CP / SBN CP 4 9 ( 787mm9mm / SBN /O

Transcription

1

2 CP / SBN CP 4 9 ( 787mm9mm / SBN /O

3

4 9

5

6

7

8 C A + B B C A B C B B A C A A C A B A + ( B B A B C B C A A A i + A j + A k x A A A Ax + Ay + A A A xyz αβγ y z z z A A x A y cos α cos β A A A cos γ z A A B AB cosθ θ A // B A B AB π θ A B A B x k γ i β α o j A y A z A x y

9 b b A B Acosθ Bcosθ θ 4 sin θ AB C B A C A 8 B C z y x z y x B B B A A A k j i B A A B B A A B B A k k j j i i j i k i k j k j i? A B θ C i j k yf(x x x x f x x f x y x x f x y x f y x x + ( ( lim lim ( ( A B θ C

10 y( x u( x ± ( x y ( u ± u ± y( x u( x ( x y ( u u + u u( x u u u y ( x y ( ( x y f (u u Φ (x y x y f [ Φ ( x] y x y u u x y y u x u x n n ( x nx n ( c c (sin x cos x (cos x sin x (tn x sec cos x (ln x x x x ( e e x F ( x f ( x f (x f ( xx F( x + c c n n+ x x x + c ( n n + x ln x + c x x x e x e + c sin xx cos x + c cos xx sin x + c x ctnx + c + x F ( x f ( x f (x [, b] b b f ( xx F( x F( b F(

11 ( t x( t i + y( t j + z( t k ( t + t ( t t t t + t x t + t x g x y x cosθ x cosθ t y sinθ gt y sinθ t gt 4 θ θ θ ω t ω θ α t t 5 Rω Rω n R α t R t n + t 6 po po + o o po po + o o 4

12 po po + o o 7 p F p m m F m t F F 8 mm F G p mg F kx f µ N ( µ f µn (µ µ 9 g 9.8 m s G 6.67 N m kg 6 4 R 6.7 m M 5.98 kg 6 9 m km cm mm µ m nm kg t( g h( 6min(6s( ( 6 ( 6 ( 8 ( ( π.. R R πr R - AB A B AB - 5

13 ( g.6.7??.8 4

14 N 6N. kg N 7.6N 5.6N N..4 kg µ.5 F6N -( -(b 7

15 m F F m ( (b - -( - y N F f x mg - x F cos f m y F sin + N mg f µ N F cos µ ( mg F sin.8(m s > m -(b -4 y N f x mg F 8 x -4 F cos f m y N F sin mg µ N f F cos µ ( mg + F sin. (m s < m

16 .5-5 mg sinθ m g sinθ s t s t -6 mg sin θ f m mg cos θ N f µ N g(sinθ µ cosθ s s t N t N f mg -5 mg kg ( ( mg N N mg (N mg N mg N (N.4.7 m l m l.4.8 9

17 T mg m l T mg + m > mg l. x x8tt x mt s ( (t (ts s ( x x 8t t 8 4t t t x 8m/s t 4 m s > +x t 4m s < x ts x t4s x t x t. A B x A 4t+t x B t +t ( ( ( B A (4 A B x A x A 4t + t, A 4 + t t x B x B t + t, B 4t + t t t x A x B, A > B A x A x B 4t + t t + t t ± + 6 ± 4. t + t 4 t t. 56 s t t. 56 s B A + BA B A BA B A

18 4t + t (4 + t BA ± ± 7. t + t 4 t t. 87 s t.87 s A B BA.. x + t ( m s t (+x m ( t s ( x t x t t t t x t ( + t t x x t + t t x x + t + t (m 4t t t s 4 8(m/s, t t t.4.m/s m/s t s t, s t s s. t t t s s s (m t. (m/s.5 m/s m m/s m/s

19 s m/s m/s m/s t t s, t s s + t t t + t m/s ts < m/s m (.5s s ( s t gt, gt t. 5 s s (m h + s.8 (m m/s > ( t s s (m h + s (m m/s < ( sm s t gt 5.t 9.8 t t.59 (s gt m/s < ( g l.7 l θ ( -7-7

20 n R l sinθ.8 R -8 y bt P y bt R y bt t t b t b t R R n b R n + t R + b t 4.9 ω.9 ω ω + αt ω + α. ω 9 α.ω ω ω + αt ω + α. 8ω ω ω + αt θ ω t t + α ω ω αθ. 5m m/s θ 5 cosθ t gt sinθ g5 sinθ cosθ 5g sin θ 4.9 ( P -8 y

21 θ csin 4.9 θ km/h 4km/h +x +y + -9 y O (km/h x θ 4 θ π ctn π ctn π 58 5 y (km/h x θ y x O x kg 5kg - T T mg (N N T + N Mg N Mg T (N N N N 4(N -

22 . AB kg kg 5N F B - TA TB T - ma : T ma m : F T m B ma F T m + m A B F 5 5 (N B A B F A T A T B B F kg 4.9 m s N mg N mg (N N mg m N m( + g 5( (N mg N m N m( g 5( (N.5 mkg µ.4 α F ( ( f -4 F + f mg sin α F mg sinα f mx mg sinα µ mg cosα mg (sinα µ cosα 9.8(sin.4cos 5 (N N f F mg -4 N F f mg -5 f -5 5

23 F f mg sinα F mg sinα + f mg sinα + µ mg cosα mg (sinα + µ cosα 9.8(sin +.4cos 8 (N f µ N.6 AB -6 m A. kgm B. kg α ( ( ( -7 N T B T A T A N B A T B B m B g m A g A -6-7 B m g T m T m g sin α m B B B A A T A T B mb g mag sinα (..sin (m/s ma + mb. +. T TB mb ( g.( (N T A T B N T cos.76.6 (N A AB.7 AB -8 AB µ.5 B µ.5. m A kgm B. kg ( AB B F( B A B (AB AB -9 A B F f N A B A (m A +m B g F f µ N µ ma mb g (

