26 ( ) ( )Classification [1] The Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), p.468. [2] Webster s Unabridged Dictionary of the En

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1 BIBLID (2006) 95:2 p ( ) 25 分類相關概念之術語學研究摘要 Classification Categorization Categorization TaxonomyOntology Ontology 一前言 Classification Categorization Taxonomy Ontology Keywords Classification Categorization Taxonomy Ontology Terminology Categorization Taxonomy Ontology Terminology Ontology Terminology Terminology

2 26 ( ) ( )Classification [1] The Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), p.468. [2] Webster s Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language (New York: Portland House, 1989), p.273. 二分類相關概念之術語定義 The Oxford English Dictionary Classification [1] 1. Classifying 2. Classifying Webster's Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language [2] [3] [4] American Library Association ALA World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science [3] [4]

3 27 Classification Classifying Classification Classing [5] Classification 1.Richardson [6] 2. [7] 3. [8] 4.Lancaster Item [9] 5. Satija Naming Defining Defining Defining Analysis Generalization Discrimination DistinguishingPattern-making Sorting Filtering Pattern-making Sorting Filtering Sorting Filtering Filtering Filtering [5] W. Robert ed, World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science (Cicago: ALA,1993), p.207 [6] E. C. Richardson, Classification, Theoretical and Practical 3rd ed. (Hamden, Connecticut: The Shoe String Press). [7] Pauline Atherton, ed. Classification research: Proceedings of the second International Study Conference Held at Hotel Prins Hamlet, Elsinore, Denmark, 14th to 18th Sept., 1964(Copenhagen: Munksgaard). [8] Lois Mai Chan, Cataloging and Classification: An Introduction 2nd ed.(new York: K. G. Saur, [9] 1994). F. W. Lancaster, Indexing and Abstraction in Theory and Practice, 3rd ed.(champaign: University of Illinois, Graduate School of Library and Information Science, 2003).

4 28 ( ) Demarcating Separating Individualizing IdentifyingCategorizing Grouping Matching Categorizing Grouping Matching Grouping Matching Matching Matching Selecting Sampling Arranging Ordering Sampling Arranging Ordering Arranging Ordering Ordering Grading Ranking Correlating Tabulating Ranking Correlating Tabulating Correlating Tabulating Tabulating Mapping DesigningStructuring Coordinating DesigningStructuring Coordinating Structuring Coordinating Coordinating Organizing Controlling Controlling [10] 6.Taylor Categories [11] Classification Classification ( )Categorization Classification Categorization Internet Community Categorization Classification [12] Automatic Text Categorization [13] [14] [15] Categorization Classification Categorization [10] M. P. Satija, Classification: Some Fundamentals, Some Myths, Some Realities, Knowledge Organization 25:1-2 (1998), p.32. [11] A. Taylor, The Organization of Information 2nd ed. (Westport, Conn.: Libraries Unlimited, 2004). [12] M. S. Van der Walt, A Classification Scheme for the Organization of Electronic Documents in Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs), Knowledge Organization 31:1 (2004), pp [13] [14] [15]

