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1 2011, Vol. 19, No. 12, Advances in Psychological Science DOI: /SP.J 身体活动对老年认知功能的影响 ( 1, ) ( 2, ) ( 3, ) 如何促进老年人的认知功能, 延缓认知老化, 是老年心理学的关键课题之一大量研究表明不同的身体活动类型活动强度活动量以及生命早期的身体活动可能对老年人认知功能的各个方面有积极的影响, 包括执行功能注意力认知速度记忆力等此外, 选择性提高假说心血管功能假说以及认知 - 锻炼模型用来解释这一影响机制这些发现对维护老年人认知功能, 提高老年人的生命质量, 有效延缓衰老有着重要的意义身体活动 ; 认知功能 ; 老年人 B844 (, 2007), ( 璟, 2007), (physical activity, PA) (physical exercise, PE) (,, 2003), ( ) (World Health Organization, 2002),, : :, zhangjf@swu.edu.cn,,, (cognitive plasticity) (neutral plasticity) (,, 2010), 1 不同类型的身体活动对老年人认知功能的影响, (aerobic exercise) (resistance exercise ) (flexibility exercise) (balance training) (mind-body exercise) (American College of Sports Medicine, 2009; VanBeveren & Avers, 2012), 1.1 有氧锻炼对老年认知功能的影响 (aerobic exercise), 1777

2 (endurance exercise), ( 60% ) ( 3 ) ( 16 ), (aerobic fitness) (, ), ; ; (American College of Sports Medicine, 2009; World Health Organization, 2010),, ( ) Spirduso Clifford (1978) Kramer (1999), Smiley-Oyen, Lowry, Francois, Kohut Ekkekakis (2008), 57 65~79 ( ) ( ), 10, ; Stroop - (Angevaren, Aufdemkampe, Verhaar, Aleman, & Vanhees, 2008) Muscari (2010) ~74, 12 3, (Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE) ( ), 12, ( ) Baker (2010), 6,, 30, 6 (Eggermont, Swaab, Hol, & Scherder, 2010), Colcombe (2006) 59 60~79 6, 20,,,, Van Praag, Shubert, Zhao Gage (2005) (18 ), 6 10~12 (Nichol, Deeny, Seif, Camaclang, & Cotman, 2009) 1.2 阻力锻炼 (resistance exercise) 对老年认知功能的影响 (resistance exercise),,

3 12 : 1779, (American College of Sports Medicine, 2009) Cassilhas (2007) 6, Busse (2008) 31, 9, 3 6 9, 9 (Lachman, Neupert, Bertrand, & Jette, 2006) Anderson-Hanley, Nimon Westen (2010), 16, 16, (Digits Backward task) Stroop Kimura (2010) 身心锻炼 (mind body exercise) 对老年认知功能的影响 (mind body exercise),, (Chang, Nien, Tsai, & Etnier, 2010),,,,,,,,, (Chang, Nien, et al., 2010) (,, 2010) Taylor-Piliae (2010) ( ),, 12 (digits backward test) Lam (2009), ( 5 ) ( ) (Kruskal Wallis tests), 6 (Kasai et al., 2010) (,,,, 2006;,,, 2010),,, (Oken et al., 2006),,, ( ), 1, 5, 8, (Chattha, Nagarathna, Padmalatha, & Nagendra, 2008) Oken (2006) ~85 ( ),, 90 ( 10 ),

4 , Borg (Brog Rate of Perceived Exertion scale, the Borg CR10 Scale) 6~7, 5 6,,, 6 2 身体活动的强度 (intensity) 对老年认知功能的影响 (intensity) (absolute intensity) (relative intensity), ( ), (, 3, 6 ), (, ) ( ), ( ), (Perceived Exertion Scale, PES) (World Health Organization, 2010) Angevaren (2007) ~70,, Angevaren,Vanhees, Nooyens, Wendel-Vos Verschuren (2010), 5, Baker (2010), 6 ( % 85%), (Aichberger et al., 2010; Etgen et al., 2010) (Prohaska et al., 2009) 3 身体活动量 (volume of physical activity) 对老年认知功能的影响 (volume), (total energy expenditure, EE) Hillman (2006) ~71 Flanker ( ),,, Flank,,

5 12 : , (Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, PASE), ( ) (Eggermont, Milberg, Lipsitz, Scherder, & Leveille, 2009) ( 3, ), 5 ; (Middleton, Mitnitski, Fallah, Kirkland, & Rockwood, 2008) Flöel (2010) 75,,, (granulocyte colony stimulating factor, G-CSF),, Buchman, Wilson Bennett (2008) (actigraphy) ; 4 生命早期的身体活动对老年期的认知功能的影响,, , (10 ), (Middleton, Barnes, Lui, & Yaffe, 2010) Chang (2010) 4945 (n=3413) 5 (n= 1309) 5 (n=223),, 26, 5 5 ; 5, Rovio (2008) ( BMI ), 21,,,, 5 身体活动对老年认知功能影响的机制,