24 F f ( m A + mb AB F f Ff µ ( ma + mb g.5( (N B A AB - N A N B f A f A f B F m A g N A m B g - f A µ mag f B µ ( N A + mbg µ ( ma + mb g f A maa F f A f B mbb B A B A F f A f B mbb m B A Ff A + f B + mba µ mag + µ ( ma + mb g + mbµ g ( (N.8 m 7kg h.85 6 m ( ( ( R m M 5.98 kg 4 Mm F G (N 6 ( R + h [( ] Mm F G m ( R + h R + h 4 GM (m/s 6 R + h ( π( R + h π( T (s.9.kg O l.m θ ( -. m/s 7

25 - m N m l O l O mg 8 - N N N + mg cosθ m l N m mg cosθ l cos.(n. N. (N> N (N.. kg 8m - km/h - mg N m R N mg m R (N.6 8 N N 4 N N.68 N

26 N mg N N.94 4 N ( 4 (N 9

27 t F t P Ft P P ( P t F P m i i i t M t t P L M F L t M Mt L L t t M L ω ω + αt θ ω t t + α ω ω αθ 4 m ( i m i i M α L ω ( 5 b Wb F W N F t W E k E k ( Ek m F W E E b ( P b P E P E P mgh

28 GMm E P EP kx W + W E E E E E k + E P W W E. F t F F t F. F ( t t F ( t t. ( ( m + m m + m m + m m + m mm ( m ( m + m ( m ( m + m (.4 M ( (

29 ( m + m m + m ( m + m m m ( m + m m.5 m m ( m > m m ( θ L h W f µ mg cosθl W p mgh W f W p m m mg sin θ µ mg cosθ m g sinθ µ g cosθ m L ( g sinθ µ g cosθ L.8

30 .9 W f m..5m.m 4 W (.5.5 kx k k (J W k( x+ x kx k(.5 +. k( k (J. F F. F F - ( - ( F F F F ( F F W F F > F W F > F F F F W F + W > F

31 . W W + W W W W..4 M M f α α < f M f ω ω ω + α t t α.5 W ( 4

32 . M kg h.5m - ( t. s ( t. s h gh (m s ( F Mg t ( M M Mg F + t t.s 5.4 F +. 5 t.s F (N m.5 kg m/s m/s (N 45 6 ( ( t. s x x y -4 6 y - 45 O 6 45 x - m m x x mcos6 mcos 45.5 ( cos 6 cos (N s y y m sin 6 ( m sin 45 m sin 6 + sin 45 ( -4 5

33 .5 (sin 6 + sin (N s x + y (7. + ( (N s y 6.98 x α α tn tn 8.5 x 7. F t F t 6.4 F 6.4 (N. x 8.5. m. kgm.5 kg m kg. m/s. m/s m m + m + ( m m + ( m + m ( m + m m + m (m s ( +.4 6kg m/s 8kg m/s ( ( m + m m + ( m. 6

34 m m + m + m (m s m + m ( m + m m + m m + m (m s m.5 M l m ( M -5 l -5 m M m M + M m t t t + M t m t M s + M ( s m( l s l s m + M.6-6 m6kg.5m /min(/ 5s F µ.4 A.5m.75m F B -6 7

35 AB N AB F ( N(.5 f µ N. 4N f α m α ω ω + α t mω F.4N.4 tµ π (N.7-7 m m m µ T T m T T m -7 m m m m g T m m µ m g m 8 T ( T T α α ( m µ m g m + m + / ( m + µ m + / m g m + m + / T ( m + µ m + µ / T m g m + m + /

36 ( m m ( α.8.m 5.kg F t.5s ( ( F (ts ω πn (ω ω + αt + αt α t t π α 4π 5. 6 ( s.5 + θ θ + 4π.5 αt αt 5π n θ π.5 ( F α m α mα 5.. 4π F 47.(N 4 4 ω ω + αt + αt 4π 4π 56 ( s n t +. ω ( s. t α ( m s n.7 (m s (.7.7 (m s.9 (R Rω t n Rα Rω R.9 7kg 4m/s.5m.5m ( 9

37 ( ( P m m L m + m (kg m s L ω m ( ω L 4 ω 5. (/s.5 m ( 7 ( (. -8 AB l MB O m B A A A O O Ml m -8 ml + ω + m l ml ml m ω Ml Ml.9. h.m l4.m mkg F86N ( µ. f N -9 α mg l h h cosα sin α l l -9 W F F Fl cosα F l h (J W F l F h

38 W G W f G mgh f fl µ ( mg cosα + F sin α l (J 4....( (J W F F cosα α F. qm 5 kg/s 5. m/s F t ( m m m F ( q m t t N F q m q 5.5.5(W 4.. kg 4m. m s h h m h. 4.6 (m s W mgh m W m + mgh (J.4 kn/m m.kg A A x. m - A x.5 m A x o A x -

39 µ mgx k( x x kx kx k( x x µ mgx. ( µ. α 45 m/s - ( h h W f µ mg cosα mgh m sinα h 4.5(m - g + gµ ctnα h µ mg cosα m mgh sinα gh( µ ctnα (. 8.6(m / s.4.6 m - M h O m M h -

40 m + ( m + M m m + M ++ W W ( m + M ( m + M gh m h ( g m + M g.7 m kg. m/s. m/s m kg m + m ( m + m m + m. +..7(m / s m + m + E k m + m (J ( m + m +. ( +.7

41 4 RT RT M M PV mol T n P k t n nm P ε t kt ε 4 i kt ε RT i E 6 5 i 5 ( N N f ( 6 mol mol.4 M RT M RT m T P k mol mol M RT M RT m T π π k mol mol.7 M RT M RT m T k < < P mm cm L( m P. 76mmHg tm( 5

42 T 7 + t N A 6. mol R 8.J mol K R k.8 J/K N A P tm K T 7 V.4 L/mol. P T V... PV T P T ( V PV T PV T P T V PV RT ( P nkt ( n R 8.J mol K R k.8 J/K N N 6. mol A A.4 5

