984), Bartky, Ibid., 61.

29 95 (empowerment) Bartky sexuality sexuality is always already gendered strands Alice Echols, Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America (Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1989) Tania Lienert, On Who is Calling Radical Feminists Cultural Feminists and Other Historical Sleights of Hand, Radically Speaking: Feminism Reclaimed, edited by Diane Bell and Renate Klein (North Melbourne, Australia: Spinifex P, 1996) victimology

30 96 4. Carole S. Vance 59 Jeffrey Weeks 59 Vance, Social Construction Theory and Sexuality, 43.

31 Weeks 60 reality Weeks 61 Weeks 97 (the continuum of sexual possibilities) flux Weeks, Sexuality and Its Discontents, Ibid., Ibid., 178.

32 98 Weeks Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe Jeffrey Weeks, Sexuality and Its Discontents (London: Routledge, 1985), Ibid., 181. disarticulation articulated

33 99 Weeks Weeks Deleuze-Guattari Weeks 65 Weeks Weeks Ibid., 181. Weeks Foucault 66 Jeffrey Weeks Weeks

34 100 (social engineering) S/M

35 Clare Hemmings, Resituating the Bisexual Body: From Identity to Difference, Activating Theory: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Politics, ed. by Joseph Bristow and Angelia Wilson (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1993), 122.

36 102 closet articulation

37 redescription or reinvention of ourselves self-creation Sedgwick Sedgwick Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Epistemology of The Closet (Berkeley: U of California P, 1990), 26.

38 , ,

39 105

40 106 agency

42 post-sexuality (investment) Foucault Marcuse, Reich Foucault Foucault

43 109 politics of erotic diversity non-contingent foundation Thomas Nagel Thomas Nagel, Sexual Perversion, The Philosophy of Sex, edited by Alan Sobel, second edition (Savage, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1991)

44 110 same sex desire

45 Gayle Rubin (thicker description) (thinner description) F1 S/M 75 Gayle Rubin, Thinking Sex, The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, ed. by Henry Abelove, et. al. (New York: Routledge, 1993), 30. Thinner/Thicker description Laurie Shrage Rubin Laurie Shrage, Moral Dilemmas of Feminism (New York: Routledge, 1994), Sigmund Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, trans. by James Strachey, Standard Edition, Volume VII. (London: The Hogarth Press, 1953).

46 112 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2 77 F1 F1 F F2

47 113

48 114 natural kind

49 115 Rorty anti-foundationalism 78 Assiter vs. Assiter ( ) vs. Assiter J. Dollimore Richard Rorty, Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 30-39, 61, 153. Rorty 79 Dollimore Jonathan Dollimore, Sexual Dissidence (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1991), 11 Dollimore

50 116 association self-edifying libertarianism methodological individualism Jon Elster, Further Thoughts on Marxism, Functionalism and Game Theory, Analytical Marxism, Edited by John Roemer, (London: Cambridge U P, 1986), Laclau and Mouffe

51 sex fiend association Wesley C. Salmon, Statistical Explanation and Statistical Relevance (Pittsburgh: U of Pittsburgh P, 1971),

52 118 chosen people fad naturalized

53 contingency privacy lies in contingency total Rorty Richard Rorty, Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (New York: Cambridge U P, 1989), xiii-xvi. 83 Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1958), Part II: The Public and the Private Realm. 84 David Halperin We must train ourselves... to interpret the intricate texture of personal life as an artefact, as the determinate outcome, of a complex and arbitrary constellation of cultural processes. We must, in short, be willing to admit that what seem be our most inward, authentic, and private experiences are actually, in Adrienne Rich s admirable phrase, shared, unnecessary and political. (my italics) David Halperin, One Hundred Years of Homosexuality and Other Essays on Greek Love (New York: Routledge, 1990), 40. Halperin Halperin arbitrary Halperin determinate determinate

