Appendix A. (cont.) cɯ v 射 ( 水, 泥浆 ) to send out, to sprinkle (water) cʰɚ adj 烧焦的 scorched cʰɚ n 屎 feces cʰɚ v 断 to break (a stick breaks) cʰɚ mæ n 最后

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1 Appendix A. Words Illustrating the Opposition between the Two Rhotic Rythms /ɚ/ and /ɯ / in Pianding Naxi* æ pʰɚ n 公鸡 rooster æ pʰɚ tɯ lɯ n 小公鸡 cockerel bɚ n 客人 guest, visitor bɚ n 酒席, 宴席 marriage feast bɚ n 稗 barnyard grass; millet bɚ adj 热闹的, 起劲的 hilarious bɚ v 散架, 解体 to fall apart; to scatter, to disperse bɚ v 冒 ( 水 ) to gush, to leak bɚ bɚ n 小腿或手臂上的肌肉 shank bɚ bɚ n 猪崽 piglet bɚ dɚ n 白地 Baidi (place name) bɚ lɚ adj 恶心 nauseous, disgusting bɚ nɚ adj 柔软的 soft bu ci zɿ lɚ n 虫名 insect sp. bu me -nɯ cʰi n 蒲公英 dandelion bu -ʈʂʰɚ -ʂɯ n 琵琶肉 lard, fat meat of pig cɚ v 脱臼 to disjoint cɚ v 挖, 挖掘 to dig cɚ n 脖子 neck cɚ n 杯子 little cup cɚ prep 比, 之上 than; upward cɚ v 用勺子舀 to ladle, to bale out with a spoon cɚ v 用木棍, 铁线等勾上来 to pick with a hook cɚ lɚ v 使劲儿翻找, 搜刮 to rummage through; to plunder cɚ lɚ n 秋千 swing cɚ lo n 大理 ( 地名 ) Dali (place name) cɚ ŋɡæ n 交叉的形状, 即 an X mark cɚ pɚ n 脖颈儿 nape cɚ tɚ n 有家畜的人家去山神树旁野炊 ritual to the spirit of cattle cɚ ʈʂɚ n 脖子 ( 气管 ) trachea * This list is arranged by alphabetic order of IPA forms. Words are presented in phonemic notation. ps = part of speech. The mention CH signals Chinese borrowings.

2 Appendix A. (cont.) cɯ v 射 ( 水, 泥浆 ) to send out, to sprinkle (water) cʰɚ adj 烧焦的 scorched cʰɚ n 屎 feces cʰɚ v 断 to break (a stick breaks) cʰɚ mæ n 最后一名, 倒数第一 tail-ender, last in a set cʰɯ ʂɯ adv CH 确实 truly dɚ v 发芽 ( 树木 ) to sprout dɚ n 骡 mule dɯ n 放粮食, 干果的竹席 bamboo mat where one places cereals, dried fruit dɯ n 泡沫 foam dɯ v 蹂躏 to devastate ɖʐɚ i n 鸟名 bird sp. ɖʐɯ ɖʐɯ adj 病态, 萎靡 listless ɚ n CH 二 two ɚ kʰwæ n 锣 gong ə cʰɚ n 小拇指 little finger ə cʰɚ n 虫名 insect sp. ə ʂɚ n 筷子 chopstick ə ʂɚ n 文化 ( 地名 ) Wenhua (place name) ə ʂɚ - pref 在时间名词前表示过去 expresses the past, in time expressions fɚ fɚ adj 形容风吹 hissing (description of wind noise) fʋ ʈʂɚ n 瘊子 wart ɡʋ nɯ n 水冬瓜 ( 植物名 ) plant sp. hɯ lɯ adj 剃得很干净的 neat and tidy (eg face after shaving) hɯ pʰɚ n 粉条 bean noodles i pɚ v 吵醒人, 让人睡不好觉 to wake sb. up by noise jæ tɚ n 火柴 match kæ -ʂɚ -ɲi n 大前天 day two days before yesterday kɚ lɚ v 掏, 寻找, 翻寻 to look for kɤ le -cɚ n 环, 扣 hook ki li -kɯ lɯ adj 形容凹凸不平 uneven ki ti -kɚ tɚ ono 叮叮当当 sound of clatter, jingle kɯ lɯ adj 悲哀, 伤心 sad, grieved

