Chinese Journal of Psychology 2007, Vol. 49, No. 1, ,

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1 Chinese Journal of Psychology 2007, Vol. 49, No. 1, , slh@nccu.edu.tw McDermott Weiss Adelson(2001) indeterminancyambiguity aperture problemwallach, 1935; Wuerger, Shapley, & Rubin, 1996 receptive field unambiguous midlevel medium-level surface module terminators barberpole illusion orientation grating

2 36 Wallach, 1935 Lorenceau & Shiffrar, 1992; Vallortigara & Bressan, 1991 Shimojo Silverman Nakayama 1989 extrinsic terminators intrinsic terminators occlusion A B C D C D A B Shimojo 1989 stereoscopic Lidén Mingolla 1998 Vallortigara Bressan 1991 plaid grating coherent motion component motion surface segmentation Lindsey & Todd, 1996; Stoner & Albright, 1996, 1998 McDermott Weiss Adelson 2001 surface Tommasi Vollortigara 1999 Anderson Sinha 1997 McDermott Weiss Adelson 2001 McDermott Adelson 2004a amodal completion Anderson & Sinha, 1997; McDermott et al., 2001 T-T-junction T T T T- T McDermott McDermott et al., 2001; McDermott & Adelson, 2004a, 2004b, 2004c nonlocal factors

3 37 McDermott Adelson 2004a T- T- L- L-junction T- L- L- T- L- T- McDermott 2001 Lorenceau Shiffrar 1992 T- McDermott 2001 figrure/ground T- relatability border ownership McDermott Adelson 2004b convexity McDermott Adelson 2004c layered representation Wang & Adelson, 1994 McDermott Adelson 2004c T- discount McDermott Adelson McDermott Adelson opacity McDermott Adelson 2004c layer-based layered decompositions cost function illusory edges McDermott Adelson 2004c layered representation image coding visual surface representationhe & Nakayama, 1994; Nakayama, He, & Shimojo, 1995; Nakayama & Shimojo, 1990, 1992 unconscious inference

4 38 illusory contour modal completion Shimojo et al., 1989 (texture) McDermott 2001 Lorenceau Shiffrar 1992 seperate motion McDermott 2001 brightness enhancement neon color spreading van Tuijl, 1975; Ware, 1980

5 39 McDermott 2001 McDermott Adelson 2004a, 2004b, 2004c Tommasi Vallortigara 1999 Lidén Mingolla 1998 Anderson Sinha 1997 Tommasi Vallortigara 1999 McDermott 2001 McDermott Adelson 2004a, 2004b, 2004c T- Ehrenstein IBM NVIDIA Geforce FX 5900 XT View Sonic G90F McDermott 2001 Ehrenstein 1987 Redies & Spillmann, 1981 Ehrenstein Ehrenstein Ehrenstein Redies & Spillmann,

6 40 bi-stable Ishihara plate [z] [/] 30 1 speed-up Meng & Tong, 2004 F (4, 44) = 8.51 MSE = p <.01 Tukey p <.01 HSD = p <.05 HSD = p <.01 HSD = %

7 41 7 F (5, 30) = MSE = p <.01 Tukey p <.01 HSD = p <.05 HSD = p <.01 HSD = % 2D 3D 3D 10

8 42 Photo Research PR-650 u =.22 v = cd/m cd/m 2 stereogram 2D 3D 8 2D 3D = fusion F (1, 9) = MSE = p <.01 F (1, 9) = MSE = p <.01 F (1, 9) = MSE = p <.01 F (1, 9) = 6.53 MSE = p < % 3D 3D 2D 3D 3D 2D 3D 2D 3D 10

9 = F (3, 27) = MSE = p <.01 F (2, 18) = 9.91 MSE = p <.01 F (6, 54) = 3.42 MSE = p < % 52.46%43.57% 19.50% Tukey p <.05 HSD = %48.00% 50.57% Tukey Tukey 33.13% 51.90% p <.05 HSD = % 23.14% 25.10% 31.64% 10

10 = 6 6 F (1, 9) = MSE = p < % 49.82% 20.66% Anderson Sinha 1997 Tommasi Vallortigara 1999 Lidén Mingolla 1998 Gurnsey & von Grunau, 1997; Sinha, 1996; Vallortigara & Bressan, 1991; Wuerger et al., 1996 Metelli Beck & Ivry, 1988; Metelli, 1974, 1985; Nakayama, Shimojo, & Ramachandran, 1990 decomposition visual search McCollough Mitsudo, 2003; Watanabe & Cavanagh, 1993; Wolfe, Birnkrant, Kunar, & Horowitz, 2005

