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1 GCEP INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT- MITIGATION, CAPTURE, UTILIZATION AND SEQUESTRATION, AUG., 2005, BEIJING, CHINA CO 2 THE TECHNOLOGY OF GEOLOGICAL SEQUESTRATION 中国地质调查局 : 张洪涛文冬光张家强卢进才 ZHANG HONGTAO, WEN DONGGUANG, ZHANG JIAQIANG, LUJINCAI,CHINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

2 1988 年 12 月第四十三届联合国大会通过 43/53 号决议为人类当代和后代保护全球气候 1992 年 5 月 9 日在纽约联合国总部通过联合国气候变化框架公约 1997 年 12 月第三次缔约方大会在日本京都举行, 通过京都议定书明确了发达国家量化的温室气体减排指标中国政府于 2002 年 8 月正式核准京都议定书 The forty-third General Assembly approved the No.43/53 resolution, Protection of Global Climate for Present and Future Generations of Mankind, in December The resolution of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was approved at the headquarters of U.N. in ninth May 1992; In 1997, the third congress of contracting party was hold at Kyoto in Japan. The congress approved the Kyoto Protocol and gave the quantization indicators of subtracting of greenhouse gasses for developed countries. Chinese government made the official sanction for Kyoto Protocol in August 2002.

3 Fig 年全球大气二氧化碳浓度年增长趋势

中国能源消费结构特点煤炭比重达到 68% 高于世界 26.5% 的平均水平高于发达国家 21.3 的平均水平排入大气中的的 85% 来自煤炭 2002 年中国排放量为 33.

4 中国能源消费结构特点煤炭比重达到 68% 高于世界 26.5% 的平均水平高于发达国家 21.3 的平均水平排入大气中的的 85% 来自煤炭 2002 年中国排放量为亿吨 ENERGY CONSUMPTION STRUCTURE IN CHINA Coal is in the proportion of 68% and higher 21.3% than the average of developed countries About 85% of emission of come from coal and billion tons of the emission in 2002

5 积极探索减量排放措施利用资源, 开发应用于冶金化工建材轻工电子医药机械等行业实用技术改善能源结构, 开发低碳或无碳能源, 满足能源需求而不增加碳排放, 主要包括利用水能风能太阳能氢气天然气煤层气太阳能地热核能等利用陆地生态系统吸收, 增加碳汇试验利用海洋埋存开发向地下注入的碳封存技术, 利用地下空间埋存 THE CHOICES FOR CHINA: make full use of resources ; improve the energy structure, develop the low carbon and non-carbon energy ; use the terrestrial ecosystem to absorb, and to increase the capability of carbon-sink ; develop the technology of sequestration under the ocean ; develop the underground sequestration technology of. Developing sequestration technology is the best choice at the present time.

6 a. 变被动为主动变被动为主动, 积极利用 MAKE FULL USE OF ACTIVELY

7 的埋存应与资源 ( 油气煤层气等 ) 开发利用有机结合的来源广泛, 如合成氨厂制氨厂排出的废气等用途广泛 : 气体保护电弧粉末灭火器压出剂等在化学方面, 应用于含碱废水的 PH 控制制造碳酸盐等在生物化学方面, 应用于制造激光器等 sequestration must be combined with the usage and development of resources, including oil gas and coaled gas resource exploitation technologies. The source range of is wide, like synthetic ammonia plant, exhaust gas from the ammonia manufactory, oil field gas, cement works, calcium carbide works... The fraction of even can be 99% CO2 widely used, such as:the gas can be used in shielded arc welding, the extrude agent of powder fire extinguisher the propellant of concrete fragile aerosol, and secondary recovery of oil /In chemistry aspects, it can be used in PH control of alkali waste water, manufacture of carbonate In the biochemistry aspects, can be used in fertilization, blowing up packaging /In the domain of physics and medical treatment, it can be used for manufacture of laser /widely used in food refrigeration and low-temperature transportation

8 全球分布示意图 Fig2. Distribution of in the world

9 Fig 年美国西欧日本液体消费情况 ( 单位万吨 ) Liquid CO2 consumption in U.S.A, west Europe and Japan in 2004 ( ten thousand) 消费领域美国西欧日本食品工业 # 碳酸饮料焊接 # 其它行业合计备注 #, 数据包括在其他行业中