54 120 totalitarianism 85 85

55 121 Abelove, Henry, et. al. (eds.) The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader. New York: Routledge, Altman, Dennis, et. al., Homosexuality, Which Homosexuality? London: Gay Men s Press, Arendt, Hannah. The Human Condition. Chicago: The University of Chicago, Assiter, Alison. Essentially Sex: A New Look, in Alison Assiter & Avedon Carol (eds.), Bad Girls and Dirty Pictures: The Challenge to Reclaim Feminism, London: Pluto Press, Enlightened Women: Modernist Feminism in A Postmodern Age. London: Routledge, Bartky, Sandra Lee. Femininity and Domination: Studies in the Phenomenology of Oppression. New York: Routledge, Belliotti, Raymond A. Good Sex: Perspectives on Sexual Ethics. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, Boswell, John. Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality. Chicago: U of Chicago P, Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble. New York: Routledge, Dover, Kenneth J. Greek Homosexuality, Cambridge: Havard University Press, Echols, Alice. Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America Minneapolis: Unviersity of Minnesota Press, The New Feminism of Yin and Yang. Desire: The Politics of Sexuality. Ed. by Ann Snitow, et. al. London: Virago, Elster, Jon. Further Thoughts on Marxism, Functionalism and Game Theory. Analytical Marxism. Edited by John Roemer. London: Cambridge University Press, Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality: volume I: An Introduction. New York: Vintage Books, 1980.

56 Fraser, Nancy. Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy, Social Text 25/6 (1990) : Freud, Sigmund. Civilized Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illlness, Standard Edition IX, Civilization and its Discontents, tr. by James Strachey. New York: W.W. Norton, The Interpretation of Dreams. Tr. by James Strachey. New York: Avon Books, Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. Tr. by James Strachey. New York: W.W.Noton & Co., Psychopathology of Everyday Life. Tr. by James Strachey. New York: W.W.Noton & Co., Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. Trans. by James Strachey. Standard Edition, Volume VII. London: The Hogarth Press, Fuss, Diana. Inside/Out. New York: Routledge, Greenberg, David. The Construction of Homosexuality, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Halperin, David. One Hundred Years of Homosesxuality and Other Essays on Greek Love, New York: Routledge, Hemmings, Clare. Resituating the Bisexual Body: From Identity to Difference. Activating Theory: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Politics. Ed. by Joseph Bristow and Angelia Wilson. London: Lawrence & Wishart, Hollibaugh, Amer. Desire for the Future: Radical Hope in Passion and Pleasure. Pleasure and Danger: Exploring

57 123 Female Sexuality. Carole S. Vance, ed. London: Pandora Press, Jeffreys, Sheila. Return to Gender: Post-Modernism and Lesbianandgay Theory. Radically Speaking: Feminism Reclaimed. Diane Bell and Renate Klein, eds. North Melbourne, Australia: Spinifex Press, Katz, Jonathan. Gay American History. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, Gay/Lesbian Almanac: A New Documentary. New York: Harper & Row, Lienert, Tania. On Who is Calling Radical Feminists Cultural Feminists and Other Historical Sleights of Hand. Radically Speaking: Feminism Reclaimed. Edited by Diane Bell and Renate Klein. North Melbourne, Australia: Spinifex Press, MacKinnon, Catharine A. Feminism Unmodified. Cambridge: Havard University Press, Toward a Feminist Theory of the State. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, McIntosh, Mary. The Homosexual Role. Stein Liberalism and the Contradictions of Sexual Politics. Sex Exposed: Sexuality and the Pornography Debate. Ed. by Lynn Segal and Mary McIntosh. London: Virago Press, Queer Theory and the War of the Sexes. Activating Theory: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Politics. Ed. by Joseph Bristow and Angelia R. Wilson. London: Lawrence & Wishart,