6 选择性提高假说 (selectively improvement hypothesis) Kramer (1999) (selectively improvement hypothesis), ( ), (frontal lobe hypothesis of cognitive aging) Kramer,, (, ),, (, Kramer et al.,1999; Smiley-Oyen et al., 2008), (, ) 5.2 心血管功能假说 (cardiovascular fitness hypothesis) (cardiovascular fitness hypothesis), (North, McCullagh, & Tran, 1990), (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF), (Etnier, Nowell, Landers, & Sibley, 2006) ( ),, (Flöel et al., 2010; Smiley-Oyen et al., 2008; Etnier et al., 2006) 5.3 身体活动 / 锻炼 - 认知中介模型 (model of the effects of physical activity/exercise on mediators of cognition), Spirduso, Poon Chodzko-Zajko (2008) / -, Spirduso (2009), ( 1) ( ) / ( ) /,,,,, Spirduso (2008) ( ) ( )

7 12 : ( :Spirduso, Poon &Chodzko-Zajko, 2008, p.4; Spirduso, 2009), (Spirduso et al., 2008) (Emery, 2008) (Spirduso et al., 2008) (Spirduso et al., 2008; Spirduso, 2009) / / 6 总结与展望 6.1 总结,,,,,,, (,, 2010),,

8 , (,, 2010),, ( ), 6.2 已有研究的不足与未来研究方向,,, 45~85, ;, 6, 65%~85%, ; ( ), ( ) (Coin et al., 2010); (actigraphy),,, (Middleton, Kirkland, Mitnitski, & Rockwood, 2010) / -,,, ( ),,, ( ) ( ) (,, 2003),,

9 12 : 1785,, 杜新, 陈天勇. (2010). 老年执行功能的认知可塑性和神经可塑性. 心理科学进展, 18(9), 国家人口发展战略研究课题组. (2007). 国家人口发展战略研究报告摘要. 北京 : 中国人口出版社. 李德明, 陈天勇. (2003). 认知功能年老化的特点理论及干预. 中国老年学杂志, 23(12), 荣湘江, 梁丹丹, 钱京京. (2010). 太极拳对中老年人握力及反应时的影响. 中国康复医学杂志, 25(4), 吴燕璟. (2007). 成功老龄认知功能及相关因素的研究. 博士后研究工作报告, 解放军总医院军医进修学院. 谢姣, 高艳斌. (2010). 社区老年人认知功能及其影响因素的相关性. 中国老年学杂志, 30(24), 袁金宝, 李阳. (2010). 太极拳对中老人健身效果的研究现状及展望. 体育学刊, 17(3), 张力为, 毛志雄. (2003). 运动心理学. 上海 : 华东师范大学出版社. 张楠楠, 吕晓标, 倪伟, 毛伟琴. (2006). 长期太极拳锻炼改善中老年人认知能力的作用. 中国临床康复, 10(26), 7 9. Aichberger, M. C., Busch, M. A., Reischies, F. M., Ströhle, A., Heinz, A., & Rapp, M. A. (2010). Effect of physical inactivity on cognitive performance after 2.5 years of follow-up: Longitudinal results from the survey of health, ageing, and retirement (SHARE). GeroPsych: The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry, 23(1), American College of Sports Medicine. (2009). Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(7), Anderson-Hanley, C., Nimon, J. P., & Westen, S. C. (2010). Cognitive health benefits of strengthening exercise for community-dwelling older adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 32(9), Angevaren, M., Aufdemkampe, G., Verhaar, H. J. J., Aleman, A., & Vanhees, L. (2008). Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2), CD Angevaren, M., Vanhees, L., Nooyens, A. C. J., Wendel-Vos, C. G. W., & Verschuren, W. M. M. (2010). Physical activity and 5-year cognitive decline in the Doetinchem cohort study. Annals of Epidemiology, 20(6), Angevaren, M., Vanhees, L., Wendel-Vos, W., Verhaar, H. J. J., Aufdernkarnpe, G., Aleman, A., et al. (2007). Intensity, but not duration, of physical activities is related to cognitive function. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, 14(6), Baker, L. D., Frank, L. L., Foster-Schubert, K., Green, P. S., Wilkinson, C. W., McTiernan, A., et al. (2010). Effects of aerobic exercise on mild cognitive impairment: A controlled trial. Archives of Neurology, 67(1), Buchman, A. S., Wilson, R. S., & Bennett, D. A. (2008). Total daily activity is associated with cognition in older persons. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16(8), Busse, A. L., Filho, W. J., Magaldi, R. M., Coelho, V. A., Melo, A. C., Betoni, R. A., et al. (2008). Effects of resistance training exercise on cognitive performance in elderly individuals with memory impairment: Results of a controlled trial. Einstein, 6(4), Cassilhas, R. C., Viana, V. A. R., Grassmann, V., Santos, R. T., Santos, R. F., Tufik, S., et al. (2007). The impact of resistance exercise on the cognitive function of the elderly. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(8), Chang, M., Jonsson, P. V., Snaedal, J., Bjornsson, S., Saczynski, J. S., Aspelund, T., et al. (2010). The effect of midlife physical activity on cognitive function among older adults: AGES--Reykjavik Study. Journals of Gerontology Series A Biological Sciences Medicine Science, 65(12), Chang, Y. K., Nien, Y. H., Tsai, C. L., & Etnier, J. L. (2010). Physical activity and cognition in older adults: The potential of Tai Chi Chuan. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 18(4), Chattha, R., Nagarathna, R., Padmalatha, V., & Nagendra, H. R. (2008). Effect of yoga on cognitive functions in climacteric syndrome: A randomised control study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 115(8), Coin, A., Perissinotto, E., Najjar, M., Girardi, A., Inelmen, E. M., Enzi, G., et al. (2010). Does religiosity protect against cognitive and behavioral decline in Alzheimer's dementia? Current Alzheimer Research, 7(5), Colcombe, S. J., Erickson, K. I., Scalf, P. E., Kim, J. S., Prakash, R., McAuley, E., et al. (2006). Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans. Journals of Gerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 61(11), Eggermont, L. H. P., Milberg, W. P., Lipsitz, L. A., Scherder,

