会议议程 Agenda Today s discussion 今天的讨论主题 Focus on key mycotoxins of concern 针对霉菌毒素的忧虑 Clinical signs 临床表现 Management strategies 管理策略

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1 Mycotoxins and understanding their impact 了解霉菌毒素的影响卡美农业技术咨询有限公司简介 CARTHAGE & MHJ AGRITECH CONSULTING LIMITED INTRODUCTION 卡美农业咨询您的国际外援 CARTHAGE & MHJ AGRITECH CONSULTING YOU INTERNATIONAL BACKUP

2 会议议程 Agenda Today s discussion 今天的讨论主题 Focus on key mycotoxins of concern 针对霉菌毒素的忧虑 Clinical signs 临床表现 Management strategies 管理策略

3 Mycotoxins 霉菌毒素 Toxins produced by molds present on cereal grains and byproducts 由霉菌产出的毒素出现在谷物和谷物产品上 Wheat 小麦 Corn 玉米 Barley 大麦 Sorgum 高粱 DDGS 玉米酒糟 In the US, we are now finding mycotoxins present in soybean meal 在美国, 我们发现霉菌毒素也存在豆粕中

4 Common mycotoxins 常见霉菌毒素 Aflatoxin 黄曲霉毒素 Zearalenone 玉米烯酮 Vomitoxin 呕吐毒素 Fumonisin 伏马毒素 Orchatoxin 赭曲霉素 Ergot 麦角

5 Aflatoxin 黄曲霉毒素 Mold 霉菌 Aspergillus flavus 黄曲霉 Clinical signs 临床表现 Liver necrosis 肝坏死 Fatty infiltration of liver 肝脂肪浸润 Immune suppression 免疫抑制 Death 死亡

6 Aflatoxin 黄曲霉毒素 Levels when clinical signs appear 临床表现时的不同水平 Poor growth at 20 ppb 20 ppb 时生长不良

7 Zearalenone 玉米烯酮 Mold 霉菌 Fusarium graminearum 禾谷镰刀菌 Clinical signs 临床表现 Hyper-oestrogenism 雌激素过多 Swollen vulvas 外阴肿大 Abortion 流产 Infertility 不孕不育 Prolapses 下垂 Missing skin at birth 出生时皮肤缺失 Splay legged pigs at birth 出生时腿张开的小猪

8 Zearalenone 玉米烯酮 Some documentation of reproductive challenges at 100 ppb with others reporting at 250 ppb 一些报道在 100ppb 时有繁殖问题, 有些报道在 250ppb

9 Vomitoxin 呕吐毒素 Mold 霉菌 Fusarium graminearum 禾谷镰刀菌 Clinical signs 临床表现 Feed refusal/low intake 拒食 / 采食量低 Vomiting 呕吐 Intestinal lesions 肠道病变 Immune suppression 免疫抑制

10 Vomitoxin 呕吐毒素 Levels when clinical signs appear 临床症状出现的水平 Nursery - 1 ppm 保育 -1ppm Grow-finish - 2 ppm 育肥 -2ppm Sows - 2 ppm 母猪 -2ppm

11 Fumonisin 伏马毒素 Mold 霉菌 Fusarium moniliforme 串珠镰刀菌 Fusarium poliferatrum 镰刀菌素 Clinical signs 临床表现 Pulmonary edema 肺水肿 Immune suppression 免疫抑制 Death 死亡

12 Fumonisin 伏马毒素 Levels when clinical signs appear 临床症状出现的水平 4 to 5 ppm 4-5 ppm

13 Ochratoxin 赭曲霉素 Mold 霉菌 Aspergillus ochraceus 赭曲霉 Penicillium viridicatum 纯绿色肯霉 Clinical signs 临床表现 Enteritis 肠炎 Kidney function 肾功能 Fatty liver 肝脂肪

14 Ochratoxin 赭曲霉素 Levels when clinical signs appear 引起临床表现的水平 5 ppm

15 Ergot 麦角 Mold 霉菌 Claviceps purpurea 麦角菌 Clinical signs 临床表现 Staggers 蹒跚症 Reduced growth 发育减缓 Tail loss 尾巴缺失 Paralysis 瘫痪 Death 死亡

16 Ergot 麦角 Levels when clinical signs appear 临床出现的水平 200 ppb

17 What we are learning 我们要学习什么 Molds present in combinations can cause clinical signs at lower detectable levels 霉菌混合出现时低水平含量可导致临床表现 Certain farms may see symptoms of one mycotoxin over another, even when levels are below the clinical levels 一些农场可能只看到一种霉菌毒素的症状, 即使低于临床水平

