HIFU 7 Electric Impedance TomographyEIT 8 Magnetic esonance Imaging MI 9 B 10 Bioelectrical Impedance Measuring Technology BIMT 11 EIT MI 1 13 Griffit

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1 JOUNAL OF NANJING NOMAL UNIVESITYNatural Science Edition Vol 35 No June Q A Temperature Dependent Electrical Impedance Characteristics for Porcine Liver in Vitro Chen Xuanze 1 Ma Qingyu 1 Yang Ling 1 Zhang Feng 1 1 School of Physics and TechnologyNanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 10046China Honor SchoolNanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 10046China AbstractIn order to achieve inhibiting or killing cancer cells without the damage to the normal tissue in high intensity focused ultrasound HIFUtreatmentan precise realtime temperature monitoring system should be set up The purpose of this study is to obtain the temperature dependent electrical impedance characteristics for accurate power control for HIFU application Combined with the micrographs of porcine liver tissues it is proved that there is an obvious temperature and heating duration time dependent relation of the electrical impedance characteristics and the electrical impedance decreases with the increasing of temperature When porcine liver tissue is heated to cell inactivation and tissue coagulation for long time slow heating at 56 or short time fast heating at 73 significant electrical impedance change occurs with the critical properties The favorable results provide the basis for further temperature monitoring in HIFU treatment process using the proposed electrical impedance measurement approach Key wordsporcine liver tissueelectrical impedance temperaturehigh intensity focused ultrasound High Intensity Focused Ultrasound HIFU 14 HIFU Lynn Fry 6 HIFU HI FU lesions BK maqingyu@ njnu edu cn 3

2 HIFU 7 Electric Impedance TomographyEIT 8 Magnetic esonance Imaging MI 9 B 10 Bioelectrical Impedance Measuring Technology BIMT 11 EIT MI 1 13 Griffiths 14 Conway 15 % / 70 ColeCole 16 HIFU C e e e C m C i C m m i i 5 ~ 10 nm 500 ~ Ω /cm 1 μf (a) (b) 图 1 生物阻抗等效电路模型 Fig1 Equivalent model of bioimpedance for tissues 1a e C e m C m i 33 C i

3 35 01 f 1 MHz 0 C i C e 1b 1 ColeCole Z = 0 / 1 jω /ω 0 α 1 0 α ω 0 0 α ω 0 ColeCole e i C m a b i(t) C m i(t) u i (t) e u 0 (t) u i (t) C u 0 (t) i (a) Fig (b) 图生物阻抗等效电路双端口网络模型 Dualport model of the bioimpedance equivalent circuit b u i t= Asinω 0 t φ 1 u 0 t= Bsinω 0 t φ A B ω 0 φ 1 φ u 0 t= ht* u i t U 0 jω= HjωU i jω hthjω Hjω= U 0jω U i jω = FBsinω 0t φ FAsinω 0 t φ 1 = B φ1 A ejωφ ω0 4 ht ω 0 Hjω= Hjω e jφω φω= φ 3 1 jωc φ 1 Hjω= 1 jωc Hjω= 槡 [ ωc 1] ( ) [ ] ωc ωc 1 ( ) B = { ωc A ωc 1 ωc 1 arctanωc= φ φ 1 ω = πf e jarctanωc 5 ff 1 MHz A B φ φ 1 6 Z t = X c X c = 1 jωc 34 6

1 3 HH 4 Agilent 330A Agilent MMSO9064A 0 1 56!

4 1 3 HH 4 Agilent 330A Agilent MMSO9064A !"# : ;< ;= 34,/ $$%& ( )* Fig3 图 3 离体猪肝组织阻抗测量系统框图 Block diagram of the electrical impedance measurement system for porcine liver tissue in vitro 3 50 mm 40 mm 15 mm 40 mm 15 mm 1 0 mm ~ % h ~ ~ 85 5 ~ 45 % / 35

5 ~ 75 电阻抗 / 赘 Fig % / 65 ~ 75 5 ~ 40 % / Griffiths 14 Conway 15 % / 4 温度 / ( 升温降温理论值 ) 温度 / 温度 / ( 水温控制在 55 ~60 ) 图 6 慢速加热过程中猪肝组织温度电阻抗变化系数曲线 Fig6 Temperatureelectrical impedance variation factor of porcine liver tissue in slow heating process 图 4 图 5 低频下猪肝组织阻抗值随温度变化曲线 Lowfrequency electrical impedance as a function of temperature for porcine liver tissue temperatureimpedance variation factor TIVF TIVF = Z tn 1 Z t n Z t n 100% 7 Z t = 槡 X c Z t n T Z t n 1 T mv Hz TIVF 5 46 TIVF 0 5% 46 ~ 49 TIVF 48 8% 50 ~ 7 TIVF 1% 7 TIVF % % 74 TIVF 0 5% 80 TIVF TIVF TIVF 快速加热过程中猪肝组织温度电阻抗变化系数曲线 Fig5 Temperatureelectrical impedance variation factor curve of porcine liver tissue in fast heating process 60 s 6 56 TIVF 18% ~