43 M PV RT M mol PVM mol M RT T P V M mol R M < M..5 P nkt T n P V T P..6.7 ( ( ( (4 ( P nkt PT n ε t m kt 6 T n i 4 E n kt nt i E.8

44 .9 i M kt ( kt ( k T (4 RT M mol ( kt T kt T i k T T M 4 M mol RT T M M mol. i T kt M E RT M M mol.9. M i i ( E R T P V M mol P V > E > M i E R T M mol T > E > T E M i E R T M mol M i E R T M mol i M P V ( PV RT M mol 7

45 . p p p p p p p p p p. m kt T m O > m N.4 T T T T kt m 8kT π m kt 8kT m π m T T π kt m 8kT πm 8RT πm RT M mol mol. ( 56.6L 7tm K kg( ( tm 8

46 K M PV RT M mol M molpv M.( kg RT 8. PV P V T T PVT V 8.5 (L P T R P m R 8.J (mol K (tm (L R 8. tm L (mol K. 768mmHg 748mm 8mm 74mm ( PV P V PV P V ( (mmHg 8 + ( P P + P ( mmhg. V P T m P m m m m PV RT M mol m m PV RT M mol ( m m RT M mol ( P P V.4 5 tm 7 m m N 9

47 N P nk T kt V 5 5 PV. N.45 ( kt.8 ( tm. P T 7 + t..5 P.tm TK ( ( ( (4 P nkt 5 P. 5 n.45 (/m kt.8 M PV RT M mol 5 M PM mol. ρ.(kg / m V RT 8. M mol 6 m 5. (kg N A mn ρ m ρ 5. (kg n ε.8 6. t kt (J..6 K ( ( kg ( i M i E RT RT M mol Hei E RT (J 5 5 H i 5 E RT (J 5 5 O i 5 E RT (J M kg HeM mol 4 kg/mol E (J 4 5 H M mol kg/mol E 8.. (J 5 O M mol kg/mol E (J 4

48 .7.74 J i E RT Hei E.74 T ir 8. (K.8 5m/s ( ( RT P M mol O M kg mol mol P 5 m s H M O M M mol T P R kg mol mol (K RT P ( m s M mol kg mol mol RT ( m s M mol 8RT ( m s πm mol.4 kt RT RT P.4 m M M 8kT πm kt m < < P mol 8RT πm mol RT M mol.6.7 mol RT M mol RT M.9. m/s ( ( P tm. 5 P T 7 K M M P M mol P V RT, ρ M V RT mol mol 4

49 RT M mol RT M mol 5 P M mol P. ρ. 8 ( kg m RT (. RT M mol RT 8. 7 mol 4. (. M ( kg mol ( P tm T 7 K. V P T P P P T T T (K M mol ( kg mol RT ( m s M mol.9 4

50 V W PV V M Q C( T T (C M mol Q W + E 4 P i V C V R T V i + P CP CV + R R T T PV C T γ C P i + Q PV CQ γ > C i 5 E Q W η Q Q Q (Q Q Q ω (Q Q Q Q 6 V 7 4

51 8 Ω Ω Ω 9 S k ln Ω ( S > 4. ( ( ( ( ( V 4.4 W PV V P V W PV V V W PV V 44

52 M 4.5 E E CV ( T T ( CV M mol M E C ( T V T M M M i E CV T R T M M mol mol mol C V i R 4.6 E Q W > W P V > RT PV ν T > Q W < E > 4.7 b b b b E Q W > 45

53 4. 4- cb b 5J 6J b b 4J b b 84J E E 4 J b P c b O V 4- Q E + W cb Q 5 J W 6 J Q W (J E b b W 4 J Q Eb + W (J b Eb Eb 9 JW 84 J Q Eb + W (J 9J E E E 4 J W4 W 4 J Q 4 E + W (J b 46

54 Eb Eb E Eb E ( E E E b E (J Q 5 Eb + W5 Eb + 69 (J b 8J69J Q E + W Q > Q < W > W < P-V b W 5 E 4. mol K 5K ( ( Q E + W i E R T 8. (5 6. (J V W PV Q E + W (J 6.J P W PV P( V V R T 8. ( (J Q E + W (J 8.8J 6.J 45.5J Q E + W i E RT PV RT W P V mol ( b( c c b ( P(tm c b O V(L 4- (b T E 47

55 W Vb PV PV b b ln ln V.4 Q E + W 46 (J (cb E E 46 (J 5 W Wc + Wcb + Wcb Pc ( Vb Vc. ( (J Q E + W + W 69 (J ( b b i E Eb E R( Tb T T b T E P V P V b b P P V (P.4 b b V 5 W PV P ( V V. ( (J Q E + W + W 4547 (J m K tm tm ( ( ( V.m T KP tmp tm P V PV P V. 4 V m P T T K 4 V 5 W PV ln.. ln 4665 (J V. C P i γ CV i 5 5 γ γ P V P V γ 5 PV γ. 7 4 V ( (.7 (m P

56 PV PV T T 4 PV T.7 T 9 K PV. i i W E R T ( PV P V 694 (J 4.6 mol K m ( m ( m M mol T K V m i 5 V m M mol γ Q W E T V M i W E R( T T M mol M i V γ + RT[ ( ] M V mol 5 8. [ (.75 (J T V 5 γ V T V M V W PV ln RT ln V M V mol ] γ 8. ln 5.74 (J P - V (( b c cb b 4- P c i b O V V V 4- P - V mol 4-4 bc b b c 49

57 c ( ( ( P(tm b c 5 M mol M mol b W Q E M M mol M M mol i R( T C T T 5. b c E Q W P V c c b V V ln V c b 5 O V(L i T b T c V V b P P c M M mol i ( PcV C ( T c P V T ( P V c c V ln V c V b i P ( V c V 567(J ln 46(J.4 5 c W P ( V V. ( (J c M M i + Q C P ( T Tc R( T Tc M mol M mol i + P ( V Vc ( (J W W + W + W (J Q Q + Q + Q (J W W 877 η 9.94 Q Q + Q