58 Modleski, Tania. Feminism Without Women. New York: Routledge, On, Bat-Ami Bar. The Feminist Sexuality Debates and the Transformation of the Political. Hypatia 7.4(1992): Person, Ethel Spector. Sexuality as the Mainstay of Identity: Psychoanalytic Perspectives, Signs 5.4 Summer (1980): Phelps, Linda. Female Sexual Alienation, Women: A Feminist Perspective, 2nd ed. Ed. by Jo Freeman. Palo Alto, Calif.: Mayfield, Plummer, Kenneth, ed. The Making of the Modern Homosexual. Totowa, N.J.: Barnes and Noble, Going Gay: Identities, Life Cycles and Lifestyles in the Male Gay World. The Theory and Practice of Homosexuality. John Hart and Diane Richardson, eds. Boston: RKP, Sexual Stigma: An Interactionist Account. London: RKP, Symbolic Interactionism and Sexual Conduct: An Emergent Perspective. Human Sexual Relations: Towards a Redefinition of Sexual Politics. K. Howells, ed. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Richardson, Diane. The Dilemma of Essentiality in Homosexual Theory. Journal of Homosexuality. 9(1983): Recent Challenges to Traditional Assumptions about Homosexuality: Some Implication for Practice. Journal of Homosexuality 13(Summer 1987): Rieff, Philip. Freud: The Mind of the Moralist. Third Edition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, Robinson, Paul. The Modernization of Sex: Havelock Ellis, Alfred Kinsey, William Masters and Virginia Johnson. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1976, Rorty, Richard. Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity. New

59 York: Cambridge University Press, Freud and Moral Reflection. Essays on Heidegger and Others. New York: Cambridge University Press, Ruddick, Sara. Better Sex. Philosophy and Sex. Second Edition. Robert Baker and Frederick Elliston (eds.). Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books, It can also be found in Sharon Bishop and Majorie Weinzweig (eds.), Philosophy and Women. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc., Rubin, Gayle. Thinking Sex, in Henry Abelove, et. al. (eds.) The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader. New York: Routledge, The Leather Menace: Comments on Politics and S/M. Coming To Power. 3rd Edition. Ed. by SAMOIS. Boston: Alyson Publications, 1981, 1982, Salmon, Wesley C. Statistical Explanation and Statistical Relevance. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. Epistemology of The Closet. Berkeley: U of California P, Segal, Lynn. Is the Future Female? London: Virago, Slow Motion, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, Straight Sex, Berkeley: University of California Press, Shrage, Laurie. Moral Dilemmas of Feminism. New York: Routledge, Stein, Edward. Forms of Desire: Sexual Orientation and the Social Constructionist Controversy. New York: Routledge, Stoller, Robert. Sexual Excitement. New York: Simon and Schuster, Trebilcot, Joyce. Taking Responsibility for Sexuality, Philosophy and Sex, second edition. Robert Baker and Frederick Elliston, eds. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books, Trilling, Lionel. Beyond Culture. New York: Harper &

60 Row, The Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society. New York: Doubleday Anchor Books, Ullerstam, Lars. Erotic Minorities. Boyars (Marion) Publishers, Vannoy, Russell. Sex Without Love: A Philosophical Exploration. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books, Vance, Carol S. Social Construction Theory: Problems in the History of Sexuality. Homosexuality, Which Homosexuality? Altman et al. (eds) The article is also reprinted with omissions in: Helen Crowley and Susan Himelweit, eds. Knowing Women. Cambridge: Polity Press, Social Construction Theory and Sexuality. Constructing Masculinity. Edited by Maurice Berger, et. al. New York: Routledge, Weeks, Jeffrey. Coming Out: Homosexual Politics in Britain from the Nineteenth Century to the Present. London: Quartet, Sex, Politics and Society: the Regulation of Sexuality Since London: Longman, Sexuality and its Discontents: Meanings, Myths and Modeern Sexualities. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, Sexuulity. London: Tavistock, Against Nature: Essays on History, Sexuality and Identity. London: Rivers Oram Press, Wilkinson, Sue and Celia Kitzinger. The Queer Backlash. Radically Speaking: Feminism Reclaimed. Diane Bell and Renate Klein, eds. North Melbourne, Australia: Spinifex Press, Willis, Ellen. No More Nice Girls. London: Wesleyan University Press, ,

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