5 29 表一 : 文獻中分類定義之歸納表 (Item) (Class) Classification 是將相似的事物群聚在一起的行為 [16] 1.2 分類 (Classifying) 的行為 [17] 1.3 分類 (Classifying) 或制定分類表的行為 ( 所產生的表通常簡稱為 Classification) [18] 1.4 分類 (Classifying) 的活動, 字面上意謂類目的制定 [19] 2.1 分類 (Classifying) 的結果 ; 一種系統性的分發配置或安排入某類中 ; 尤其是某些事物的某個學科主題的形成或某些事物的研究方法 [20] 2.2 分類或被分類的結果 [21] 3.1 依據共同的特徵或關係, 分類或安排入某類中的活動 ; 指派到適當的類 [22] 3.2 是分類 (Classing) 或指派文件類目標記的行為, 這將會標示出主題內容 [23] 3.3 分類的必要行為是決定事物屬性或特徵的多階段過程, 區別出具有和不具有某些屬性或特徵的事物或物件, 並將擁有共同屬性和特徵 [24] 的事物聚到一個類中 3.4 依據事物相似的程度, 邏輯的整理排列, 尤其是將書籍指派入圖書 [25] 分類表中適當的位置 3.5 將主題放入範疇 (Categories) 中 [26] 3.6 將項目 (Item) 排序到概念類目和在主題的基礎上構成物件的類目 [27] 3.7 指派物件入類 (Class) 的過程 [28] 3.8 指派實體入分類系統中某類的過程的過程 [29] 4.1 任何各種排列書或其他資料的系統, 尤其是依據主題或格式 4.2 是分類 (Classifying) 或制定分類表的行為 ( 所產生的表通常簡稱為 Classification) [31] 4.3 根據圖書和其他材料的主題或形式, 以符合邏輯的順序進行安排整 [32] 理的表 4.4 一種分類表 (AA Classification Scheme) [33] 4.5 一種類目系統 (AA System of Classes) [34] 5.1 一個群組或類, 其中的事物可能或已經被分類 [35] 5.2 分類系統中的群組或類 [36] [30] [16] B. Buchanan, Theory of Library Classification (London: C. Bingley; New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979), p.9. [17] 2 [18] 5

6 30 ( ) Categorization The Action of Categorizing Classification [37] Categorization Classification Wikipedia Categorization Categorization Categorization Categories Categorization [38] Category Category [19] Hans H. Wellisch, Glossary of Terminology in Abstracting, Classification, Indexing, and Thesaurus Construction 2nd ed. (Medford: Information Today Inc., 2000), p.15. [20] 1 [21] 2 [22] 1 [23] 5 [24] 8 [25] R. J. Prytherch, Harrod s Libraries Glossary: 9,000 Terms Used in Information Management, Library Science, Publishing, the Book Trades and Archive Management 8th ed. (England: Gower House, 1995), p.136. [26] 11 [27] 9 [28] V. Broughton, Essential Classification (London: Facet Publishing, 2004), p.296. [29] E. K. Jacob, Classification and Categorization: A Difference that Makes a Difference, Library Trendes 52:3 (Winter 2000), pp [30] 2 [31] 5 [32] 21 [33] 15 [34] 25 [35] 2 [32] 25 [37] 1, p.180. [38] Wikipedia, Categorization, Retrieved June 22, 2006, from Categorisation.

7 31 [39] Categorization Information ContinuumOrder Quality Attribute<s> Attribute<s> EntitiesPerceptual Perceptual Objects [40] Categorization Entity Group [41] A B B A [39] [40] [41]

8 32 ( ) Prototype Theory [42] Rosch [43] Categorization International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science Categorization Fiction Categorization Classification Categorization [44] Taxonomy Category Category [45] 1. Facet [42] Goerge Lakoff [43] [44] J. Feather and P. Sturges, International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2003), p.50. [45]

9 Connotation [46] ( )Taxonomy Classification Taxonomy Taxis Taxis Nomos [47] [48] Taxonomy [49] [50] International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science 一書所載 Taxonomy Classification Taxonomy Taxonomy Taxonomy Taxonomy Taxonomy Internet Intranets Extranets Extranets [51] Taxonomy [52] [46] http:// http:// ceiba3.cc.ntu.edu.tw/course/cb9879/ ppt [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52]

10 34 ( ) Taxonomy [53] [54] Sets Linnaeus Hierarchical [55] Taxonomy Taxonomy 1990 Taxonomy Taxonomy Matching [56] Edols Roberts-Witt 1999 Practical Practical Taxonomies: Hardwon Wisdom for Creating a Workable Knowledge Classification System [57] Taxonomy Yahoo! Taxonomy [53] 3 [54] J. B. Bryar, Taxonomies: The Value of Organized Business Knowledge, (2001), Retrieved May 3, 2006, from [55] [56] M. A. Drake, Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science 2nd ed. (New York: Marcel Dekker, 2003), p [57] Sarah L. Roberts-Witt, Practical Taxonomies: Hard-won Wisdom for Creating a Workable Knowledge Classification System, Knowledge Management Magazine, Retrieved June 3, 2006,