58 b c b c T T η γ T T C γ C p P c c b b O 4-5 b Q M b c Q CV ( Tc Tb > M mol c Q M Q 4 CP ( T T < M mol M C p ( T T Q Q4 M mol T T η γ Q Q M C Tc Tb V ( Tc T b M 4.7 mol V 5

59 qq F ˆ 4πε F E q Q E 4πε Qi i ( i 4πε E i q ( Q 4πε Φ E S E S 4 E S q S ε 5 σ E ε λ E πε R Qx E 4πε ( R + x 6 E l L 7 U U U b E l b b 5

60 U E l 8 q U 4πε qi ( i 4πε i U q ( Q 4πε 9 R Q U 4πε ( R + x R Q ( R 4πε R U Q ( R 4πε b b Wb F l qe l q U U b W Wb ( W qu E E E q σ ε Q C U C 4πε R ε S C C i C i 5

61 C C i i 4 E D εe ε ε D D S q S 5 Q W QU CU C W ε E V V 6 9 e.6 Cε 8.85 C (N m 4πε ev( F( µ F( J pf( 9. 9 N m C 5. ( 5. S +Q Q Q f F qe 4πε σ Q Q E F ε ε S ε S Q f 4πε F qe E q q Q Q Q E F QE ε S ε S ε S 54

62 F qe F E q q ( q 5. F Q 5. E E ˆ q 4πε F E q q F Q E ˆ Q E 4πε 5.4 Q Q Q Q E S q S ε Q Q E ˆ 4πε Q Q Φ E S S ε Q E Q Φ Q E Q Φ Q ε 4 Q Q E ˆ 4 ˆ 4πε 4πε E S ( 5.5 S S S S 55

63 E S q S S ε q E S S E S S S E S S q S S P q F F q P q q q P P q F F P q q (U E g E Q R Q E U 4πε R U E U E E E U U

64 bc E l E b + E l E c + E l L b bc bc c bc E b c E b Ec E l ( Eb Ec b L E l L A B +q b E Q q +q c A B 5-5- B B B +q +Qq+q B E +q +Q q E q +q q 5. n U U nu q R nq 4 4 n π πr, R n nq q U n n U 4πε R 4πε q U 4πε U nu n U 57

65 5. q D q E ( q D σ E S ε ε S ε ε ε U U E D ε ε E ε D 5. C U E U E q q q AB q q AB q AB q q

66 5- q q 5-( q q 5-(b y F F F q y q F F F +q O +q x +q +q O x ( (b 5- q q F qq qq F F cosθ 4πε ( + ( + πε ( + F y F F ( + ( + F qq πε ( + ± ± q q q q y O q q O q O O O O y E.64 4 cm E.9 5 N/C.85 kg/m 59

67 E 5-4 q ρ 4 qe mg ρ π g ρ π g.85 π ( q 8. (C 5 E.9 E F q 5. 5 m 79 α +e.6 9 C α kg α m α α qq 79e e 58e F 4πε 4πε 4πε 9 58 (.6 4π 8.85 ( α F (m/s 7 m p ql +q A A >>la q A +q 5-5 E A q E+ E 4πε l q l q 4πε (N l l 4 ( 4πε ( + ( l q +q O A x E E

68 +x A q 5-6 l E + A E q +q O x 5-6 q q q l E A E E+ l l 4πε l 4πε ( 4πε ( + ( 4 +x l >> l >> E ql p A E A 4 4 4π ε πε p E A πε 5.5 R5.cm Q5. 9 C P P x x x>>r ( 5-7 l q q R O x P E // x E E 5-7 q P E P E E // E E E // P q cos Q cos E θ θ E// E cos cos q Q θ Q θ Q 4πε 4πε Q 4πε x cosθ E πε, Qx R + x 4 ( R + x 6

69 x E x >> R ( R + x x Q E 4πε x Q E x ( R + x x ( R + x x E Q [ ] x 4πε ( R + x R R x x ± E mx R Q R 4πε [ R + ( ] π 8.85 [(5 + ( 6.9 (V / m q q q E q E E E E E ( E x E y E s E x E x E y E y E z E z E Exi + E yi + Ezk 5.6.5m.cm E +. 9 C ] 6

70 R.5m l.cm.m Q 9 +. C l l E E E + E E E E E l << R l 9 Q.. q λ l l. (C πr l π.5. E q 4πε R. 4π ( V m E E.7 V m 5.7 +λ 5-8 P E P l S λl E S E S + E S + E S E S Eπl l O P S ε λ E πε R Q S ( Q 4 R E S E4π π S ε 4 πr Q E 4πε R E Q E 4πε R Q > R E S E 4π S ε 6

71 Q E 4πε Q E E 4πε cm. 4 C/m x.cm.cm S S O x x x 5-9 S S x 5-9 ( x E S E S + E S + E S + E S x S S ρ ε ρ x E ( x ε 64 ( x E ρ ε ρ ε E ρ ε S E S E S x x E.cm ρ ρ E x (. ε ε ( ε. ρ S 4.9 (V / m.cm 4 ρ..5 4 E 5.65 ( V m ε 8.85

72 q. 8 Cq. 8 C 5- ABCD 4 8.cm6.cm q. 9 C A A B C D A B C q D q 5- ABCD q q q q U A + ( + 4πε 4 4 πε + π ε ( + 6. (6. + (8. U B U C.8 4πε ( 4πε q q 4πε A A (V + ( + + 4πε q + 4πε q + ( q q +.8 (V + q q + 4πε ( 4πε ( U D q( U U A q( U A qu A. W W A W A.6 A 6 J (J 65

73 A AB q( U A U B q( U A qu A A CD W W B. W A A AB.6 q( U C U D q( U C qu C W W.6 6 (J ( D W C A CD.6 5. x R8. m σ. 5 C/m P P x x6. m 5- q q σ π q P 6 J 6 (J (J R O x P x 5- q σ U 4πε ( + x ε ( + x P R σ σ U U ( R + x x ε ( + x ε x 6. m 5. U ( (8. + ( (V q ( q U q U U 5. R ρ 66