可行性 : 充分利用 CO 资源 2 优先考虑在油气藏中埋存利用好中国丰富的煤层气资源, 如华北地区 ( 山东河南河北山西 ) 西北地区 ( 鄂尔多斯盆地准噶尔盆地吐哈盆地 ) 等提高的捕集技术, 如对火力发电厂进行捕获分离 ( 提纯 ), 逐步推广到化工冶金等其它行业降低地下埋存的成本 ( 捕集成本, 运输成本, 埋存成本 ), 如采用远距离输送高压液态等

10 可行性 : 充分利用 CO 资源 2 优先考虑在油气藏中埋存利用好中国丰富的煤层气资源, 如华北地区 ( 山东河南河北山西 ) 西北地区 ( 鄂尔多斯盆地准噶尔盆地吐哈盆地 ) 等提高的捕集技术, 如对火力发电厂进行捕获分离 ( 提纯 ), 逐步推广到化工冶金等其它行业降低地下埋存的成本 ( 捕集成本, 运输成本, 埋存成本 ), 如采用远距离输送高压液态等 Among all solutions of discharge, making full use of it is the best one, because: we give priority to Sequestrating in the hydrocarbon reservoir. We have profound geological understanding about our known oil-gas field and it is not necessary to pay more money for geological exploration. we should try to make good use of our abundant coaled gas resources. China has about to m 3 of coaled gas resources. improving capture technology, including capture and separation (purification) of which comes from thermoelectric power station. decreasing the cost of sequestration including the steps of capitation, transportation and sequestration.

11 中国消费结构情况 (2002 年 ) Fig4. Consumption of of China in 2002 消费领域消费量 ( 万吨 ) 碳酸饮料 12 焊接 10 食品储运及加工 7 石油及天然气开发 4-5 烟业 4-5 化工业 15 其它 10 合计 62-64

12 b.co 要点 2 THE KEY POINTS OF GEOLOGICAL SEQUESTRATION TECH

13 : 三大类型地质埋存海洋埋存植被埋存 The Geological sequestration tech can be sorted to three major headings: ocean sequestration, geological sequestration and vegetation sequestration

地质埋存 ( 地下埋存 ) 可行性油气田开发中已经积累了埋存专业技术经验强化采油和强化煤层气开采方面, 已经通过试验获得经济效益天然气藏的赋存状态, 证明有利的地质构造能够长时间埋存 Geological sequestration is one kind of tech that depositing the under the ground, in the natural pore.

14 地质埋存 ( 地下埋存 ) 可行性油气田开发中已经积累了埋存专业技术经验强化采油和强化煤层气开采方面, 已经通过试验获得经济效益天然气藏的赋存状态, 证明有利的地质构造能够长时间埋存 Geological sequestration is one kind of tech that depositing the under the ground, in the natural pore. The tech is the most economic and reliable operative one at present. Geological sequestration has some advantages as follow: We have accumulated quite a lot of profession skill experience during the process of sequestration in oil-gas field exploitation. Using the to forced production and forced coaled gas exploitation has passed the test and approved that it has economic benefits The natural form of the CO2 occurrence state proves the long-term for sequestration very well.

15 1. 利用沉积盆地深部咸水层贮存 ( 液体填埋 / 溶解填埋 / 矿物填埋 ) Using the deep part saline aquifer of sedimentary basin for storing

16 2. 利用油气田贮存利用废弃油气田贮存 ( 酸气封存技术 ) -EOR 技术 (EOR 为 Enhance Oil Recovery) Using the oil-gas field for sequestration: using the discarded oil-gas field. -EOR tech (Enhance Oil Recovery Technology)

17 3. 利用弃采煤层贮存弃采煤系地层不可采薄煤层埋藏超过终采线的深部煤层构造破坏严重的煤层等 Using the abundant coal bed for reserving Abandoned coal strata: Unminable thin seam, overembed deep coal bed and destroyed strata by structure

18 c. 中国 CO 地质埋存条件 2 CHINESE GEOLOGICAL CONDITION FOR SEQUESTRATION

19 层间隔水层构成较好密封条件松辽盆地渤海湾盆地鄂尔多斯盆地四川盆地准噶尔盆地塔里木盆地近海海域主要沉积盆地如渤海盆地北黄海盆地南黄海盆地东海盆地冲绳海槽盆地台西盆地台西南盆地台东盆地珠江口盆地北部湾盆地莺歌海 - 琼东南盆地南海南部诸盆地等 By the influence of neotectonic movement, the large basins in China formed multilayer sedimentary system, the number of the bed always above decade, or even scores of layers. Between two conterminous layers, relative water insulation course or poorly permeable strata form preferably sealing condition, like Songliao basin, Bohai bay basin, Eerduosi basin and the main sedimentary basins of sea approach area, like Bohai sea basin, East China Sea basin, Taixi basin, Taidong basin and some basin in the south of South China Sea. All of the large petroliferous basins on the Chinese onshore had been tested for encroachment. Some of them can be considered as target area sequestration.