3 kʰi li -kʰɚ lɚ ono 摇骰子的声音 noise of shaking dice kʰɯ lɯ adj 蜷曲 curled up; hunched, huddled up kʰɯ lɯ n 孔, 洞, 坑 hole, cavity kʰɯ tɯ n 口袋口打的结 knot to close a bag kʰɯ ʐɚ n 线, 针线 thread kʰʋ tɯ n 傍晚 dusk; twilight lɑ pɚ n 虎纹 stripes, tiger stripes lɑ pɚ n 戒指 ring lɑ ʂɚ zo n 粮架的横梁 horizontal part of rack for drying grain lɑ -ʈʂɚ n 手 hand lɑ -ʈʂʰɯ n 火枪 gun; firelock lɑ ʈʂʰɯ ndʋ n 拳 fist lɚ v 量 to measure lɚ n 种子 grain lɚ v 扬 ( 谷物 ) to winnow lɚ v 喊, 叫唤 to scream lɚ kʰɑ n 温泉 warm springs le -ndɚ n 回族 Hui (ethnic group) lɚ tse n 东西, 工具 tool, thing, thingummy lɯ v 渴求, 渴望 to anticipate lɯ clf 口 a mouthful of lɯ n 腮, 腮帮子 cheek lɯ n 轭 yoke lɯ v 比得过 ; 打得过 ; 能胜任 to be able (to win), to be up to lɯ be n 嘴巴 mouth and jaw lɯ kʰɤ n 椽子 rafter; beam mɚ v 闭 to close mjɤ -mbɚ n 眼泪 tear mjɤ ʈʂʰɚ -kɑ v 斜眼看人 ( 极不礼貌地 ) to look askance at mu nɯ cʰi n 菌名 mushroom sp. mbɚ n 槽 ( 引水 ) groove, trough (for water) mbɚ n 化脓 ; 脓包 pus mbɚ v 搬 ( 家 ) to move house mbɚ v 烧, 焚 to burn mbɚ v 失去平衡而翘翻 ( 如坐长凳 to lose one s balance and 时 ) fall over mbɚ n 牦牛 yak

4 Appendix A. (cont.) mbɚ lɚ n 苍蝇 fly mbɚ tsɿ n 蚊子 mosquito mbu ɳɖʐɚ tsʏ n 鸟名 bird sp. næ hæ lɚ adj 恶心的 sick, nauseous nɑ -lɚ adj 黑的, 黑色 black nɑ -ɳɖʐɚ n 油炸糯米饼 fried glutinous rice cake nɚ v 压扁, 挤压 to press; to flatten; to squeeze no jɯ n CH 农药 pesticide nɯ adj 糯, 粘稠 sticky nɯ v 醒, 知道 to be awake nɯ n 乳汁 milk (animals milk) nɯ n 蛆 ( 肉上的 ), 蛀虫 maggot nɯ nɯ v 纠缠, 打乱 to tangle, to upset ni nɚ n 唢呐 clarinet ndɚ v 要, 应该 to have to, to be necessary ndɚ v 得到, 轮到 to be one s turn ndɚ n 肥料 manure, excrement ndɚ n 浑浊 muddy, turbid ndɚ v 涉水 ( 过河 ) to go through, to wade across ndɯ v 犯错 to make a mistake ndɯ n 潭, 池 pond ndɯ v 蛰 to sting (bee) ndɚ adj 短, 短的 short ndzɑ cɚ adj 瘦骨如柴的 skinny, thin (person) ɳɖʐɯ -nʋ v 有膻味的 which has a fishy smell ɳɖʐɯ n 露水 dew ɳɖʐɯ n 霜 frost ɳɖʐɯ v 游泳, 漂浮 to swim ɳɖʐɯ adj 湿 moist, wet, damp, humid ɳɖʐɯ v 溶化 to melt ɲɤ mbɚ n 蝗虫 locust ɲi mɚ n 鼻子 nose ɲi tɯ lɯ n 牛鼻棍 cow s nasal ring ɲɟɚ adj 蔫儿的 listless ɲɟɚ adj 跛 crippled, lame (person) ɲɟɚ n 树脂 resin