74 67 R 4 4 E S E S π π ε ρ ε ρ E R 4 4 R E S E S π π ε ρ R E ε ρ R + R E E E U R R R R + ε ρ ε ρ 6 ε ρ ε ρ R R E E U R R ε ρ ε ρ R Q π π ( 4 ( 4 R Q R R Q U ε ε 5- R P P P P U U U ε ρ ε ρ ε ρ U P π π ( 4 4 R U R R P π π ε ρ ε ρ ε ρ 6 ( ε ρ ε ρ ε ρ ε ρ R R U U U P P P + + R R U R R P 4 4 ε ρ ε ρ ε ρ π π 5. R.cmR cm P P R O 5-

75 U U 45V λ l S E S Eπl λl S λ E πε R R λ λ R U U E ln R R πε πε R λ πε U π R ln R ln. ε (C/m 8 λ.8 4 E.5 (V/m πε R π λ.8 E.74 (V/m πε R π λ.8 E 5.76 (V/m ( R R π 8.85 [6.5 ] πε [ R + ] 5.4 cm A. 8 C cm B A 5cm 5cm AB 8 A Rcm q. C A B B qq +q 8 q q q q. 5cm U π 4π 4π 4π 4π 5 (V ε ε R ε R ε ε 8 q q q q. 5cm U π 4π 4π 4π 4π 5 (V ε ε ε ε ε AB A B B q 68

76 8 q. 5cm U 45 4π 4π (V ε R ε 8 q. 5cm U 6 4π 4π 5 (V ε ε R Q Q Q U ( R U ( R 4πε R 4πε mm cm V 5.mm 5.mmScm U V S Q C ε U E U C ( F 7.7(pF 5. Q U C.77 7 σ 5. ( C/m 4 S S U 4 E 6 ( V/m 5. t5.mm ε ε ε S C ε C (pf 4 E 6 4 E. ( V/m ε 5. 4 U E (V U U C C U (V U 4 E 6 ( V/m 5. 8 Q C U C U (C n 69

77 C ε ( n π( /( n n 7 5- n n + n n n + ( n + n n ε S ε π( C ( n ε π( C n C ( n C C C i C C i 5.7 R R R R 5-4 +qq 5-4 q E ( R R 4πε ε R R q q U E ( R R 4πε ε 4πε ε R R q R R C 4πε ε U R R 4 + q q ε ε

78 ( U E q C (C q U 5.8 b l(l>>b ε +Q Q Q +Q b l >> b l 5-5 D S πld Q S Q D (b πl D Q E ε ε πε ε l 5-5 Q ω e DE 8π ε ε l < > b ( b b Q Q b W ω ev ω e πl ln 4πε ε l 4πε ε l Q W C Q Q πε ε l C W Q b b ln ln 4πε ε l Q W DEV W C Q W W C DEV 5.9 S U ε S C U ε l 7

79 C U q CU C U ε S C ε S U CU U U C ε S W CU W CU εs U εs εsu A W W CU CU U ( 5..5cm.cm 6% t.5 cmq. cm U / U 6 (U,C q CU C U C U. 6 ε S C C U t C t C + + C C C ε S ε ε S t t ε ε S C ε ( t + t C C C. 6 C t.5 ε. t ( 5.6 7

80 5. 5 m 5 m +e.6 9 C kt k.8 J/K T R R R O O R R e R e e A F 4πε 4πε 4πε R A EK EK O EK O 9 e ( E K A 7.68 J 4.8 ( ev O 5 4πε R 4π 8.85 E K kt O E 4 KO T.7 (K k.8 e A e U e( U U R eu R e 4πε R A E E E K K O K O e 4 5 E K A 7.68 J 4.8 ( ev O 4πε R E K kt O E KO 9 T.7 (K k A F F cosθ A q U 9 ev.6 J 7

81 74 q j t S j S S E E k l ( E k + - µ l B 4π B B µ q B 4π 4 µ B (cosθ cosθ 4π B µ π µ B 4 π B µ R B R B µ n 5 Φ m B S 6 B S S 7 B l µ ( L 8 F l B F F NSn B M P P m m

82 9 F q B m R qb πr πm T qb ( µ < ( µ > ( µ >> H B µ H µ µ H H l L C 7 µ 4π N A me 9. kg 7 m p.67 kg T( 4 Gs( 6. F q B B B F q B sinθ θ B θ π F 6. ( E Fq F q B F F q B sinθ θ B F B q sinθ F B q B P e ql Pm Sn 75

83 p e ql p m Sn P E e µ P B ο m 4 π ε π M P E M P B 76 e e P e P P m E e Pm B M e Pe E M m P m B P e P m E P e B P m q 6.4 E ˆ - 4 πε µ ˆ l B 4 π - ( ( q l ( E B ( E E B q B E ˆ 4πε ˆ l B µ q l E B 4π µ ˆ 4πε 4π q l E ˆ B l ˆ m m

84 R R B µ π B B b 6- bc c B l µ L 6- B l B l + B l + B l + B l L b bc c B l + + B l + b B b b B c c c Q b c B b Bc 6.8 L B l B cos θl B cos θ L L L B B L 6- Q B l cos θ B l L L B 77

85 A B L L L B l µ L L L B l µ B l µ ( L L L B L 6-6- L L L O O P O L( 6-4 L B L B B l B l π L B L L 6-4 B l Bπ L P B L B B L 78

86 π B l θ B l Bcosθ l B L L B l B L l B // l L L L l B l B l µ B L L O O f + B O f B f + e f e B B 6-6 f + f O f f m R R eb B f q f q B 6. ( N S N