10 E. J. A., & Leveille, S. G. (2009). Physical activity and executive function in aging: The MOBILIZE Boston Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57(10), Eggermont, L. H. P., Swaab, D. F., Hol, E. M., & Scherder, E. J. A. (2010). Walking the line: A randomised trial on the effects of a short term walking programme on cognition in dementia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 80(11), Emery, C. F. (2008). Exercise, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cognition. In W. W. Spirduso, L. W. Poon, & W. Chodzko-Zajko (Eds.), Exercise and its mediating effects on cognition (pp ).Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Etgen, T., Sander, D., Huntgeburth, U., Poppert, H., Förstl, H., & Bickel, H. (2010). Physical activity and incident cognitive impairment in elderly persons: The INVADE Study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 170(2), Etnier, J. L., Nowell, P. M., Landers, D. M., & Sibley, B. A. (2006). A meta-regression to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance. Brain Research Reviews, 52(1), Flöel, A., Ruscheweyh, R., Krüger, K., Willemer, C., Winter, B., Völker, K., et al. (2010). Physical activity and memory functions: Are neurotrophins and cerebral gray matter volume the missing link? NeuroImage, 49(3), Hillman, C. H., Motl, R. W., Pontifex, M. B., Posthuma, D., Stubbe, J. H., Boomsma, D. I., et al. (2006). Physical activity and cognitive function in a cross-section of younger and older community-dwelling individuals. Health Psychology, 25(6), Kasai, J. Y. T., Busse, A. L., Magaldi, R. M., Soci, M. A., de Moraes Rosa, P., Curiati, J. A. E., et al (2010). Effects of Tai Chi Chuan on cognition of elderly women with mild cognitive impairment. Einstein, 8(1 pt1), Kimura, K., Obuchi, S., Arai, T., Nagasawa, H., Shiba, Y., Watanabe, S., et al. (2010). The influence of short-term strength training on health-related quality of life and executive cognitive function. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 29(3), Kramer, A. F., Hahn, S., Cohen, N. J., Banich, M. T., McAuley, E., Harrison, C. R., et al. (1999). Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function. Nature, 400(6743), Lachman, M. E., Neupert, S. D., Bertrand, R., & Jette, A. M. (2006). The effects of strength training on memory in older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 14(1), Lam, L. C. W., Tam, C. W. C., Lui, V. W. C., Chan, W. C., Chan, S. S. M., Chiu, H. F. K., et al. (2009). Modality of physical exercise and cognitive function in Hong Kong older Chinese community. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24(1), Middleton, L. E., Barnes, D. E., Lui, L. Y., & Yaffe, K. (2010). Physical activity over the life course and its association with cognitive performance and impairment in old age. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 58(7), Middleton, L. E., Kirkland, S. A., Mitnitski, A., & Rockwood, K. (2010). Proxy reports of physical activity were valid in older people with and without cognitive impairment. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(3), Middleton, L. E., Mitnitski, A., Fallah, N., Kirkland, S. A., & Rockwood, K. (2008). Changes in cognition and mortality in relation to exercise in late life: A population based study. PLoS ONE, 3(9), e3124. Muscari, A., Giannoni, C., Pierpaoli, L., Berzigotti, A., Maietta, P., Foschi, E., et al. (2010). Chronic endurance exercise training prevents aging-related cognitive decline in healthy older adults: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(10), Nichol, K., Deeny, S. P., Seif, J., Camaclang, K., & Cotman, C. W. (2009). Exercise improves cognition and hippocampal plasticity in APOE ε4 mice. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 5(4), North, T. C., McCullagh, P., & Tran, Z. V. (1990). Effect of exercise on depression. Exercise and Sport Science Reviews, 18(1), Oken, B. S., Zajdel, D., Kishiyama, S., Flegal, K., Dehen, C., Haas, M., et al. (2006). Randomized, controlled, six-month trial of yoga in healthy seniors: Effects on cognition and quality of life. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 12(1), Prohaska, T. R., Eisenstein, A. R., Satariano, W. A., Hunter, R., Bayles, C. M., Kurtovich, E., et al. (2009). Walking and the preservation of cognitive function in older populations. Gerontologist, 49(Suppl. 1), S86 S93. Rovio, S., Spulber, G., Nieminen, L. J., Niskanen, E., Winblad, B., Tuomilehto, J., et al. (2008). The effect of midlife physical activity on structural brain changes in the elderly. Neurobiology of Aging, 31(11), Smiley-Oyen, A. L., Lowry, K. A., Francois, S. J., Kohut, M. L., & Ekkekakis, P. (2008). Exercise, fitness, and neurocognitive function in older adults: The "selective improvement" and "cardiovascular fitness" hypotheses. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 36(3), Spirduso, W. W. (2009). The influence of exercise on cognition in older adults. Revista de Investigación en Educación, (6),