5 ɲɟɚ v 胜任, 比得过 to be qualified, to tally with ɲɟɚ v 炼油 ( 炒菜 ) to heat (oil) ɲɟɚ v 烤, 炙 to roast, to grill; to warm oneself at a fire; to bask in the sun ɲɟʏ pʰɚ n 芜菁 turnip, wild cabbage pɚ ono 放屁的声音 sound of farting pɚ v 梳 to comb; comb pɚ v 写 to write pɚ clf 泡 ( 屎 ) clf for excrement pɚ v 拔 to pull out (weeds), to weed pɚ lɚ n 小盒子 caddy pɚ pɚ n 汽车 car (child word) pɚ tɚ ono 水烧开的声音 sound of boiling water pɚ tsɿ n 篦子 fine comb (used to comb out lice) pʰɚ adj 白 white pɯ lɯ n 嗉 ; 胸脯 crop (of a chicken); chest ʂɚ n 污垢, 汗渍 dirt, filth ʂɚ v 噎着 to choke ʂɚ v 拧 ( 衣服 ), 赎回, 夺回 to twist, to wring; to ransom ʂɚ v 挪动, 拖动 to move, to shift ʂɚ n 事, 事情 work, occupation, task, event ʂɚ n 七 seven ʂɚ adj 长的 long ʂɚ v 牵 ( 手, 牛 ), 拉着 to lead along (by hand, halter ) ʂɚ v 搅, 拌 to stir ʂɚ lɚ v 拧 to twist, to wring ʂɯ adj 满的 full ʂɯ n 印, 痕, 痕迹 ; 明显的 (foot...)print, trace ʂɯ lɯ n 骨头 bone ʂɯ ʂɯ v 佐食 to snack tɑ mbɚ lɚ n 双面鼓 double-faced drum tɑ pɚ n 扁担 carrying/shoulder pole tɑ pɚ adj 瘪的 flat, shrivelled, shrunken tɚ v 关 ( 门, 羊 ) to close (a door), to lock up (animals) tɚ tɚ ono 发电报的声音 sound of typing on a telegram machine tɯ v 纺, 织 to weave

6 Appendix A. (cont.) tɯ clf 棵 clf for trees tɯ v 能胜任, 有能力 to be able to tɯ v 起疹 to have a rash tɯ v 强行闯入 to force one s way in tɯ n 砧板, 木桩, 木墩 anvil, cutting-board tɯ tɯ v 包装, 包裹 to wrap, to pack, to coil (fabric) tɯ lɯ v 打结 ( 绳子 ) to tie a knot tɯ -ʂɯ n 人断气时没有人在身边 to die without anyone at one s side tɯ lɯ n 土块, 团 clod of earth tʰɚ v 咬, 叮 to bite; to sting, to gnaw, to nibble tʰɚ n 裙, 裙子 skirt tʰɚ kɯ n CH 调羹 small spoon, used for salt tʰɚ ʐwɑ n 驴 donkey, ass tʰɯ tʰɯ v 卷, 包裹 to roll, to coil (fabric) tsʰɿ cɯ adj 细细的 extremely thin ʈʂɚ v 淹, 淹没 ; 涝 to flood, to inundate ʈʂɚ n 关节 ankle, joint (between the foot and the leg) ʈʂɚ v 腌制 to pickle/salt (food) ʈʂɚ n 瘊子 wart ʈʂɚ n 植物名 plant sp. ʈʂɚ v 指使, 指 to command, to give orders to ʈʂɚ kɚ ʈʂɚ lɚ n 鸟名 bird sp. ʈʂɚ lɚ n 短小的木头 small piece of wood ʈʂɚ lo n 汁罗 ( 地名 ) Jiluo (place name) ʈʂɚ -mu n 菌名 mushroom sp. ʈʂɚ ʈʂɚ n 推测的大概位置 ( 时间和空间 ) conjectured position (in time or space) ʈʂʰɚ n 代, 辈 generation ʈʂʰɚ v 腐烂 to rot ʈʂʰɚ v 洗 to wash (clothes, oneself ) ʈʂʰɚ adj 高兴, 愉悦 pleased, happy, delighted ʈʂʰɚ -ɟi n 雨季在石崖上滴下的水 water that drips from cliffs during the rainy season ʈʂʰɚ -ɟi n 精液 sperm