11 35 [58] Delphi Group Taxonomy 20% 30% [59] Taxonomy Software Taxonomy Roberts - Witt [60] Chaudhry and Hui Ling [61] Taxonomy Buckets Buckets Buckets Buckets Buckets Buckets [62] Buckets Buckets Hodge 1. Term Lists 2. Classification and Categorization3. Relationship GroupsSubject Headings Classification Schemes Taxonomies and Categorization Schemes Classification Schemes, Taxonomies and Categorization Schemes Buckests Subject Buckests Subject Subject Categories Taxonomies Characteristic [63] from [58] L. Edols, Taxonomies Are What? Freepint 97 (Oct. 2004), pp. 9-11, Retrieved May 7, 2006,, from [59] Delphi Group, Taxonomy & Content Classification, (2002), Retrieved January 9, 2006, from [60] 57 [61] A. S. Chaudhry and G. Hui Ling, Building Taxonomies Using Organizational Resources, Knowledge Organization 32:1 (2005), pp [62] 54 [63] G. Hodge, Systems of Knowledge Organization for Digital Libraries: Beyond Traditional Authority Files, (2000), Retrieved July 7, 2006, from 1knowledge.html.

12 36 ( ) Taxonomy 1.Cohen Taxonomy [64] 2.Taxonomy Taxonomy Navigation Path [65] 3.Warner Taxonomy AA System of LabelsNavigation Scheme [66] 4. Taxonomy Categories [67] 5.Wason [68] Taxonomy Categories 5. Matching ( )Ontology Ontology [64] 54 [65] Delphi Group, Information Intelligence: Content Classification and the Enterprise Taxonomy Practices, (2004), Retrieved October 7, 2005, from whitepapers/ taxonomy-wp.pdf. [66] A. J. Warner, Information Architecture and Vocabularies for Browse and Search, In A. Gilchrist and B. Mahon, ed., Information Architecture: Designing Information Environments for Purpose (London: Facet Publishing), pp [67] [68] T. D. Wason, Dr. Tom s Taxonomy Guide: Description, Use and Selections, (2006), Retrieved May 3, 2006, from

13 37 [69] Ontology Existence Reality 1990 Reality Knowledge Engineering Universe of Discourse Ontology Axioms [70] Ontology 1. Ontology [71] 2. Logical Theory Intended Meaning Conceptualization) Ontological Commitment Intended Models [72] 3.Ontology [73] 4. Property Attribute Attribute [74] [69] 1 [70] T. R. Gruber, What is an Ontology? Retrieved May 22, 2006, from kst/what-is-an-ontology.html. [71] T. R. Gruber, A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications, Knowledge Acquisition 5:2 (1993), pp [72] N. Guarino, Formal Ontology and Information Systems, In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Formal Ontolgogies in Information Systems, FOIS 98 (Trento, Italy, Amsterdam: ISO Press), pp [73] S. William and T. Austin, Ontologies, IEEE Intelligent Systems (1999 Jan/Feb.), pp [74] B. Chandrasekaran, J. R. Josephson, and V. R. Benjamins, What Are Ontologies, and Why Do We Need Them? IEEE Intelligent Systems 14:1 (1999), pp

