Abstract This paper aims to explore Taiwanese legal understanding of rape (focused on the acquaintance rape) based on empirical research o

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瑛拜申
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1 * ** Unspeakable Subject and Decontextualized Consent A Feminist Cultural Analysis on Taiwanese Legal Understanding of Acquaintance Rape by WANG Hsiao-Tan Keywords: rape, sexual assault, trial, criminal procedure, legal discourse, legal language, feminism, sexuality, gender, legal culture Received: December 10, 2008; in revised form: August 18, * ** hsiaotan@nccu.edu.tw

2 Abstract This paper aims to explore Taiwanese legal understanding of rape (focused on the acquaintance rape) based on empirical research on the legal discourses of rape trial. It addresses the issues of unspeakable subject as the rape victim who does not have power to speak out resulting from lacking legal knowledge, inappropriate language setting, patriarchal perception of sexuality and gendered legal reasoning. This paper further identifies the Taiwanese cultural aspect of this matter. On the one hand, there is no culture of talking about sexuality in Taiwan and therefore there is no self-consciousness of interpersonal sexual development. On the other hand, violence and power are often invisible in Taiwanese society as harmony is the centre idea of justice. Based on these two cultural aspect, this paper finds that Taiwanese legal understanding of rape,

3 155 cantered on the issues of consent, is a decontextualized process and as a result in disempowering rape victims.

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11 date rape acquaintance rape % 32% % [731 76% ] / [ ] = 31.89%

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14 Griffin, 1971; Medea & Thompson, 1974; Brownmiller, 1975; Russel, 1975; Gager & Schurr, consent 17 utmost resistance reasonable resistance 18 consent coercion no means yes

15 Catharine MacKinnon Susan Estrich Catharine MacKinnon 1989; 2005: male perspective male dominance female subordination Susan Estrich 1987 force second wave Russo, 2000; Donat & D Emilio, 1992 sexual misunderstandings Pienau, MacKinnon 1989 Toward a Feminist Theory of the State dominance oppression consent

16 Hsiao-Tan Wang, 2004 coercion autonomy Lynne Henderson 1992 scripts innocence guilt Stephen J. Schulhofer 1998 resistance requirement sexual autonomy Nicola Lacey 1998 sexuality autonomy autonomy integrity Michelle J. Anderson 2005 No model Yes Model Negotiation Model courtroom talk legal construction

17 169 Carol Smart 1989; legal discourse claim to truth knowledge female sexuality women s body 21 Gregory M. Matoesian 1993 reproducing rape Andrew E. Taslitz 1999 linguistic tactics Susan Ehrlich 2001 representing rape Philip N. S. Rumney 2008 Judith Butler gendered subject heterosexual hegemony Smart Feminism and the Power of Law Foucault disqualifies and overpowers other forms of knowing Smart, 1989: 26-49; Smart, 1995: Smart Smart / sexuality 22 Backhouse, 2000; Young, 1998; Naffine, 1992; Naffine, 1994.

18 Stephen J. Schulhofer 1998 Nicola Lacey 1998 Michelle J. Anderson legal construction 23 Burns, 2005.

19 ,091 3,195 2,903 3,296 3,326 3, % 98.77% 99.33% 99.48% 98.49% 99.25%

21 p. 8-9

23 175 MacKinnon 1993:

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28 Smart 1990 phallocentrism patriarchal relations

29 181 p Smart sexualization of a woman s body Smart, 1990 gaze Lees, 1997

30 shaming the complainant p Haug, 1987 MacKinnon 1987 flesh in the court p

31 : Rayburn 2006 Burgess Holmstrom 1979: 35

33 185

35 187 sexuality beyond reasonable doubt sexuality

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37 189 p. 148 Stewart, Dobbin Gatowski pedestal myth 1996: 160 Fa,

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39 Moody p. 214

40 Philandelphoff-Puren, 2005; Pearce & Stacey, :

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42 sexuality sexuality identity Sexuality p Ann Burgess Lynda Holmstrom rape trauma syndrome