7 ʈʂʰɚ -kʰɯ v 淬火 to quench ʈʂʰɚ ɯ n 药 medicine ʈʂʰɯ n 肺 lung ʈʂʰɯ v 握 ( 握刀把 ) to grasp (e.g. a sword hilt) ʈʂʰɯ v 兑, 掺 to add water, to pour extra water ʈʂʰɯ -kʰɯ n 喉咙 throat ʈʂʰɯ me n 媳妇 wife; son s wife ʈʂʰɯ tʰʋ adj 守寡的 widowed ʈʂɚ n 植物名 plant sp. ʈʂɯ v 吓, 吓人 to scare, to threaten ʈʂɯ v 咳, 咳嗽 to cough ʈʂɯ v 捅 ( 用刀 ), 浸 ( 水 ) to poke (with a knife); to soak vɚ vɚ v 拖动, 移动 ( 吃力地 ) to cause to move (forcefully) wæ -ʂɚ adj 歪的 askew, crooked zæ pɚ n 酒窝 dimple zɿ lɚ -çi n 纳西族舞蹈 ze me 中的女声部 the female role in the /ze me / singing style zɿ -mu ɳɖʐɯ n 菌名 mushroom sp. ʐɚ v 害怕 to be scared, to be afraid ʐɚ ʐɚ v 挪动, 移动 to remove ʐɚ v 响, 发出响声 to make noise ʐɚ n 柱子 pillar ʐɯ v 不出声, 装作没听见 to pretend not to hear ʐɯ v 压, 挤, 过分的玩弄 to rub, to knead (e.g. rub one s hands) ʐɯ -dʏ n 指山下低海拔地区 low-altitude area at the foot of mountain ʐɯ kʰɑ n 阮卡 ( 地名 ) Ruanka (place name)

8 Appendix B. Words Illustrating the Syllabic Inventory of Pianding Naxi* ɑ v 吃草 ( 牛 ) to graze æ n 铜 brass, copper, bronze bɑ n 花 flower bæ n CH 牌 poker; mahjong bɚ n 客人 guest, visitor be v 做, 工作 to do, to work bɤ n 普米族 Pumi/Prinmi (ethnic group) bi adj 简单, 容易 easy bjɤ n 坛 jar bɯ adj 多 many, much bu n 猪 pig bʋ n 锅 pot bʏ n 面粉, 粉末 powder; flour cɑ v CH 加 to add cæ æ n 酸菜 pickles cɚ v 脱臼 to disjoint ce n CH 级 class cɤ v 煮 to boil ci n 口水, 唾液 saliva cɯ v 射 ( 水 ) to send out (water) cwæ v CH 卷 to roll cwe n CH 军 troops, army cʏ adj 麻的, 酸痛 numb çɑ v 干, 做 ; 吃, 喝 to do; to eat çæ n CH 乡 county çe tʰje n CH 吸铁 magnet çɤ v 涂抹 to daub çi n 舌, 舌头 tongue çɯ lɯ adj 光滑的 smooth çwæ adj 厉害 fierce çwe v CH 训 to train * This list is arranged by alphabetic order of IPA forms. Words are presented in phonemic notation. ps = part of speech. The mention CH signals Chinese borrowings.

9 çʏ n 柏 cypress cʰɑ v CH 敲 to knock cʰæ v CH 欠 to owe cʰɚ adj 烧焦的 scorched cʰɤ v 贴 to glue (two objects together) cʰi adj 冷, 凉 cold (weather, water) cʰɯ ʂɯ adv CH 确实 true cʰwæ n CH 圈 pen, sty cʰwe n CH 裙 skirt cʰʏ v 削 to chop dɑ v 飞, 飘 to soar; to float dæ lʋ n 旧宅, 原址 relics dɚ v 发芽 ( 树木 ) to sprout di conj 那么, 则 else dɯ n 泡沫 foam dɯ n 一 one do v 看见 to see; to come across someone dʋ n 肚子 belly, abdomen dʏ n 地 ( 天地的地 ) earth (as in: the sky and the earth) dzæ adj 有时间的 free dze n 小麦 wheat dzʏ n 冰 ice dzɿ cl 双 a pair dzɿ v 抢 to rob ɖʐɚ i n 鸟名 bird sp. ɖʐɤ v 拿, 捉 ( 捉鸟 ) to clutch, to grasp, to catch ɖʐɯ n 集市, 街 market, fair ɖʐɯ ɖʐɯ adj 萎靡的 listless ɖʐu n 债, 债务 debt, loan ɖʐʋ v 增多, 增值 to add dʑi n 人, 人类 human being ɚ n 二 two ə - pref 亲属称谓前缀 prefix used in kinship terms referring to elders e pʰʋ n 嗳气 ructus fɑ v CH 罚 to punish fæ v 去 to go