14 38 ( ) 5. Class [75] 6. Ontology Ontologies Ontologies [76] Ontology Ontology Ontology Ontology AI Ontologies Ontologies [77] Vocabulary Term [78] [75] D. Fensel, Ontologies: Silver Bullet for Knowledge Management and Electronic Commerce, (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2000). Metadata Ontology [76] W3C, OWL Web Ontology Language Use Cases and Requirements, Retrieved June 17, 2006, from [77] D. Soergel, The Rise of Ontologies or the Reinvention of Classification, Journal of the American Society of Information Science 50:12 (1999), pp [78] Metadata Ontology

15 39 Ontology Ontology XML [79] Ontology Web [80] ( ) 三分類相關概念術語間之析論 Classification Categorization Classification Categorization Jacob Classification Categorization Process 2. Boundaries3. 3. Membership4. 4. Criteria for Assignment5. Typicality6. 6. Structure [81] [82] 1. Classes of Entities Class 2. Grouping [79] J. Qin and S. Paling, Converting a Controlled Vocabulary Into an Ontology: The Case of GEM, Information Research 6:2 (2001), Retrieved May 22, 2006, from paper94.html. [80] Ontology [81] [82]

16 40 ( ) 表二 : 分類和範疇化間的差異 Classification Categorization 實體的系統性安排, 基於必要和充分的特徵分析因為類是互斥且不重疊的, 界限是不變的嚴格的 : 基於類目的內涵 (Intension), 一個實體只會是或不是一個特殊類目的成員標準是事先決定好的指南或原則所有的成員都平等的表示 ( 沒有分等級的結構 ) 實體的創造性綜合, 基於情境或感知的相似性因為在任何群組中的成員關係是不約束 (Non-binding) 在一起的, 界限是模糊的靈活 / 彈性的 : 範疇的成員關係是基於廣義的知識和 / 或當前的脈絡依賴文本資訊和獨立於文本資訊兩種標準個體成員可能根據典型性排列順序 ( 分等級的結構 ) 6. 固定類目的階層結構實體的叢集 ; 可能會形成階層結構

17 41 6. Dewey, Bliss, Ranganathan, Richardson, Sayers Universe Universe of Knowledge [83] Classification SchemeItem Intension Extension [84] [83] 1. J. E. Mai, A Postmodern Theory of Knowledge Organization, Retrieved J a n u a r y 6, 2006, f r o m h t t p : / / w w w. i s c h o o l. w a s h i n g t o n. e d u / m a i / P a p e r s / 1999_APostmodernTheoryOfKnowledgeOrganization.pdf [84]

18 42 ( ) { NN NN 1 N N [85] [85] 84

19 43 ( )Classification, Taxonomy, Ontology Lancaster Classification Classification Taxonomy Ontology Taxonomized Taxonomy Ontology Taxonomized Ontology Taxonomized Ontology Taxonomized Taxonomized Taxonomized Set of Terms [86] Classification Scheme Classification Scheme System Taxonomy Classification Scheme System Top - down Taxonomy Bottom-up Classification Taxonomies Classification Taxonomies [87] Classification Ontology Classification Ontology Ontology Ontology [88] Classification Ontology [89] Taxonomy Ontology Ontology Terms Definitions Axioms Definitions Axioms Axioms Taxonomy [90] Taxonomy [86] 9 xiii. [87] 1. G. Argo, Classification and Taxonomies, Retrieved May 3, 2006, from utexas.edu/~i385ef04/studentsppt/html/argo_g/classtax.htm [88] Van Rees, Clarity in the Usage of the Terms Ontology, Taxonomy and Classification, CIB Conference Paper, Retrieved May 3, 2006, from pdf. [89] [90] http://www http://www. csie.cyut.edu.tw/taai2002/taai2002pdf/parallel%20session A /A6%20Knowledge%20Disc A /A6%20Knowledge%20Disc overy%20and%20decision%20making/a6-2.pdf