11 12 : 1787 Spirduso, W. W., & Clifford, P. (1978). Replication of age and physical activity effects on reaction and movement time. Journal of Gerontology, 33(1), Spirduso, W. W., Poon, L. W., & Chodzko-Zajko, W. (2008). Using resources and reserves in an exercise-cognition model. In W. W. Spirduso, L. W. Poon, & W. Chodzko-Zajko (Eds.), Exercise and Its Mediating Effects on Cognition (pp. 3 13). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Taylor-Piliae, R. E., Newell, K. A., Cherin, R., Lee, M. J., King, A. C., & Haskell, W. L. (2010). Effects of Tai Chi and western exercise on physical and cognitive functioning in healthy community-dwelling older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 18(3), van Praag, H., Shubert, T., Zhao, C. M., & Gage, F. H. (2005). Exercise enhances learning and hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice. Journal of Neuroscience, 25(38), VanBeveren, P. J., & Avers, D. (2012). Exercise and physical activity for older adults. In A. A. Guccione, R. A. Wong, & D. Avers (Eds.), Geriatric Physical Therapy (3rd ed.. pp ). Saint Louis: Mosby. Retrieved May 21, 2011, from B World Health Organization. (2002). The World Health Report Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization. (2010). Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. Geneva: World Health Organization. The Effect of Physical Activity on Cognitive Function in Older Adults BAI Rong 1 ; FAN Hui-Yong 2 ; ZHANG Jin-Fu 3 ( 1 Research Institute for Education and Psychology of Southwestern Ethnic Groups, Southwest University, Chongqing ,China) ( 2 School of Education and Physical Education, Bohai University, Jinzhou , China) ( 3 School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing , China) Abstract: How to preserve or improve cognitive function in later life and slow down the process of aging effectively has become an important public health goal. A great deal of research indicated that the different types, intensity and volume of physical activity and the midlife physical activity had influenced on cognition of older adults positively, such as executive function, attention, process speed, memory and so on. In addition, the selectively improvement hypothesis, cardiovascular fitness hypothesis and physical activity/exercise-cognition model were used to explain the mechanism of the effect. All these findings have great significance for the preservation of cognitive function and the improvement of life quality of older adults, and delayed aging effectively. Key words: physical activity; cognitive function; older adults

壹前言氣功, 在數十年前被認為是不科學的, 時至現今, 氣功或超感知覺 (extra sensory perception) 並沒有被取代或消失, 反而漸漸被重視的趨勢 ( 陳右明,2008) 氣是什麼?

壹前言氣功, 在數十年前被認為是不科學的, 時至現今, 氣功或超感知覺 (extra sensory perception) 並沒有被取代或消失, 反而漸漸被重視的趨勢 ( 陳右明,2008) 氣是什麼? 氣功運動訓練對於生理心理機制之探討林愉樺陳坤檸國立屏東教育大學摘要隨著科技的發展, 改變人的日常日出而做, 日落而息的生活規律, 現代人長期生活緊張與工作壓力中, 依據醫學統計人數疾病數量類型, 約有 70% 是屬於生活壓