10 Appendix b. (cont.) fe n 坟 tomb fɚ fɚ ono 风吹的声音 hissing (wind noise) fɤ n CH 风 wind fɯ fɯ adj 微风轻拂的感觉 gently swaying in the breeze (sensation of wind) fo cɑ n CH 佛教 Buddhism fʋ n 老鼠 rat ɤ v 捞上来 to scoop up out of water ɡɤ adj 满足, 满意, 知足 satisfied, happy gɯ v 下 ( 雨, 雪 ) to fall (snow), to snow ɡu v 熟悉 to be familiar with gʋ v 弄弯 to bend (an object) hɑ n 饭 food hæ n 风 wind he n 耳朵 ear hɤ adj 鼻子酸痛 painful (nose) hɯ n 牙齿 tooth hɯ lɯ adj 剔得干干净净的 neat and tidy (e.g. face after shaving) ho n 汤 soup hwɑ n 牧人在山上暂住的木头小房 cabin, hut hwæ adj CH 慌 hurried hwɑ ʐwɑ n 松鼠 squirrel hwe v 摔倒 to wrestle hwɤ ʈʂɤ conj CH 或者 or hʏ adj 红的 red ho jɯ n CH 火药 gunpowder i adj 右 right jæ æ n 植物油 vegetable oil jɑ ko n 家, 家里 home, central room in the house je conj 所以 so jɤ v 给, 送 to give jwæ n CH 圆 circle jwe n CH 月 moon; month ɟæ kæ n 天井 courtyard ɟɑ lɑ ɟɑ lɑ adj 摆动之状 swaying ɟe clf 户 (one) family

11 ɟɤ dʋ n 墙壁 wall ɟi n 水 water ɟʏ v 有, 存在 ( 无生命 ) existential verb kɑ v 掩盖 ; 掩埋 to cover, to bury kæ v 挠痒 to itch ke v CH 跟 to follow kɚ lɚ adj 发痒的 itchy kɤ v 筛, 筛选 to sift 叽里呱啦 ( 翻找东西, 小孩 sound of rummaging through ki li ko lo ono 捣蛋 ) objects kɯ adj 聪明 wise kɯ lɯ adj 伤心的 sad, grieved ko n 针 needle ku n 姜 ginger kʋ v 会, 能 to be able to kwɑ v 欺骗 to deceive, to tell lies kwæ n CH 拐 crutch kwe le adj 很有韧性 supple kwɤ clf 根 ( 烟 ) clf for cigarettes kʰɑ v 开 ( 眼睛 ) to open (one s eyes) kʰæ v 射 ( 弓箭 ) to shoot (with a gun) kʰe v CH 肯 to agree kʰɤ n 背篓 basket carried on the back kʰi li kʰɚ lɚ ono 敲击声 sound of hurried knocking/ scurrying about kʰɯ v 生 ( 火 ) to put on fire kʰɯ n 脚 leg kʰɯ lɯ n 洞, 孔 aperture kʰo v 杀, 宰 to kill; to slaughter (an animal) kʰu n 门 door kʰʋ n 年 year; year of age; age kʰwɑ adj 有益, 有疗效 effective kʰwæ adj CH 宽 broad kʰwe adj CH 亏 unjust kʰwɤ n 口子, 入口 opening; tear lɑ adj 厚 thick læ n 男性生殖器 male genitals lɚ v 量 to measure le n 裤子 trousers, pants