43 195 Stockholm Syndrome 31 Stockholm Syndrome

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51 Anderson, Michelle J (2005). Negotiating Sex. Southern California Law Reviews, 78, Backhouse, Constance (2000). Her Protests Were Unavailing : Australian Legal Understandings of Rape, Consent and Sexuality in the Roaring Twenties. Journal of Australian Studies, March Brownmiller, Susan (1975). Against Our Will: Rape, Women and Men. New York: Simon & Schuster. Burgess, Ann Wolbert (1979). Rape, Crisis and Recovery. Bowie, Md.: R. J. Brady. Burgess, Ann Wolbert & Holmstrom, Lynda L. (1974). Rape Trauma Syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 131(9), Burns, Catherine (2005). Sexual Violence and the Law in Japan. London: Routledge Curzon. Donat, Patricia L. N. and D'Emilio, John (1992). A Feminist Redefinition of Rape and Sexual Assault: Historical Foundations and Change. Journal of Social Issues, 48(1), Ehrlich, Susan (2001). Representing Rape: Language and Sexual Consent. London: Routledge. Estrich, Susan (1987). Real Rape. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Fa, Marietta Sze-chie (2007). Rape Myths in American Society: Cultural Stereotypes Reflected in American Law and Legal System. Shih Shin Law Review, 4, Gager, Nancy & Schurr, Cathleen (1976). Sexual Assault: Confronting Rape in America. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. Griffin, Susan (1971). Rape: The All American Crime. Ramparts, 10, Haug, Frigga (ed.) (1987). Female Sexualization. London: Verso. Henderson, Lynne (1992). Rape and Responsibility. Law and Philosophy, 11, Lacey, Nicola (1998). Unspeakable Subjects, Impossible Rights: Sexuality Integrity and Criminal Law. In Unspeakable Subjects: Feminist Essays in Legal and Social Theory (pp ), London: Hart Publishing. Lees, Sue (1997). Ruling Passions: Sexual Violence, Reputation and the Law, Buckingham: Open University Press. Luo, Tsun-Yin (2000). Marrying My Rapist?! The Cultural Trauma among Chinese Rape

52 Survivors. Gender and Society, 14(4), MacKinnon, Catharine A. (1987). Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law. MA: Harvard University Press. MacKinnon, Catharine A. (1989). Rape: On Coercion and Consent. In Toward a Feminist Theory of the State (pp ). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. MacKinnon, Catharine A. (2005). Women s Lives, Men s Laws. Cambridge: The Belknap Press. Matoesian, Gregory M. (1993). Reproducing Rape. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Medea, Andra & Thompson, Kathleen (1974). Against Rape. NY: Straus and Giroux. Moody, Susan R. (1995). Images of Women: Sentencing in Sexual Assault Cases in Scotland. In J.Bridgeman & S.Millns (eds), Law and Body Politics: Regulating the Female Body (pp ). Aldershot: Dartmouth. Naffine, Ngaire (1994). Possession: Erotic Love in the Law of Rape. Modern Law Review, 57(1), Naffine, Ngaire Windows on the Legal Mind: the Evocation of Rape in Legal Writings. Melbourne University Law Review, 18, Pearce, Lynne & Stacey, Jackie. (eds.) (1995). Romance Revisited. New York and London: New York University Press. Philandelphoff-Puren, Nina (2005). Contextualizing Consent: the Problem of Rape and Romance. Australian Feminist Studies, 20(46), Pineau, Lois (1996). Daterape: a Feminist Analysis. In Leslie Francis (Ed.), Date Rape: Feminism, Philosophy and the Law (pp. 1-26). Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. Rayburn, Corey (2006). To Catch a Sex Thief: The Burden of Performance in Rape and Sexual Assault Trials. Columbia Journal of Gender and Law, 15, Rumney, Philip N. S. (2008). Gender Neutrality, Rape and Trial Talk. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law, 21(2), Russell, Diana E. H. (1975). The Politics of Rape: The Victim s Perspective. New York: Stein and Day. Russo, Laura (2000). Date Rape: a Hidden Crime. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 157, Schulhofer, Stephen J. (1998). Unwanted Sex: the Culture of Intimidation and the Failure of Law. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Smart, Carol (1989). Feminism and the Power of Law. London: Routledge. Smart, Carol (1990). Law's Power, the Sexed Body, and Feminist Discourse. Journal of Law and Society, 17, Smart, Carol (1995). Law s Power, the Sexed Body and Feminist Discourse. In Law, Crime and Sexuality: Essays in Feminism (pp.70-87). London: Sage Publications. Stewart, M. W., Dobbin, S. A. & Gatowski, S. I. (1996). Real Rapes and Real Victims : The Shared Reliance on Common Cultural Definitions of Rape. Feminist Legal Studies, 4(2),

53 Taslitz, Andrew E. (1999). Rape and the Culture of the Courtroom. New York: New York University Press. Wang, Hsiao-Tan (2004). What Can Legal Feminism Do? The Theoretical Explorations on Gender, Law and Social Transformation. EurAmerica, 34 (4), Young, Alison (1998). The Waste Land of the Law, the Wordless Song of the Rape Victim. Melbourne University Law Review, 22(2),

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