11 45 Lindsey & Todd, 1996; Stoner & Albright, 1993 filling-in Wolfe 2005 Beck Ivry 1988 Metelli Ekroll Faul 2002 Metelli T- McDermott Adelson 2004a, 2004b, 2004c McDermott Adelson T- T- attributes V1 middle temporal visual area, MT Duncan, Albright, & Stoner, 2000; Movshon, Adelson, Gizzi, & Newsome, 1985; Rodman & Albright, 1989; Stoner & Albright, 1993 MT MT V1 V1 V2 MT Horton & Sincich, 2004 von der Heydt Peterhans Baumgartner 1984 V1 V2 V2 Zhou Friedman von der Heydt 2000 V2

12 46 surface formation V2 V2 MT V1 V2 V1 MT feed-forward feed-back reciprocal interactions Anderson & Sinha, 1997; Nakayama & Shimojo, 1990; Watanabe, 1997 dorsal pathwayventral pathway Anderson, B. L., & Sinha, P. (1997). Reciprocal interactions between occlusion and motion computations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94, Beck, J., & Ivry, R. (1988). On the role of figural organization in perceptual transparency. Perception and Psychophysics, 44, Duncan, R. O., Albright, T. D. & Stoner, G. R. (2000). Occlusion and the interpretation of visual motion: Perceptual and neuronal effects of context. The Journal of Neuroscience, 20, Ehrenstein, W. (1987). Modifications of the brightness phenomenon of L. Hermann. In S. Petry & G. E. Meyer (Eds.), The perception of illusory contours (pp ). New York: Springer-Verlag. Ekroll, V., & Faul, F. (2002). Perceptual transparency in neon color spreading displays. Perception and Psychophysics, 64, Gurnsey, R., & von Grunau, M. (1997). Illusory contourmotion arising from translating terminators. Vision Research, 37, He, Z. J., & Nakayama, K. (1994). Perceiving Textures: Beyond Filtering. Vision Research, 34, Horton, J. C., & Sincich, L. C. (2004). A new foundation for the visual cortical hierarchy. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The Cognitive Neurosciences (3rd ed.) (pp ). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. Lidén, L., & Mingolla, E. (1998). Monocular occlusion cues alter the influence of terminator motion in the barber pole phenomenon. Vision Research, 38, Lindsey, D. T., & Todd, J. T. (1996). On the relative contributions of motion energy and transparency to the perception of moving plaids. Vision Research, 36, Lorenceau, J., & Shiffrar, M. (1992). The influence of terminators on motion integration across space. Vision Research, 32, McDermott, J., & Adelson, E. H. (2004a). Junctions and cost functions in motion interpretation. Journal of Vision, 4, McDermott, J., & Adelson, E. H. (2004b). The geometry of the occluding contour and its effect on motion interpretation. Journal of Vision, 4, McDermott, J., & Adelson, E. H. (2004c). Motion perception and midlevel vision. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The Cognitive Neurosciences (3rd ed.) (pp ). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. McDermott, J., Weiss, Y., & Adelson, E. H. (2001). Beyond junctions: Nonlocal form constraints on motion interpretation. Perception, 30, Meng, M., & Tong, F. (2004). Can attention selectively bias bistable perception? Differences between binocular rivalry and ambiguous figures. Journal of Vision, 4, Metelli, F. (1974). The perception of transparency. Scientific American, 230, Metelli, F. (1985). Stimulation and perception of transparency. Psychological Research, 47, Mitsudo, H. (2003). Information regarding structure and