87 A.5m µ B π 7 4π 5 B µ 4 (T π π.5 µ B π 6..cm 5.A.cm 7 4π 5. 4 B µ.4 (T R. 7 µ R 4π 5. (. B ( R + x [(. + (. ].8 µ B µ R B R ( R + x 6. 4cm.cm 6 5.A l4cmr.cmn6 5.A N Φ m B S µ ns µ πr l 7 6 4π 5. π ( (Wb N B µ n µ l 7 6 4π (T 5 (T

88 6.4 R4.cm A A O R B A R 6-8 B B + B µ µ µ B ( - π πr R πr 7 4π 6.( - π 6.4 π 4. B ( 6.5 4cm A 6-9 A cm cm l5cm A l 5 (T A 7 µ µ 4π 5 B A 4 (T π π/ 4 π µ µ 6-9 B A + π π( - B sl + µ µ Φ B S BS l S + π π( µ l + µ l ln + ln π π µ l + ln π 4π 7 5 π ( + ln. A 6 (Wb 8

89 Φ B S S s B S S B S cm b8.cmh.cm.a ( b h b O 6- L B l Bπ µ µ N L 7 4 N 4π 5. 6 B µ (T π π B h sh b b Φ B S h 6 h ln S ln (Wb ( m / s 5. m e e T π / µ µ e µ e B π 4π π.6..5(T 4π (5. 8

90 e e P m S π π (A m e e ( T π/ 6.8 KLMN 6- P K N L l M b B µ ( πb 6- P 6-4 b l + ( l + b + K N L l M b P 6- P KLMN KLMN P LM P µ B LM (cosθ cosθ 4πb µ l ( + 4πb + b ( l + b B p BKL + BLM + B MN BLM B l µ ( + P 4πb b + ( l b + 8

91 µ B (cosθ cosθ 4πb µ B 4 (cosθ cosθ 4π µ π π (cos cos π 4 4 µ µ ( + π π µ B B µ π π B µ ( 4 8 π cm A A P 6-4.m A A L L B L L B 6-4 P P L µ µ π π( + +.m. + L.cm L.m 84

92 6. ( 6-5 N m B N 8.cm.A m7.gg9.8m/s B N M F N l B L Mg F m g (m B Mg + F m g (m ( m m g F m m m mg F 6-5 Q F N l B L F NB mg B.( T N. 8. F l B L 6. 5cm A 6-6 B B B B + B B B cos µ cos π π µ B B B F

93 µ µ F l B B L π π 7 4π N m π N m A bc b l 9.cm l cm b l.cm A F l B 6-8 µ F b l πl 7 4π 4 8. (N π. F l l l F b F c b c b F bc c l l l F 6-7 µ F c l π( l + l 7 4π π( (N + + l l µ µ l l ln l π π l 7 4π ( ln 9. π. l+ l µ 5 Fbc F 9. (N l π 5 (N 86

94 6.4 N OO J 6-9 B B θ 6- O O B B n M Pm B P m NSn M M P B sinθ NSB sinθ N m B sinθ M Jα M N Bsinθ α J J P m M ev 5 B 5.5 T 6- f q B e B Q f eb B m E k Ek f e B f m f f 6- f m n m R 87

95 n f m e E k B m m (m s 9. E k 9. m m R 6.7(m 9 5 eb B f q f f 6.6. T.cm 5.cm m R πm Q T h T eb eb 9 ebr.6.. m (m s // 9 h ebh T πm π (m s υ + υ // (7. + ( (m s // // T m. V E 6- B e 6- ee eb 88

96 4 E. 6. (m s B. 6. m s F e qe f q B F e f 6.8 B.4T R.m D D D D D T 7 T πm π (s 9 eb.6.4 πr πr π. 7 mx 4. (m s 8 T T/.4 eu m mx 7 7 m mx.67 (4. 6 U 8.48 (V 9 e m/s.5t 6u 65u (u u.66 7 kg m R ( qb m 6u R eb m 65u R eb ( m m R R eb 7 5 ( (m 89

97 m R qb 6. R4.cm ( 6- N5 5. T H O R µ 5. T B 5. H.98 (A m 7 µ 4π 6- R B l B πr µ N L µ N B πr πrb π µ N 4π 5.4(A B 5. H 9.9(A / m 7 µ µ 4π H l H πr N L B πr πrh µ µ πrb N N µ µ N π π b ( O b b 6-4 H l H π π( L π( b ( H π( b (A 9

98 9 t Φ E b B l ( E b S t B l E L S E 4 M Ψ Ψ t M t Ψ E 5 L Ψ t L t Ψ E 6 L Wm V B V BH W V V m µ 7 S t D S D t t S D D Φ t D j D S t D j l H S D C L ( 9 q S D S ( S t B l E S L ( S B S (

99 D H l C + S (4 L S t 6 H( mh( µ H( 7. B 7. A B B 7- A B O A A A B A A B A 7- B E E E E l L 7.4 l E Bl B l 9

100 E Bl E ( B l B B l L E Bl l E Bl Blω E F lb R M f F ω ω M f o ω N O E, F N l o S S L Ψ A B A B K S D C C K B B A S D 9

101 S D C K A B Φ Φ E t t Φ B S B S - B 7-6 Φ t cosω E ω sin ω t t E ω E R - 7. B

102 l E Bl E R F l B 7-8 N S N S E, F B E, O B F ω B 7-9 b Φ E Φ E b t 7-9 E Bl b b E ( B l L 7. E ( B l L 95

103 7.4 B E l S L E S t H l L c + S D S t E l L E l L F qe ( 7.5 D S q ( S B E l S L ( S t B S ( S D H l C + S (4 L S t (D 96

104 B Φ (t + 4t + 5 Wb ( ( t 6s R Φ E (6t + 4 V R t t 6s E 4 V 7- E E R 7. sinωt ω ABCD l (b 7- µ ( B π sl 7- b µ µ l sinω t b Φ B S l ln S π π Φ µ l ω cosω t b E ln t π 97