12 Appendix b. (cont.) lɤ n CH 龙 dragon li v 烧 ( 只烧掉部分 ) to burn (on the surface) ljɑ ono 耕牛时对牛说, 让牛停下 shout to make cattle stop, when ploughing ljæ n CH 两 ounce ljɤ adj 美, 好看, 美丽 beautiful lɯ v 渴求, 渴望 to anticipate lɯ v 小便, 拉 ( 屎 ) to urinate lo n 活 ; 工作 work, job lu v 奔, 奔跑 to gallop lʋ n 蛆 maggot lwæ n CH 乱 disorder lwɤ me n 四月 April lʏ n 果实, 果子 fruit mɑ adj 细 ( 粉状 ) fine (powder) mæ n 尾巴 tail mɚ v 闭 to close me n 雌性 male mɤ adv 不, 非 not mi n 火 fire mjɑ v CH 瞄 to aim at mjæ n CH 面 noodle mjɤ n 命, 生命 life, existence mɯ n 天 heavens, sky mo v CH 冒 ( 冒水 ) to emit (water) mu n 蘑菇 mushroom mʋ zɿ n 青稞 highland barley mʏ v 推 to push ɯ n 牛 ox mbɑ adj 可怜的, 委屈的 pathetic; aggrieved mbæ n 蜜蜂 bee mbɚ n 化脓 ; 脓包 pus mbe n 雪 snow mbɤ adj 涩, 苦涩 bitter mbi n 尿 urine mbjæ çæ mbjæ çæ adj 粘稠的 slimy

13 mbjɑ mbjɑ ono 下大雨的声音 sound of heavy rain mbjɤ v 倒塌 to collapse, to topple over, to fall into ruin mbɯ v 绝 ( 嗣 ) to die out, to become extinct (e.g. descent) mbo ono 拍打东西的声音 sound of patting/slapping on objects mbu adj 亮, 光明 bright, shining mbʋ v 摞, 垒 to pile up mbʏ v 分 to share nɑ v 缝补 ( 衣服 ) to sew næ v 躲 to hide (oneself) nɚ v 压, 挤 to press, to push down (with the hand); to squeeze ne pron 谁 who ni postp 正在进行 ongoing aspect nɯ adj 糯, 粘稠 sticky nɯ adj 少 few, little no n 草名 plant sp. nʋ v 变疯 to be crazy; to scold ɲɑ adj 糟糕的 bad ɲæ adj 腻 ( 食物 ) greasy, oily ɲe adj 缓慢的 slow ɲɤ adj 早 early in the morning ɲi n 鱼 fish ɲʏ pron 自己 oneself ndɑ v 砍 to hack ndæ n 狐狸 fox ndɚ adj 短, 短的 short nde v 交媾 to copulate ndi li v 卷 to roll up ndjɤ v 滴 ( 水往下滴 ) to drip, to dribble ndɯ v 蛰 to sting (bee) ndɯ v 沉 to sink ndo v 爬 ( 山 ) to climb ndu clf 坨 ; 团 a large chunk of ndʋ v 刻 to carve, to engrave ndwæ ndwæ adj 刺痛的 ( 腿脚 ) irritated, itchy (hands or feet) ndʏ adj 平地 plain

14 Appendix b. (cont.) ndzɑ adj 瘦 ( 人瘦 ) skinny, thin (person) ndzæ v 骑, 跨 to ride (a horse) ndze adj 密封的, 吻合的 hermetic (seal) ndzo n 冰雹 hail ndzʏ v 弹飞 to fly (of bullet, bomb) ndzɿ v 挖, 锄 to dig ndzɿ v 借 to borrow ɳɖʐɚ v 啰嗦 to rant away, to speak in a wordy way ɳɖʐɯ v 游泳 to swim, to float ɳɖʐɯ n 豹子 leopard, panther ɳɖʐu v 掉落, 脱落 to drop, to fall ɳɖʐʋ n 朋友 friend ɳɖʐwɑ n 十字镐 pickax ɳɖʐwe v 串珠 to string (beads); to put on (a skirt) ndʑi ono 清脆的铃铛声 clear and sharp sound of bell ɲɟɚ v 烤, 炙 to roast, to grill ɲɟɤ adj 艰苦的, 贫困的 arduous ɲɟi n 酒曲 yeast ɲɟʏ adj 硬的, 僵硬的 hard, solid, resilient ŋɑ pron 我 1sg ŋæ v CH 挨, 忍 to bear, to tolerate ŋe adj CH 硬 hard, solid, resilient ŋɤ pron 我 1sg ŋʋ n 银子 silver ŋɡɑ v 胜利 to win, to succeed ŋɡæ v 占, 霸占 to predominate ŋɡɤ v 灭, 熄 to go out (fire) ŋgi li ŋgo lo ono 打雷声 sound of thunderclap ŋgɯ v 嚼 to chew; to chew the cud ŋɡo n 臼齿 molars ŋɡu v 生病 ; 痛 sick; pain ŋɡʋ v 打雷 to thunder ŋɡwæ ono 咣 banging sound ŋɡwɤ v 赊, 欠 to buy on credit