20 44 ( ) Ontology McGuinness Taxonomy Simple Taxonomy Simple Simple Simple Ontology [91] [92] Ontology Ontologies Ontology Taxonomy Ontology [93] 四結論 Classification Taxonomy [91] D. L. McGuinness, Ontologies Come of Age In Dieter Fensel, Jim Hendler, Henry Lieberman, and Wolfgang Wahlster, ed., Spinning the Semantic Web: Bringing the World Wide Web to Its Full Potential (MIT Press), Retrieved June 3, 2006, from papers/ontologies-come-of-age.html. [92] [93] 88 p.73

21 45 Categories Matching Ontology Taxonomy Ontologies Ontology Taxonomy Classification Categorization Taxonomy Categorization Taxonomy Ontology Classification Taxonomy Categorization Taxonomy Ontology Ontology 致謝感謝世新大學資訊傳播學系林志鳳主任, 對於本文所引用原文文件中有理解爭議的部分文句, 給予翻譯上的協助與指導收到日期修訂接受日期

22 46 ( ) 參考文獻 Ontology Lakoff, G Metadata Ontology Ontology http:// http:// TAAI2002/TAAI2002PDF/Parallel%20Session(A)/A6%20Knowledge%20Discovery%20and %20Decision%20Making/A6-2.pdf http://ceiba3. cc.ntu.edu.tw/course/cb9879/ ppt Argo, G., Classifications and Taxonomies, (2004), Retrieved May 3, 2006, from ischool.utexas.edu/~i385ef04/studentsppt/html/argo_g/classtax.htm.

23 47 Atherton, Pauline, ed. Classification Research: Proceedings of the Second International Study Conference(1965), Held at Hotel Prins Hamlet, Elsinore, Denmark, 14th to 18th Sept., (Copenhagen: Munksgaard). Broughton, V., Essential Classification (London: Facet Publishing, 2004). Bryar, J. V., Taxonomies: the Value of Organized Business Knowledge, (2001), Retrieved May. 5, 2006, from Buchanan, B., Theory of Library Classification (London: C. Bingley; New York: K.G. Saur, 1979). Chan, Lois Mai, Cataloging and Classification: An Introduction 2nd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994). Chandrasekaran, B., Josephson, J. R. and Benjamins, V. R., What are Ontologies, and Why Do We Need Them? IEEE Intelligent Systems 14:1 (1999), pp Chaudhry, A. S. and Hui Ling, G., Building Taxonomies Using Organizational Resources, Knowledge Organization 32:1 (2005). Delphi Group, Information Intelligence: Content Classification and the Enterprise Taxonomy Practice, (2004), Retrieved October 7, 2005, from whitepapers/ taxonomy-wp.pdf. Delphi Group, Taxonomy & Content Classification, (2002), Retrieved January 9, 2006, from Drake, M. A., Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science 2nd ed. (New York: Marcel Dekker, 2003). Edols, L., Taxonomies Are What? FreePint 97:9-11 (2001), Retrieved May 7, 2006, from Feather, J.and Sturges, P., International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science 2nd ed.(new York: Routledge, 2003). Fensel, D., Ontologies: Silver Bullet for Knowledge Management and Electronic Commerce (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2000). Gruber, T. R. (n.d.), What is an Ontology? Retrieved May 22, 2006, from stanford.edu/kst/what-is-an-ontology.html. Gruber, T. R., A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications, Knowledge Acquisition 5:2(1993), pp Guarino, N., Formal Ontology and Information Systems, In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Formal Ontologies in Information Systems, FOIS 98 (Trento,