20 产层盆地松辽渤海湾黄骅拗陷济阳拗陷苏北三水张北民和 ( 窑街 ) 新近系古近系上白垩统下白垩统侏罗系三叠系二叠系石炭系泥盆系志留系志留系砂质岩碳酸盐岩火成岩煤岩我国主要气藏分布层位及储集层岩性 Fig.5 Main sedimentary system in China

21 He/ He 商都松辽松辽黄骅济阳苏北三水 He/% Fig.6 中国东部 3 He/ 4 He-He% 关系图 ( 据徐永昌,1996) Scatter of relation of 3 He/ 4 He-He% in the east of China 13 δ CO ( ) Fig.7 中国东部气井中浓度与 δ 13 Cco 2 和 3 He/ 4 He 关系图 ( 据徐永昌,1996) Scatter of relation of consistentration of CO2 and 3 He/ 4 He-He% in gas hole in the east of China He/ He C O 2 (%) δ 图 He/ He 商都地区 δ 例商都地区 He/ He 10-7

1. 深部咸水层的地质埋存 (1) 东部平原 ( 松辽平原黄淮海平原等 ) (2) 长江三角洲 ( 陆相堆积系列海陆过渡相沉积系列和海相沉积系列 ) (3) 西北内陆盆地 ( 准噶尔塔里木等盆地 (4) 四川盆地 ( 成都平原等 ) 初步统计, 中国可用于 CO2 埋存的深部咸水层面积为 34 万 km 2 Deep part salaquifer for geological

22 1. 深部咸水层的地质埋存 (1) 东部平原 ( 松辽平原黄淮海平原等 ) (2) 长江三角洲 ( 陆相堆积系列海陆过渡相沉积系列和海相沉积系列 ) (3) 西北内陆盆地 ( 准噶尔塔里木等盆地 (4) 四川盆地 ( 成都平原等 ) 初步统计, 中国可用于 CO2 埋存的深部咸水层面积为 34 万 km 2 Deep part salaquifer for geological sequestration East Plain Yangtse Rive Delta Northwest inland basins Sichuan basin By elementary statistics, China has about 0.34 million km 2 total area of deep layer saline aquifer that can be used for sequestration.

23 中国沉积盆地咸水含水层及其储存量分布图 Fig.8 Sediment basins deep part salaquifer for in China

24 容量估算 1: 圈闭体积法 ( 深部咸水层 ) Fig.9: Estimated capacity of : Enclose volume method SCO 3 2 = A m n/100 ρ CO2 10 S 为含水层处置容量 (10 6 t) S is the capacity of containing water A 为沉积盆地的地表面积 (km 2 ) A is surface area of sediment basin m 为含水层厚度 (m) m is thickness of containing water n 为含水层孔隙度 (%)n is degree of hole of containing water p 为密度 P is density of ( 假设 m=100m,n=20%, 据 Hendriks)

25 容量估算 2: 溶解度法 ( 深部咸水层 ) Fig.10 Way 2: Estimated capacity of :Solubility method SCO = a A h η Φ R ρ 2 w S 为含水层处置容量 (g) a 为咸水含水层平面分布范围占总盆地的比例 ( 取 0.1) A 为面积 (m 2 ),h 为沉积层厚度 (m) η 为含水层厚度占总厚的比例 ( , 其它盆地取 0.1) 为孔隙度 ( , 无资料的取经验值 0.2) Φ R 为地层水中的溶解度 (mol/kg, 为温压 NaCl 浓度的函数, 据 Duan) ρ w M CO2 为处置深度条件下饱和的咸水密度 (kg/m 3 ), 为含盐量的函数为的摩尔质量,44g/mol M

26 Fig.11 咸水层处置容量计算参数 (calculate parameters and results) 盆地名称盆地总面积 /10 6 m 2 面积法量 /10 8 t 厚度加权 /10 6 m 2 含水层厚 /m 孔隙度厚度加权 (t/m 3 ) 溶法 /10 8 t 松辽盆地海拉尔盆地渤海湾 _ 辽宁渤海湾 _ 华北河淮盆地 _ 西北河淮盆地 _ 东南江汉 - 洞庭盆地鄂尔多斯盆地四川盆地柴达木盆地塔里木盆地吐 - 哈盆地准葛尔盆地苏北盆地台西盆地渤海湾盆地北黄海盆地南黄海盆地南黄海盆地东海盆地台西海盆地珠江口盆地北部湾盆地滷州岛盆地莺歌海盆地