13 47 lightness based on phenomenal transparency influences the efficiency of visual search. Perception, 32, Movshon, J. A., Adelson, E. H., Gizzi, M., & Newsome, W. T. (1985). The analysis of moving visual patterns. In C. Chagas, R. Gattass, & C. G. Gross (Eds.), Study group on pattern recognition mechanisms. Vatican City: Pontifica Academia Scientiarum. Nakayama, K., He, Z., & Shimojo, S. (1995). Visual surface representation: A critical link between lowerlevel and higher-level vision. In S. M. Kosslyn & D. N. Osherson (Eds.), Visual Cognition: An invitation to cognitive science (2nd ed.) (pp. 1-70). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. Nakayama, K., & Shimojo, S. (1990). Toward a neural understanding of visual surface representation. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology, 40, Nakayama, K., & Shimojo, S. (1992). Experiencing and perceiving visual surfaces. Science, 257, Nakayama, K., Shimojo, S., & Ramachandran, V. S. (1990). Transparency: Relation to depth, subjective contours and neon color spreading. Perception, 19, Redies, C., & Spillmann, L. (1981). The neon color effect in the Ehrenstein illusion. Perception, 10, Rodman, H. R., & Albright, T. D. (1989). Single-unit analysis of pattern-motion selective properties in the middle temporal visual area (MT). Experimental Brain Research, 75, Shimojo, S., Silverman, G. H., & Nakayama, K. (1989). Occlusion and the solution to the aperture problem for motion. Vision Research, 29, Sinha, P. (1996). Short communication. Vision Research, 36, Stoner, G. R., & Albright, T. D. (1993). Image segmentation cues in motion processing: Implications for modularity in vision. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5, Stoner, G. R., & Albright, T. D. (1996). The interpretation of visual motion: Evidence for surface segmentation mechanisms. Vision Research, 36, Stoner, G. R., & Albright, T. D. (1998). Luminance contrast affects motion coherency in plaid patterns by action as a depty-from-occlusion cue. Vision Research, 38, Tommasi, L., & Vallortigara, G. (1999). Figure ground segregation modulates perceived direction of ambiguous moving gratings and plaids. Vision Research, 39, Vallortigara, G., & Bressan, P. (1991). Occlusion and the perception of coherent motion. Vision Research, 31, van Tuijl, H. F. J. M. (1975). A new visual illusion: Neonlike color spreading and complementary color induction between subjective contours. Acta Psychologica, 39, von der Heydt, R., Peterhans, E., & Baumgartner, G. (1984). Illusory contours and cortical neuron responses. Science, 224, Wallach, H. (1935). Uber visuell wahrgenommene Bewegungrichtung. Psychologische Forschung, 20, Wang, J. Y. A., & Adelson, E. H. (1994). Representing moving images with layers. In IEEE Transactions on Image Processing Special Issue, 3, Ware, C. (1980). Coloured illusory triangles due to assimilation. Perception, 9, Watanabe, T. (1997). Velocity decomposition and surface decomposition: Reciprocal interactions between motion and form processing. Vision Research, 37, Watanabe, T., & Cavanagh, P. (1993). Surface decomposition accompanying the perception of transparency. Spatial Vision, 7, Wolfe, J. M., Birnkrant, R. S., Kunar, M. A., & Horowitz, T. S. (2005). Visual search for transparency and opacity: Attentional guidance by cue combination? Journal of Vision, 5, Wuerger, S., Shapley, R., & Rubin, N. (1996). "On the visually perceived direction of motion" by Hans Wallach: 60 years later. Perception, 25, Zhou, H., Friedman, H. S., & von der Heydt, R. (2000). Coding of border ownership in monkey visual cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, 20,

14 48 A B C D A B C A B McDermott, Weiss, & Adelson, 2001

15 49 N=12 1 N=7 1

16 50 1 N=10 1

17 51 N=10 1 N=10 1

18 52 The Effect of Transparent and Opaque Illusory Contour Occluders on the Motion Interpretation Shwu-Lih Huang 1, 2, Chia-Yang Liu 1, Hua-Chun Sun 1, and Hung-Wei Lee 1 1 Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University 2 Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, National Chengchi University Based on the theories of midlevel or mediumlevel vision, the information about visual surfaces can have critical effects on the motion interpretation. Many of the evidences have revealed to support this theoretical point. Following such aspect, the purpose of this study is to explore how the attributes of the surface affect the motion interpretation. The major focus is to test whether the illusory contour, instead of real contour, being the occluders can also have similar effect on the motion interpretation. In addition to this test, the study on how transparency of the occluding surfaces influence motion interpretation is also performed. The paradigm developed by McDermott, Weiss, and Adelson (2001) was used in the present study. In experiments one and two, two types of illusory contour were designed as occluders. The results showed that illusory contour occluders affect motion in a similar manner as that of real contour occluders. And the effect was smaller for the transparent illusory contour as compared to the opaque illusory contour. In the subsequent three experiments, we designed various types of contour and manipulated transparency by different methods for comparison. It was found that the smaller effect of transparent illusory contour, when compared to opaque illusory contour, could be replicated in all three experiments. However, in the condition of real contour, the effect of transparency was not shown. Also, manipulating the transparency by different methods showed different effects in these three experiments. The most stable effect was obtained in manipulating the figural configurations to induce transparency in the illusory contour. Transparency induced by dynamic motion cue only showed a minor effect. Manipulating transparency by static binocular depth did not show any significant effect. From the results of all five experiments, the important role of the surface formation in motion processing which was predicted by the midlevel or medium-level vision theories was partially confirmed. On the other hand, not to be covered by these theories, that transparency of the surface can influence motion interpretation only in some of the conditions was observed in this study. Further research will be needed to reveal more details of the issue. Keywords: motion perception, illusory contour, transparency, occlusion, midlevel vision

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優秀的構圖設計可以引起眾的注意, 書籍封面的構圖影響消費者的購買意願海報設計的構圖影響的傳達效益照片的構圖影響美感的表現與傳遞經典名作在構圖上皆有細膩的安攝影作品觀看順序的變因探討 An Analysis of Photography Viewing Paths 戴孟宗 Tai, Meng-Tsung Ph.D. 國立臺灣藝術學圖傳播藝術學系副教授 Department of Graphic Communication Arts. National Taiwan University of