56 TIVF 58 7a 7 45 7b 73 70 73 56 60 s 7c 57 3 73 > 73 > 56 (a) 7 ( 常温 ) (b) 73 ( 快速加热 ) (c) 57 ( 慢速加热 ) Fig7 图 7 不同温度下猪肝组织的显微照片

Extracorporeal high intensity focused ultrasound ablation in the treatment of 1038 patients with solid carcinomas in Chinaan overview

prostate cancerefficacy results from the European multicentric study J Journal of Endourology003178 816 3Stewart EGedroyc WTempany

6 56 TIVF 58 7a b s 7c > 73 > 56 (a) 7 ( 常温 ) (b) 73 ( 快速加热 ) (c) 57 ( 慢速加热 ) Fig7 图 7 不同温度下猪肝组织的显微照片 Micrographs of the porcine liver tissues at various temperatures HIFU HIFU 1Wu FengWang ZhibiaoChen Wenzhiet al Extracorporeal high intensity focused ultrasound ablation in the treatment of 1038 patients with solid carcinomas in Chinaan overview J Ultrasonics Sonochemistry / Thuroff SChaussy CVallancien Get al Highintensity focused ultrasound and localized prostate cancerefficacy results from the European multicentric study J Journal of Endourology Stewart EGedroyc WTempany Cet al Focused ultrasound treatment of uterine fibroidssafety and feasibility of a noninvasive thermoablative technique J Am J Obstet Gynecol

7 HIFU J Lynn J GZwemer LChick A Jet al A new method for the generation and use of focused ultrasound in experimental biology J J Gen Physiol Fry W JMosberg W HBamard J Wet al Production of focal destructive lesions in the central nervous system with ultrasound J J Neurosurg M Paulsen KMoskowitz Myan Tet al Initial in vivo experience with EIT as a thermal estimator during hyperthermia J Int J Hyperthermia Young I Hand J WOatridge Aet al Modeling and observation of temperature changes in vivo using MI J Magn eson Med Wu S CBai Y PNan Qet al The research on method of noninvasive temperature estimation in hyperthermia J Foreign Medical SciencesBiomedical Engineering Fascicle J Blad BPersson BLindstrom K Quantitative assessment of impedance tomography for temperature measurements in hyperthermia J International Journal of Hyperthermia Paulsen K DMoskowitz M Jyan T Pet al Initial in vivo experience with EIT as a thermal estimator during hyperthermia J Int J Hyperthermia Griffiths HAhmed A Applied potential tomography for noninvasive temperature mapping in hyperthermia J Clin Phys Physiol Meas Conway J Electrical impedance tomography for thermal monitoring of hyperthermia treatment an assessment using in vitro and in vivo measurements J Clin Phys Physiol Meas Cole K SCole HDispersion and absorption in dielectrics J J Chem phys Geddes L ABaker L E Principles of Applied Biomedical InstrumentationM New YorkJohn Wiley & Sons D Polczynski M HSeitz M A Lowfrequency 4probe impedance measuring system J Med & Biol Eng & Comput Tang Min The principle and technique of bioimpedance measurements J J Biomed Eng Noshiro MMorimoto T Nagao Het al Electrical impedance in the lower limbs of patients with duchenne muscular dystrophya preliminary study J Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing J ~ 60 J

θ 1 = φ n -n 2 2 n AR n φ i = 0 1 = a t - θ θ m a t-m 3 3 m MA m 1. 2 ρ k = R k /R 0 5 Akaike ρ k 1 AIC = n ln δ 2

θ 1 = φ n -n 2 2 n AR n φ i = 0 1 = a t - θ θ m a t-m 3 3 m MA m 1. 2 ρ k = R k /R 0 5 Akaike ρ k 1 AIC = n ln δ 2 35 2 2012 2 GEOMATICS & SPATIAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Vol. 35 No. 2 Feb. 2012 1 2 3 4 1. 450008 2. 450005 3. 450008 4. 572000 20 J 101 20 ARMA TU196 B 1672-5867 2012 02-0213 - 04 Application of Time Series