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1 * EKC Van Beers & Van den Bergh 1996 EKC EKC the Environmental Kuznets Curve EKC EKC * yahoo. com. cn 11CJY

2 U Panayotou U Panayotou 2003 EKC World Bank 1992 Turning Point Threshold Point Beckerman EKC The Limits to Growth Meadows et al EKC EKC GEMS Stern et al Dinda 2004 NBER Stern Panayotou 2003 Dinda 2004 Grossman & Krueger Nahman & Antrobus 2005 Shafik & Bandyopadhyay 1992 Panayotou1993 EKC Grossman & Krueger 1991 SO 2 147

3 EKC CFC cross-sectional panel data 1 1 GDP GDP 2 sulphur dioxide SO 2 suspended particulate U U matters SPM smoke nitrous oxides NO X carbon monoxideco carbon GDP dioxide CO 2 1 Grossman & Krueger 1991 Shafik 1994 Selden & fecal coliforms 2 Song 1994 Panayotou EKC 3 2 dissolved oxygen biological oxygen demand 4 BOD chemical oxygen demand COD EKC deforestation 2 E it = α i + β 1 y it + β 2 y 2 it + β 3 y 3 it + 5 β 4 z it + ε it E it y it z it EKC U EKC EKC N EKC CO 2 4 GDP EKC 8000 Grossman & Krueger Selden & Song Hilton & Levinson Wang et al Dinda EKC 5 EKC EKC Panayotou 1993 Dasgupta et al scale effects composition effects technological effects EKC EKC EKC EKC EKC EKC EKC Arrow et al EKC 2. EKC EKC EKC U 148 3

4 CO 2 Stern et al Suri & Chapman 1998 CO 2 CO 2 5. EKC 1998 Ecological Economics 25 2 EKC EKC EKC Unruh & Moomaw 1998 EKC 2 CO 2 GDP WDI GDP 2000 EKC CO 2 EKC 3. EKC EKC Dinda et al U Smulder & Bretschger 2000 EKC Cole 2004 U N L Dinda 2004 al Arrow et al Rothman 1998 EKC EKC EKC Suri & Chapman 1998 EKC CO 2 EKC Rothman 1998 EKC De Bruyn et al Torras & Boyce 1998 EKC Kaufmann et al SO 2 Cole et al Stern et 4. EKC EKC 149

5 Stern 1998 EKC Dean 1992 Jaffe et al EKC Jayadevappa & Chhatre 2000 Van Beers & Van EKC den Bergh EKC EKC Grossman & Krueger 1991 Cole 2004 Birdsall & Wheeler 1992 Wheeler & Martin 1992 Low & Yeats 1992 Lucas et al Kahn 2003 EKC Rock 1996 Antweiler et al Pollution Haven Hypothesis PHH Tobey 1990 Valluru & Peterson 1997 EKC Suri & Chapman 1998 Rothman 1998 EKC EKC 1 EKC EKC Van Beers & Van den Bergh

6 Antweiler et al Low & Yeats Tobey 1990 Grossman & Krueger 1991 Lucas et al Lucas et al. Capital-Labour Hypothesis KLH KLH GDP Antweiler et al American Economic Review Antweiler et al Jaffe et - - Heckscher- al Ohlin-Samuelson HOS Pollution Haven Hypothesis PHH Antweiler et al Antweiler et al. 1 a Jaffe et al b c 1 Ederington and Minier 2003 Cave and Blomquist

7 2001 Antweiler et al SO 2 SO 2 Antweiler et al SO 2 Cole and Elliott 2003 Cole 2006 Shen 2008 Antweiler et al EKC 1 ^ z^ = π 1 s^ + π 2 k^ - π 3 I^ + π 4 β^ + π 5 p w - π 6 T^ 1 z s k I p w X Getzner 2002 Y β p X p = βp w β > 1 X β < 1 X β 1 β > 1 ^β < 0β < 1 ^β > 0 T Mehmet π i > Cole and Elliott 2003 Cole2006 Shen 2008 SO 2 COD Jaffe et al Antweiler et al