24 48 ( ) Italy, Amsterdam: ISO Press, 1998), pp Hodge, G., Systems of Knowledge Organization for Digital Libraries: Beyond Traditional Authority Files, (2000), Retrieved July 7, 2006, from pub91/1knowledge.html. Jacob, E. K., Classification and Categorization: A Difference that Makes a Difference, L Trends 52:3 (Winter 2004), pp Lancaster, F. W., Indexing and Abstracting In Theory and Practice 3rd ed. (Champaign: University of Illinois, Graduate School of Library and Information Science, 2003). Mai, J. E., A Postmodern Theory of Knowledge Organization, Retrieved January 6, 2006, from pdf. McGuinness, D. L., Ontologies Come of Age, In Dieter Fensel, Jim Hendler, Henry Lieberman, and Wolfgang Wahlster, ed., Spinning the Semantic Web: Bringing the World Wide Web to Its Full Potential (MIT Press), Retrieved June 3, 2006, from people/dlm/papers/ontologies-come-of-age.html. Prytherch, R. J., Harrod s Librarians Glossary 9,000 Terms Used in Information Management, Library Science, Publishing, the Book Trades and Archive Management 8th ed. (England: Gower House, 1995). Qin, J., and Paling, S., Converting a Controlled Vocabulary Into An Ontology: The Case of GEM, Information Research 6:2 (2001). Richardson, E. C., Classification, Theoretical and Practical 3rd ed. (Hamden, Connecticut: The Shoe String Press, 1964). Robert, W. ed., World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Services 3rd ed. (Chicago: ALA, 1993). Roberts - Witt, Sarah L., Practical Taxonomies: Hard-won Wisdom for Creating a Workable Knowledge Classification System, Knowledge Management Magazine (1999), Retrieved June 3, 2006, from Satija, M. P., Classification: Some Fundamentals, Some Myths, Some Realities, Knowledge Organization 25:1-2 (1998), p.32. Soergel, D., The Rise of Ontologies or the Reinvention of Classification, Journal of the American Society of Information Science 50:12 (1999), pp Taylor, A., The Organization of Information (Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, 1999).

25 49 The Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978). Van der Walt, M. S., A Classification Scheme for the Organization of Electronic Documents in Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs), Knowledge Organization 31:1 (2004), pp Van Rees, R., Clarity in the Usage of the Terms Ontology, Taxonomy and Classification, CIB Conference Paper (2003), Retrieved May 3, 2006, from papers/cib2003.pdf. W3C, OWL Web Ontology Language Use Cases and Requirements, (2004) Retrieved June 17, 2006, from Warner, A. J., Information Architecture and Vocabularies for Browse and Search, In Gilchrist A. and Mahon B. ed., Information Architecture: Designing Information Environments for Purpose (London: Facet Publishing, 2004), pp Wason, T. D., Dr. Tom's Taxonomy Guide: Description, Use and Selections, Retrieved May 3, 2006, from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language (New York: Portland House, 1989). Wellisch, Hans H., Glossary of Terminology in Abstracting, Classification, Indexing and Thesaurus Construction 2nd ed. (Medford: Information Today Inc., 2000). Wikipedia, Categorisation, Retrieved June 22, 2006, from Categorisation. William, S. and Austin, T., Ontologies, IEEE Intelligent Systems Jan/Feb (1999), pp

26 50 BIBLID (2006) 95:2 p NATIONAL CENTRAL LIBRARY BULLETIN 2006 no.2 ( ) The Research of Terminology Related to Classification Concept Ya-ting Yang Ming-shu Yuan Abstract Terminology plays an important role in scholarly communication. This article works up four definitions of terminologies related to the classification from literatures. It contains classification, categorization, taxonomy and ontology. Through comparing and analyzing the interpretation of these concepts in literatures, this article clarifies the connection among these related terminologies. The result of the research will be helpful for the scholarly communication. KeywordsClassification Categorization Taxonomy Ontology Terminology Categorization Taxonomy Ontology Terminology Taxonomy Ontology Terminology Ontology Terminology Terminology Ya-ting Yang Graduate Student, Department of Information and Communications, Shih Hsin University, Taipei Ming-shu Yuan Associate Professor, Department of Information and Communications, Shih Hsin University, Taipei

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豐佳燕.PDF Application of Information Literacy to chiayen@estmtc.tp.edu.tw information literacy Theme-oriented teaching. Abstract Based on the definition of Information Literacy and Six core concepts of the problem