15 o v 倒, 倾倒 to pour out pɑ n 青蛙 frog pæ v 拉开, 劝架 to exhort; to urge; to persuade pɚ v 梳 to comb pe n 糟粕 dregs, residue pɤ n 穗 ear (of grain) pi v ( 被水 ) 漂走, 冲走 to drift away (on water), to be washed away (by water) pjɑ n CH 表 watch pjæ v CH 变 to change (to undergo change) pjɤ v 搬动 to move pɯ n 艾蒿 Chinese mugwort, artemisia pɯ lɯ n 胸脯 chest po n CH 宝 treasure pu v 叼, 衔 to hold in the mouth pʋ n 蒸笼 food steamer pʏ n 蚂蟥 leech pʰɑ n 脸 face pʰæ v 拴 ( 牛 ) to tie, to fasten (an animal) pʰɚ adj 白 white pʰe v 簸 to winnow with a fan pʰɤ v CH 拍 to clap, to knock pʰi v 丢, 丢弃 to abandon, to give up pʰjɑ v CH 飘 to drift about pʰjæ v CH 骗 to deceive pʰje v CH 撇 to cast aside pʰjɤ n 叶子 leaf pʰɯ n 糠 chaff pʰo n CH 炮 cannon pʰu v 打开 to open (e.g. a door) pʰʋ n 雄性 male pʰʏ v 呕吐 to vomit sɑ n 亚麻 hemp sæ n 血 blood se n 癣 tinea, ringworm si adj 穷, 贫穷 poor (person) sjæ i adj CH 便宜 cheap sje adj CH 斜 slanted

16 Appendix b. (cont.) so v 尝, 品尝 to taste swæ swæ ono 下雨声 sound of rain swe n 官 official 打掉 ( 油花 ), 修剪 ( 头 sʏ v to skim (foam) 发 ) sɿ v 捡, 拾 to pick up sɿ v 喜欢, 上瘾 to like ʂɑ n CH 沙 sand ʂɚ n 污垢, 汗渍 dirt, filth ʂe clf CH 升 clf for liters ʂɤ adj 严重的 ; 耗费的 severe ʂɯ adj 明显的 obvious ʂɯ n 肉 meat ʂu n 虱子 louse ʂʋ v 产崽 ( 动物 ) to birth (animal) ʂwɑ adj 高, 高的 high ʂwæ v CH 涮 to rinse ʂwe v 干, 做 ; 放 to do, to put into tɑ v 卡住 to clutch, to catch hold of, to hold on a hook tæ v 结 ( 果 ) to yield fruit tɚ v 关 ( 门, 羊 ) to lock up (animals), to close (a door) te v 吃, 喝 to eat ti ti v 触碰 to touch upon, to bump into tjɑ v CH 吊 to hang up tjæ n CH 电 electricity tjɤ v 受罪 to endure hardship/torture tjɤ v CH 叠 to fold (clothes) tɯ v 纺, 织 to weave tɯ v 起 ( 床 ) to get up to v 依靠, 枕 to lean on, to rest against sth tu tu ono 火很旺的声音 sound of intense fire tʋ n 千 1,000 tʏ v 打 to beat (e.g. with the head of a hammer) twæ twæ ono 敲击声 sound of knocking tʰɑ v 可以 may