8 Raknerud 1997 Goodstein1994 Marx Goodstein 1994 Morgenstern et al scale effect demand effect Goodstein Berman & Bui 2001 Bezclek et al Golombek and factor- shift effect L ijrt = δ i + t + μr jrt + η jt + w rt + ε ijrt 2 ΔL ijrt = Δ t + μδr jrt + Δη jt + Δw rt + Δε ijrt 3 L ijrt δ i i = 1 N t t = 1 T η jt j = 1 J w rt r = 1 R R jrt μ ε ijrt 2 3 Berman & Bui 2001 Morgenstern et al Bezclek et al

9 % 13. 9% 23. 5% 37. 4% Kahn Mehmet Reuveny Swain Warner Reuveny 2007 Ecological Economics International Organization for MigrationIOM Environmental Migration

10 Gawande et al EKC hazardous waste sites EKC Gawande et al Wang et al Dinda 2004 Gawande et al EKC Gawande et al Gawande et al NETOMIGR i = β 0 + β 1 SITES i + β 2 PC_INC i SITES i + Z' i Λ + ε i 4 NETOMIGR i / 100 SITES i PC _ INC i SITES i i Z β 0 β 1 β 2 ε i Z NETOMIGR / SITES = β 1 + β 2 PC _ INC NETOMIGR / SITES PC _ INC > - β 1 / β 2 NETOMIGR / SITES EKC Gawande et al Gawande et al Gawande et al EKC EKC Gawande et al Rothman EKC EKC distancing EKC Rothman

11 BermanE. and L. T. M. Bui2001 Environmental Regulation and Labor Demand Evidence from the South Coast Air Basin Journal of Public Economics BezclekR. H. R. M. Wendlingand P. Diperna2008 Gray Environmental Protectionthe Economy and Jobs National and Regional Analyses Journal of Environmental Management BirdsallN. and D. Wheeler1992 Trade Policy and Industrial Pollution in Latin America Where Are the Pollution Havens In LowP. ed. International Trade and the EnvironmentWorld Bank Discussion Papers Washington DC 159. CaveL. A. and G. C. Blomquist2008 Environmental Policy in the European Union Fostering the Development of Pollution Havens Ecological Economics ColeM. A The Pollution Haven Hypothesis and Environmental Kuznets Curve Examing the Linkages Ecological Economics ColeM. A Does Trade Liberalization Increase National Energy Use Economics Letters ColeM. A. and R. J. R. Elliott2003 Determining the Trade-Environment Composition Effect The Role of CapitalLabor and Environmental Regulations Journal of Environmental Economics and Management ColeM. A. and R. J. R. Elliottand A. K. Azhar2000 The Determinants of Trade in Pollution Intensive Industries North-South Evidence University of BirminghamUK. Mimeo. DasguptaS. B. LaplanteH. WangWangand D. Wang2002 Confronting the Environmental Kuznets Curve Journal of Economic Prespectives DeanJ. M Trade and the Environment A Survey of Literature In LowP. ed. International Trade and the EnvironmentWorld Bank Discussion Papers Washington DC 159. De BruynS. M. J. C. J. M. van den Berghand J. B. Opschoor1998 Economic Growth and Emissions Reconsidering the Empirical Basis of Environmental Kuznets Curves Ecological Economics AntweilerW. B. R. Copelandand M. S. Taylor DindaS Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis A Survey Ecological Economics Is Free Trade Good for the Environment American Economic Review DindaS. D. Coondooand M. Pal2000 Air Quality ArrowK. B. BolinR. CostanzaP. DasguptaC. and Economic Growth An Empirical Study Ecological FolkeC. S. HollingB. -O. JanssonS. LevinK. -G. M ler Economics C. Perringsand D. Pimentel1995 Economic Growth EderingtonJ. and J. Minier2003 Is Environmental Carrying Capacityand the Environment Science Policy a Secondary Trade Barrier An Empirical Analysis 521. BeckermanW Economic Growth and the Environment Whose Growth Whose Environment World Development Canadian Journal of Economics GawandeK. R. P. Berrensand A. K. Bohara2001 A Consumption-Based Theory of the Environmental Kuznets Curve Ecological economics