2. 油气田的地质埋存老油气田开采区或废弃开采井田 ( 大庆胜利辽河克拉玛依四川华北大港中原吉林河南长庆江汉等 46 个油田 ) 局部小型断陷盆地 ( 华南地区陆域具有埋存潜力的油气藏或煤层 ) 含盐盆地 ( 华中 - 西南地区, 如以四川盆地江汉盆地江汉油田潜江盐田贵州地区的煤层等 ) Oil-gas field using for geological

27 2. 油气田的地质埋存老油气田开采区或废弃开采井田 ( 大庆胜利辽河克拉玛依四川华北大港中原吉林河南长庆江汉等 46 个油田 ) 局部小型断陷盆地 ( 华南地区陆域具有埋存潜力的油气藏或煤层 ) 含盐盆地 ( 华中 - 西南地区, 如以四川盆地江汉盆地江汉油田潜江盐田贵州地区的煤层等 ) Oil-gas field using for geological sequestration Chinese large sedimentary basins are also the main production of oil field. They are ideal points for sequestration, especially the old oil-gas field and abandoned exploited well, mainly include Daqing, Shengli, Liaohe, Kelamayi, Sichuan, North China, Dagang, Zhongyuan, Jilin, Henan, Changqing and Jianghan, totally about 46 oil fields. The land of South China mainly consists by some small fault basin. The level of our abstract understanding about this area is comparatively low. Middle China and Southwest China area ought to take the Sichuan basin as a basis. Sichuan basis is not only a large size of petroliferous basin, but also a salt-lake basin.

28 图 2 中国主要油田含油盆地及其储存量分布图中国主要油田含油盆地及其储存量分布图 Fig.12 Main oil fields, petroliferous basins and in China

29 CO2 容量估算 3: 油田 CO2-EOR 处置容量 Fig.13: Estimated capacity of :oil field o SCO = EXTRA OOIP C R S 为隔离潜力 [M] EXTRA 为注入可增采的原油量占总地质储量的比例 [-],API 重度用右式计算 OOIP 为原油储量 [M] C 为与原油之间的接触比例, 取 0.75; R CO2 为开采单位体积原油而残留于油田中的量 [M/V]( , 取 0.45) S g 为原油的相对密度 [-] API S = g

30 Fig.14 沉积盆地石油地质储量 /10 8 t 探明石油储量 /10 8 t EXTRA R /(t/t) 处置容量 /10 8 t 证实处置容量 /10 8 t 松辽盆地海拉尔盆地三江盆地依兰伊通二连盆地辽河坳陷黄骅坳陷大港油区黄骅坳陷冀东油区冀中坳陷济阳坳陷临清坳陷胶莱盆地东濮凹陷华北南部盆地南襄盆地苏北盆地福建地区台西盆地三水盆地江汉盆地洞庭湖盆地楚雄盆地兰坪 - 思茅盆地十万大山盆地百色盆地四川盆地鄂尔多斯盆地柴达木盆地酒西酒东花海盆地准噶尔盆地吐哈盆地塔里木盆地三塘湖盆地焉耆盆地伦坡拉盆地羌塘盆地渤海湾盆地北黄海盆地南黄海盆地东海盆地台西盆地台西南盆地珠江口盆地琼东南盆地莺歌海盆地北部湾盆地

3. 不可开采煤存地质埋存山西陕西内蒙古等主要煤层分布区 ( 具备适宜的煤层地质构造埋藏深度孔隙度渗透性盖层厚度及密闭性等 ) Incapable exploited coal for sequestration The coal beds distribute widely in our mainland.

31 3. 不可开采煤存地质埋存山西陕西内蒙古等主要煤层分布区 ( 具备适宜的煤层地质构造埋藏深度孔隙度渗透性盖层厚度及密闭性等 ) Incapable exploited coal for sequestration The coal beds distribute widely in our mainland. Some of them are incapable exploited coal bed and they have considerable proportion. They are good for sequestration and the potential is huge. Around the main coal bed distribution of Shanxi, Shaanxi and Mongolia, we should do some investigations about the zone of sequestration in deep coal bed. The primary contents are geological structure, depth of burial, porosity, penetrability, depth of cover and tightness.