105 A B A B l l D b C D b C 7-7- S B S Φ B S Φ Φ B S A l.m.m b.m N.m s E ( B l µ E AD N Bl Nl D A π µ E BC N Bl Nl C B πb E AB E DC Nlµ E EAD EBC ( π b 7.. 4π 5. ( π.. (V E ( B l (E B L m( 4.6 T 96km h 4 L 47m, B.6 T, 96km/h 98

106 E ( B l BL (V 4 47 N S m 4.55 T mv l. m n / s 7- B θ E ( B l L A ω D n θ B B C 7- E AB Bl sinθ B A E CD Bl sinθ D C E AD E BC Q ( B l E EAB ECD Bl sinθ π θ E Bl ωl B πnl B mx N E πnnl B mx( N E mx( N N πnl B π

107 7.6 4 B.7 T m 7.mV 4 B.7 T l m E 7.mV E ( B l L E Bl E 7..5 m s 4 Bl A b b lcm cm 7-4 b m/s 7-5 b l b l µ E ( B B π + l µ E E π µ + l ln π 7 4π ln. (V π B b b B 7-6 R N b

108 b b 4 b b b 7-6 R R E ( B l Bl ωlbl R πnbll πnbr ( B l l l B Bl M Bll R M M Bll BR b N R Φ Φ E q E + N t R t N q Φ R Φ N N q q Φ Φ Φ R R G K q G q 7.5cm G Ω K q.5 C 7 N.5cm R Ω q.5 C B R

109 G K 7-7 q N N q Φ BS R R qr qr qr B NS Nπ Nπ( ( ms.8Wb MeV 84cm W ee l e E l L L Φ E l L t Φ 9.8 W e (J 48.8(eV t 4. 6 W 5 N. ( W S NπR. π 84. m 7. RR>> N N N µ N B πr B N Φ N BS N Bπ 4 (T

110 Φ µ NN M R B B Φ M Φ R 7. S 4.cm 5 S R cm 7-8 5A 7-8 N B µ R Φ N BS Nµ N S Φ R µ N N S M R 7 4 4π (H 6 4 E M 6.8 ( 5.4 (V t cm bcm 7-9 b b b b/ 7-9

111 µ B π b b µ µ Φ B S B ln S b b π π 7 NΦ Nµ 4π 6 M ln ln.77 (H π π NΦ Φ M cm 8.cm 4. s.a.a l 5cm S 8.cm N 4 N B µ n µ l Φ BS NΦ N L µ S l π (H.. E L. 8.8(V t. B B L Φ L N ND cmd cm h.cm D h D B l Bπ µ N L µ N B π 7-4

112 5 ln D D Nh h N Bh S B D D D D S π π µ µ Φ ln D D h N N L π µ Φ (H.9 ln. 4 7 π π cm 5.cm 6.mH 6cm l cm 5. mh 6. L N l N B µ ( B BS π Φ ( l N N L π µ Φ π µ ll N 9( π π ( 7- l ( B π + π µ µ ( l l l l Bl S B S π π π π + π ln ln ln ( µ µ µ µ µ Φ l L π ln µ Φ 7-

113 mm 5mm.A l mm 5mm N.A µ N B µ n µ µ l 7 B µ µ N 4π 5 ω m. (J m µ l ( W ω mv ω m π( l V 5 5. π ( 5.9(J 7. 5.cm A R 5.cm A µ B R 7 B µ 4π ω m.6(j m µ 8R 8 (5. 7..mm 7.mm A 7- R.mm R 7. mm µ A µ B π B µ ω m µ 8π 6

114 W ω V π m ω m V V µ 4π R ln R R R µ 4π 7 4π 7. ln.95 (J 4π. ω m V ω m V ω V m L 7. R 7- R R R 7-7- H l H π L πr H πr µ B µ H πr B µ ω m µ 8π R π R µ W ω mv ω m V V 4πR µ 6π 7. π 7

115 x Acos( ω t + ϕ x + ω x t A x + ω ϕ ctn( ω x k ω m ( x u ω Asin( ω t + ϕ t x ω Acos( ω t + ϕ ω x t 8- A x x Acos( ω t + ϕ y ωt+ϕ t ω A (t O ϕ x x E E k + E p ka

116 Ek E p E k E p 5 x cos( A ω t + ϕ x A cos( ω t + ϕ x x + x Acos( ω t + ϕ A A + A + A A cos( ϕ ϕ A sin ϕ + A sin ϕ ϕ ctn A cosϕ + A cosϕ ϕ ϕ kπ k ± ± LA A + A ϕ ϕ (k + π k ± ± LA A A k k k k k + k + 8. k k k + k k k k k k k 4k k 4k k ω ω m m m m m k k ω ω m m k ω m + + k k k 9

117 k k + k + 8. k ω m km ω 8. m T π k E ka m mx mx 8.4 F kx F kx x ω x t x Acos( ω t + ϕ 8.5 E ka E ka m 8.6 x A cos( ω t + ϕ x A cos( ω t + ϕ

118 x ( A + A cos( ω t + ϕ π ω t + ϕ (k + k ± ± L x x(cm 5 x x O.5. t(s 8- π A5cmT.5s ω 4π T x t A x x t x ϕ π ϕ x Acos( ω t + ϕ 5cos(4πt(cm π x Acos( ω t + ϕ 5 cos(4πt (cm π ϕ ϕ ϕ π x x 8. T s A.5 m T s π ω π (s T A.5 m t

119 π ϕ x.5 cos( π t (m g x.4cos(4πtπ 4 π t (s( (t.5s π mg x.4 cos(4πt 4 ω 4π s π π T. 5 s ω 4π π ϕ A. 4 m 4 x ω Asin( ω t + ϕ t mx ωa 4π.4 5 (m/s ω x ω Acos( ω t + ϕ mx ω A (4π.4.6 (m s E ka mω A (4π 5.5 (J (.4 π 9 t.5s ω t + ϕ 4π.5 + π 4 4 ( ω, A, ϕ 8.4 x A x Acos( ωt+ ϕ t ( x A ( x x ( x A x (4 x A x A 8- π O A x x A ϕ π