12 GawandeK. A. K. BoharaR. P. Berrensand P. Wang 2000 Internal Migration and the Environmental Kuznets Curve for U. S. Hazardous Waste Sites Ecological Economics GetznerM The Quantitative and Qualitative Impacts of Clean Technologies on Employment Journal of Cleaner Production GolombekR. and A. Raknerud1997 Do Environmental Standards Harm Manufacturing Employment Scandinavian Journal of Economics GoodsteinE. B Jobs and the Environment The Myth of a National Trade-off Economic Policy Institute Washington DC. GrayC EnvironmentLandand Rural Outmigration in the Southern Ecuadorian Andes World Development GrossmanG. M. and A. B. Krueger1991 Environmental Impacts of the North American Free Trade Agreement NBER. Working Paper GrossmanG.. M. and A. B. Krueger1995 Economic Growth and the Environment Quarterly Journal of Economics HiltonF. G. H. and A. Levinson1998 Factoring the Environmental Kuznets Curve Evidence from Automotive Lead Emissions Journal of Environmental Economics and Management JaffeA. B. S. R. PetersonP. R. Portneyand R. N. Stavins1995 Environmental Regulation and the Competitiveness of US Manufacturing What Does the Evidence Tell US Journal of Economic Literature JayadevappaR. and S. Chhatre2000 International Trade and Environmental Quality A Survey Ecological Economics KahnM. E The Geography of US Pollution Intensive Trade Evidence from Regional Science and Urban Economics KaufmannR. K. B. DavidsdottirS. Garnhamand P. Pauly1998 The Determinants of Atmospheric SO 2 Concentrations Reconsidering the Environmental Kuznets Curve Ecological Economics LowP. and A. Yeats1992 Do Dirty Industries Migrate in LowP. ed. International Trade and the EnvironmentWorld Bank Discussion Papers Washington DC 159. LucasE. B. R. D. Wheelerand H. Hettige1992 Economic DevelopmentEnvironmental Regulation and the International Migration of Toxic Industries In LowP. ed. International Trade and the EnvironmentWorld Bank Discussion Papers Washington DC 159. MarxA Ecological ModernizationEnvironmental Policy and Employment Can Environmental Protection and Employment be Reconciled European Journal of Social Science MeadowsD. H. D. L. MeadowsJ. Randersand W. W. Behrens1972 The Limits to Growth Universe BooksNew York. MehmetO Employment Creation and Green Development Strategy Ecological Economics MorgensternR. D. A. M. Pizerand Jhih-Shyang Shih 2002 Jobs Versus the Environment An Industry-Level Perspective Journal of Environmental Economics and Management NahmanA. and G. Antrobus2005 The Environmental Kuznets Curve A Literature Survey South African Journal of Economics PanayotouT Empirical Tests and Policy Analysis of Environmental Degradation at Different Stages of Economic Development ILOTechnology and Employment Programme Geneva. PanayotouT Economic Growth and the Environment United Nations Economic CommissionGeneva. ReuvenyR Climate Change-Induced Migration and Violent Conflict Political Geography RockM. T Pollution Intensity of GDP and Trade Policy Can the World Bank be Wrong World Development RothmanD. S Environmental Kuznets Curve Real Progress or Passing the BuckA Case for Consumption-Base Approaches Ecological Economics SeldenT. and D. Song1994 Environmental Quality and Development Is There a Kuznets Curve for Air Pollution Emissions Journal of Environmental Economics and management ShafikN Economic Development and Environmental Quality An Econometric Analysis Oxford Economic Papers ShafikN. and S. Bandyopadhyay1992 Economic Growth and Environmental Quality Time Series and Cross-Country Evidence Background Paper for the World Development Report World BankWashingtonDC. ShenJ Trade Liberalization and Environmental Degradation in China Applied Economics SmulderS. and L. Bretschger2000 Explaining Environmental Kuznets Curves How Pollution Induces Policy and New Technologies Tilburg University Economics Research Working Paper SternD. I Progress on the Environmental Kuznets Curve Environment and Development Economics