17 tʰæ v 戴 to wear (a hat) tʰɚ v 咬, 叮 to bite; to sting, to gnaw, to nibble tʰe ɯ n 书 book tʰi n 刨 plane tʰjɑ v CH 跳 to jump tʰjæ n CH 天 heavens, sky tʰje kwæ n CH 铁矿 iron ore tʰjɤ clf 滴 clf for a drop (of liquid) tʰɯ pron 他, 它, 她 3sg tʰɯ lɯ v 包裹 to pack tʰo n 松 pine tʰʋ v 起 ( 泡, 疙瘩, 毛球 ) to get (a blister, goosebumps) tʰwæ v 敲 ( 额头 ) to knock (one s forehead) tʰʏ lʏ n 大簸箕 large winnowing fan tɕɑ ono 驾 ( 赶马的叫声 ) cry to urge a horse forward tɕɤ n CH 酒 wine, spirits tɕi v 追 to chase after; to pursue tɕæ cwe n CH 将军 general tɕʰi v 来 to come tɕʰɑ v CH 撬 to pry open tɕʰæ n CH 枪 gun tɕʰɤ n CH 秋 autumn tsɑ v 背负 to carry on one s back; to shoulder tsæ v 移动 to move tse v 剁 to chop tsʰo n 楼 two-story building tsʰʏ v 赔偿 to compensate for, to pay back tso v 装好 ( 用口袋 ) to pack properly (in a bag) tswæ v CH 钻 to drill tswe adv CH 最 most tsʏ v 留给 to reserve for tsɿ v 拴, 绑, 捆 to tie tsɿ v 据说 reported-speech part. tsʰɑ v 咬, 咬合 to bite tsʰæ n 寄生植物名 parasitic plant sp. tsʰɿ v 建 ( 房子 ) to build

18 Appendix b. (cont.) ʦʰɿ adj 热 hot tsʰe n 盐 salt tsʰwæ ono 油炸的声音 sizzling (of boiling oil) ʈʂɚ v 淹, 淹没 to submerge ʈʂe v CH 蒸 to steam (food) ʈʂɤ n 爪, 爪子 claw ʈʂɯ v 咳嗽 to cough ʈʂɯ n 土 earth ʈʂu v 射中 ; 扎, 刺入 to score a hit ʈʂʋ v 接, 迎接 to receive, to meet, to welcome (someone) ʈʂwɑ n 床 bed ʈʂwæ n CH 砖 brick ʈʂwe v CH 坠 to fall, to drop ʈʂʰɚ v 指使 to instigate ʈʂʰe n CH 城 city ʈʂʰɤ n CH 车 car ʈʂʰɯ v 兑, 掺 to add water, to pour extra water ʈʂʰɯ v 悬挂, 挂在墙上 to suspend, to hang (in a place) ʈʂʰo lo pron 这里 here ʈʂʰu v 读 to read ʈʂʰʋ v 打洞, 打孔 to lance, to puncture ʈʂʰwɑ n 六 six ʈʂʰwæ v CH 穿 to wear tsʰwe adj CH 脆 crisp ʈʂʰwe v CH 吹 to boast u v 肿 to swell væ n CH 网 net ve adj CH 稳 steady vɚ vɚ v 拖动, 移动 to move vɯ vɯ adj 紧紧的 tight ʋ v 认为 to think wɑ n 五 five wæ n 左 left we v CH 围 to enclose wɤ v 堆 ( 沙 ) to make a heap of (e.g. cereals)

19 ʏ adj 轻 light zɑ n 鞋 shoe zæ v 笑 to mock, to laugh ze v 削 ( 果皮 ) to peel (with a knife) zi ono 锯木的声音 sound of sawing zo n 男性, 儿子 son; man, male person zwæ ono 下雨的声音 sound of rain zʏ zʏ n 小孩儿 child zɿ n 命 life zɿ v 憋 ( 尿 ); 忍耐 to endure ʐɚ adj 害怕 scared; to be afraid ʐɑ v CH 绕 to circle; to coil ʐe v CH 忍 to tolerate ʐɤ v 骟 to geld ʐɯ v 不出声, 装作没听见 to keep silent ʐɯ n 酒 fermented alcohol, wine ʐu n 午饭 lunch ʐʋ v 娶 to take a wife ʐwɑ n 马 horse ʐwe jwe n CH 闰月 leap month

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