32 集中排放源煤层储存场地 ( 图形大小反映了场地的储存容量 ) 图 3 中国主要含煤区及其储存量分布图中国主要含煤区及其储存量分布图 Fig.15 Main coaliferous areas and in China

33 CO2 容量估算 3: 中国煤层处置容量 Fig.16: Estimated capacity of CO2 : coaliferous areas S CO2 a S CO2 ρ CO2 ρ CO2 G i RF ij ER ij S = aρ 2 CO CO i= 1 j= 1 为的可处置量 (kg) 为表征可可采煤层气区面积占煤层总分布面积的比例, 取值 10% 为标准压力和温度条件下的密度, 取值 kg/m 3 为第 i 评价区内的煤层气资源量 (m 3 ) C j 为第 i 评价区的煤炭资源量 (t) C ij 为第 i 评价区第 j 种煤阶的煤炭资源量 (t) 为第 i 评价区第 j 种煤阶煤中利用 -ECBM 技术煤层气的可采系数为第 i 评价区第 j 阶煤的 /CH 4 置换比例 RF 和 ER 均为煤阶的函数, 据 Reeves G i C C ij i RF ij ER ij

34 Fig.17. 中国各煤田煤层气可采系数和 /CH 4 置换比煤阶 j RF ER 褐煤不粘煤弱粘煤长焰煤气煤肥煤焦煤瘦煤贫煤无烟煤

35 4. 重要科学技术问题 CO 2 地质埋存的机理研究不同地质条件的建模试验多相体系 - 水 - 岩石相互作用模拟 CO 2 在地下空间的运动规律研究 CO 2 地质埋存的安全性和可靠性研究 CO 2 地质埋存工程技术研究及示范低成本捕集高纯度气体的工艺 CO 2 储存状态稳定性及其与地下流体围岩的反应 CO 2 储存对地下环境的影响地球物理地球化学遥感勘测技术监测技术

36 IMPORTANT TECHNOLOGIC PROBLEMS There are many scientific problems related to geological sequestration. We must concentrate on several of them which are in dire need of solve and immediately effective, like the research of mechanism sequestration, modeling test in different geological conditions, modeling the interaction among, water and rock of heterogeneous system, the movement law research of underground zone, the research of security and reliability for sequestration, demonstration of geological sequestration technology Besides the selection of the sequestration points, we also should consider those technological problems as follow, like the seeking the low cost tech of catching high purity, researching the deposited state and security of, the influence of the reaction between subsurface fluid and wall rock and exploiting the technology of physical geography, geochemistry, telemetry and monitoring, etc

小结 summary 中国地下贮存总容量为 14,548 亿吨 ( 其中 :24 个主要沉积盆地深部咸水层可埋存约为 14,350 亿吨,46 个含油气盆地可埋存约 78 亿吨,68 个主要煤层区可埋存约 120 亿吨 ) 中国地下空间容量可供中国埋存 1000 年以上 ( 按 2002 年总排放量为 33-40 亿吨的 1/3 的估算 ) Preliminary

37 小结 summary 中国地下贮存总容量为 14,548 亿吨 ( 其中 :24 个主要沉积盆地深部咸水层可埋存约为 14,350 亿吨,46 个含油气盆地可埋存约 78 亿吨,68 个主要煤层区可埋存约 120 亿吨 ) 中国地下空间容量可供中国埋存 1000 年以上 ( 按 2002 年总排放量为亿吨的 1/3 的估算 ) Preliminary estimating, the total capacity of sequestration is about billion tons in China., where, the deep saline aquifer of twenty-four main sedimentary basins total capacity is 1435 billion tons, the total capacity of 46 petroliferous basins is 7.8billion tons, and the capacity of 68 main coal beds is about 12 billion tons Considering the one third of Chinese gross discharge of in 2002 is 3 to 4 billion tons, the underground zone can be used over 1000 years for geological sequestration

Chinese oil import policies and reforms 随着经济的发展, 目前中国石油消费总量已经跃居世界第二作为一个负责任的大国, 中国正在积极推进能源进口多元化, 鼓励替代

Chinese oil import policies and reforms SINOPEC EDRI 2014.8 Chinese oil import policies and reforms 随着经济的发展, 目前中国石油消费总量已经跃居世界第二作为一个负责任的大国, 中国正在积极推进能源进口多元化,