13 198. SternD. I The Rise and Fall of the Environmental Kuznets Curve World Development SternD. I. M. S. Commonand E. B. Barbier1996 Economic Growth and Environment Degradation A Critique of the Environmental Kuznets Curve World Development SuriV. and D. Chapman1998 Economic Growth Trade and the Environment Implications for the Environmental Kuznets Curve Ecological Economics SwainA Environmental Migration and Conflict Dynamics Focus on Developing Regions Third World Quarterly TobeyJ. A The Effects of Domestic Environmental Policies on Patterns of World Trade An Empirical Test Kyklos TorrasM. and J. K. Boyce1998 IncomeInequality and Pollution A Reassessment of the Environmental Kuznets Curve Ecological Economics UnruhG. C. and W. R. Moomaw1998 An Alternative Analysis of Apparent EKC-Type Transitions Ecological Economics ValluruS. R. K. and E. W. F. Peterson1997 The Impact of Environmental Regulations on World Grain Trade Agribusiness Van BeersC. and J. C. J. M. Van den Bergh1996 An Overview of Methodological Approaches in the Analysis Trade and Environment Journal of World Trade WangP. A. K. BoharaR. P. Berrensand K. Gawande 1998 A Risk Based Environmental Kuznets Curve for Hazardious Waste Sites Application of Economics Letters WarnerK. Global Environmental Change and Migration Governance Challenges Global Environmental Change2010 doi / j. gloenvcha WheelerD. and P. Martin1992 PricesPolicies and the International Diffusion of Clean Technology The Case of Wood Pulp Production In LowP. ed. International Trade and the EnvironmentWorld Bank Discussion Papers Washington DC 159. World Bank1992 World Bank Development Report 1992 Development and the Environment World BankWashington DC. Environmental Issues in an Open Economy A Survey Lu Yang Institute of Population and Labor EconomicsChinese Academy of Social Sciences Abstract Under globalizationenvironmental issues have been increasingly giving a global content with the international mobilization of resources. This paper uses an open macroeconomics framework that integrates environmental factors with economic growthtradeemploymentand population migration. The literature review shows a clear North-South environmental inequality under the international division of labor. Firstlyissues of environment and economic growth have experienced three stages that are The Limit to Growth theory proposed by Roman ClubEnvironmental Kuznets Curve EKC and the debate of EKC. The problem of environmental quality and economic growth seems the two sides of a coinwhich cannot be obtained at the same time. Howeverdeveloping countries become the pollution haven because of the international labor division. Secondlyenterprises may lose some brown employment for environmental regulationsbut environmental protection can also create green employment. Howeverthere is still argument about whether environmental protection will benefit the employment situation of developing countries. Finallyenvironmental migration has become significant in some countries due to rapid environmental deterioration. The environmental migration resulted from climate change may reach 50 million to 700 million till Howeverthe environmental pressure and migration ability are very different between developed and developing countriesbut such literatures are so limited. Key Words Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis International Trade Environmental Regulation Employment Environmental Migration JEL Classification F41Q56 158

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2005 12 3 ( 100101 ;) ( 100101) :,,,,,,,, : 20,, 20 90,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3 Urban China Research Network (UCRN) in Albany, New York,,Scott Rozelle,,,, 45 :,; ;, ( ) 25,, 80 90, 90,,,,,,, ( ), ( ), 2003