18 What we are learning 我们要学到什么 Tests in the US only measure types of toxins, but there are many more that are undetected that may be contributing to problems 美国只检测种毒素, 但未检测到的毒素还有很多种, 它们可能会造成很大的问题

19 Check countries legal guidelines for tolerable levels in feedstuffs 检查各国的饲料可耐受水平的法律准则

20 Weather Pattern Influence 季节波动影响 Different mycotoxins are a concern with different weather patterns 不同天气的类型产生不同的霉菌毒素 Aflatoxin (Aspergillus)= hot and dry growing season with or without insect damage 黄曲霉毒素 = 干热季节有或者无虫害 Penicillium=cool and wet and generally post-harvest 青霉菌 = 寒冷潮湿季节, 一般在收割后 Fusarium=cool and wet and can continue after harvest 镰刀菌素 = 寒冷潮湿季节, 并在收割后持续 Dry conditions followed by wet in the second half of the growing season increases the risk of fumonisin 在成长季节的前一半干燥后半期潮湿环境下会增加镰刀菌素的风险

21 Management 管理 Be sure that stored grain is dried and aerated to recommended moisture levels to prevent further mold growth and mycotoxin production 确保储藏谷物的干燥性和通风性, 并确保在合理的潮湿水平以防止霉菌的生产和成长 Organic acids (propionic, fumaric, citric) can prevent mold growth. 有机酸 ( 丙反丁烯二柠檬酸 ) 可以预防霉菌成长 Avoid feeding mycotoxin contaminated grain the breeding herd and young pigs 避免给繁殖期畜群和幼猪喂食被霉菌毒素感染的谷物 Look for clean sources of ingredients 寻找干净的饲料成分

22 Management 管理 Understand which animals will be more sensitive 了解哪些动物更敏感 Don t feed feedstuffs with zearalenone to growing or mature reproductive females 不要给成长或成熟生殖母猪喂养有玉米烯酮的饲料 Older animals can tolerate vomitoxin better than newly weaned pigs 年长猪对呕吐毒素的耐受力强于新生的断乳小猪

23 On Farm Management 农场管理 Farm control 农场控制 Feed pans 料槽 Feed lines 饲养生产线 Feed tubes 饲养输送管 Bins 饲料罐

24 Keep Feeders Clean 保持料槽洁净

26 Empty bins periodically 定期清空饲料罐 Make sure bin lids close properly 确保饲料罐盖关闭 Keep out moisture 去除潮湿 Run bins alternatively to ensure complete emptying of bin 交替的使用饲料罐以确保箱完全清空 Feed Bins 饲料罐

27 Liquid or wet feeding systems increase the risk of on-farm mycotoxin growth 液体或潮湿的喂养体系容易增加农场中霉菌毒素增长的风险 Keep equipment clean 保持器械干净 Flush regularly 定期冲洗

28 On-Farm Management 农场管理 Notify feed company/nutritionist and veterinarian if clinical signs demonstrate concern for mycotoxins 如果有霉菌毒素的临床症状, 及时通知饲料公司 / 营养家和兽医专家 May be hard to find a positive feed sample 可能很难找到阳性的饲料样本 May have a piece of moldy feed in the bin that has fallen into feed line and is fed for one day 可能有一些发霉的饲料放进饲料生产线且喂食了一天

29 Management 管理 Collect samples of the suspect grain and send to a commercial analytical laboratory for determination of levels of mycotoxins 收集可疑谷物的样本并送至商业分析实验室来确定霉菌毒素的水平 Sample multiple loads of ingredient and mix the samples together well 取不同批次谷物的样本并且充分混合在一起 Take a portion from that mixed sample 取一部分混合的样本 Keep dry and cool 保持干燥和冷藏 Grind well 充分搅碎 Analyze 分析

30 Acknowledgements 感谢 University of Minnesota 明尼苏达大学 CM 卡美农业咨询 Carthage Veterinary Service, Ltd 卡美兽医服务中心

31 卡美农业技术咨询有限公司简介 CARTHAGE & MHJ AGRITECH CONSULTING LIMITED INTRODUCTION 感谢关注! THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

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PowerPoint Presentation 卡美农业技术咨询有限公司简介 CARTHAGE & MHJ AGRITECH CONSULTING LIMITED INTRODUCTION Mycotoxins and understanding their impact 了解霉菌毒素的影响 Andrea R Hanson, PhD 卡美农业咨询您的国际外援 CARTHAGE & MHJ AGRITECH CONSULTING YOU INTERNATIONAL