120 x +x ϕ π A x x π ϕ A A π A O π O A x A x A x π ϕ 4 x π 4 O A A A x :4 : m T π k m 9 T / T m 4 E ka 4 E / E A / A ( kg.8 m kg 8 m 4 m/s m kg l.8 m x m/s mg k l mg k l mg 9.8 k. 5 (N/m l.8 k.5 ω (/s m

121 4 A x + ( (8 + ( 9. (m ω ϕ ctn ( ctn( ± 9.7 ω x < π ϕ π x 9. cos(8.75t + (m 6 ωaϕ 8.7 kg x 6 cos(5tπ (S π ( ( ( ( x 6 cos(5t π π A 6 mt (s ω 5 π t π x Acos( π ωa sin(.(m/s π π π t s x 6 cos(5 6 (m π π ωa sin( ωt + ϕ 5 6 sin(5 ω x 5 6.5(m s E k m E p kx mω x k (6 9 5 k m 8-4 ( (m xm F k x + kx ( k + k x k,k k k + k k k ω k m m (b k k m m F k k F F m xk x k x + (J 4

122 kk + k k k k k + k F x x + x k k kk ω m m( k + k 8. F F + k k k k m k k m ( 8-4 (b 8.9 π x Acos( ω t + 4 x Acos( ω t π 4 x x 8-5 A A A A A A ω A π π 4 4 O x π 8. 4 x Acos( ω t+ ϕ π x Acos( ω t+ A ϕ 8-5 ϕ π ϕ ϕ ϕ ϕ ± kπ k π ϕ ± kπ + k π ϕ ϕ ± (k + π k π ϕ ± kπ + k 5

123 8. π x 4cos( t+ 6 5 x cos( t π 6 ω A 8-6 π 6 π x A A A 4 π A 6 x ϕ ω 6 π 8-6 x cos(t

124 ( +x x π y Acosω( t Acos( ωt x Acos π( λ E k E p t T x λ E E k + E p ε ρa ω ε ρa ω 4 πx πx x y y + y Acos( ω t + Acos( ω t + Acos π cosω t λ λ λ x λ cos π x k k ± ± λ x λ cos π x (k + k ± ± λ 4 5 π 9. 7

125 9. x y Acosω t x y Acos( ω t π λ 9. ω Asin( ωt + ϕ 9.4 λ λ λ ε ρa ω ε ρa ω 9.8 8

126 9.9 P P P P π π ρ (ρ (ρ π (ρ (ρ π 9. x x m y. sin πt (S π y. sin(πt + (S 8 y. sin πt π π y.sin(πt +.sin[πt + ( x x] 8 λ π ω. 5 (Hz π π π π ( x x, λ 6( x x 6 ( 6(m λ 8 λ 6.5 4(m/s y x ( 9. y 6 cos 4π( t x (S x y 6 cos 4π( t x Acosω ( t A 6 m 9

127 ω 4π (Hz π π.5(m/s.5 λ (.5m 9. x.m 5Hz 4m/s x y Acosω ( t x x y. cos[π 5( t ]. cosπ( t (S t 9- x ( T T t (T ( x x 4 Ot y A π ϕ λ x 4 T π O y A cos( ω t + ϕ A cos( t + π T π x y Acos[ ( t + π] T T π T x π ( t y Acos[ ( + π] Asin x 4 T 4 λ 9- y A y +A y O x x x x x 4 x x x x 4 x A 9-9- T π T x π t y Acos[ ( + π] Acos x 9- T λ π π ( x y Acos( t + π Acos t 9-4 T T

128 y +A y +A y A x x x x 4 x x A y T T t 9- λ π x π x x y 4 Acos[ ( t + π] Asin t 4 T T y +A y t A 9-5 y y( x, t t t y y(x x x y y(t π 9.5 x y Acos t T A 6 mt8s m/s ( ( x5m ( t.5s x 5m π x π x ( y Acos ( t 6 cos ( t (m T 8 (x5m π 5 π 5 y 6 cos ( t 6 cos ( t (m 8 9 π (x y 6 cos t 9 y 6 sin π π t t 9 9 t.5s y.86 (m.6 (m/s x5m π 5 y 6 cos ( t 9 π π 5 6 sin ( t 9 9 t.5s y 6. (m

129 (m/s x O x P y Acos( πt + ϕ ( ( x ( x P y Acos( πt + ϕ x x y Acos(πt + ϕ (m (x x x y Acos(πt + + ϕ (m ( y y(t x P y P Q x Q PQ x x x PQ x x x x Q P yq y P ( t ( Q x P yq y P ( t + ( Q yq y y Q 9.7 5Hz 5m/s ( 6 ( s π y Acos( ω t x λ ( π π ϕ x x λ π 5 ϕ x. (m π π 5 ( t ϕ ω t π t π 5 π ( W m/s 5km

130 W W 6.9 (W/m S 4π 4.4 (5.9 ε 6.7 (J/m c m B 5m S 4π S S S 4π L log, L log L L (log log log 5 L L log L log L log log 6 (B 9. S, S m S, S y cos π t π y cos(π t (S 4 ( S S ( (S S S S π ϕ ϕ ϕ ( λ π π ( λ 8 (m 4 λ (Hz λ 8 8 (m/s S S π π π π ϕ ϕ ϕ ( λ 4 8 A A + A + A A cos ϕ A + A A A.8 m π ± kπ, k,, L ϕ ϕ ϕ ( λ ± (k + π, k,, L (S

131 9. S S Hz π S S m 8m/s S S π 8 ϕ ϕ ϕ ( λ 8 (m λ π S ϕ π 4π 8 π S ϕ π ( 6π 8 S S ϕ ϕ ± kπ S S P S x P S ( x π π π ϕ ϕ ϕ ( x x π ( x π ( x λ 8 π ϕ ± ( k + π π ( x ± (k + π x ± 4k ( k S S S S S m6mm4m8m 9. 4

132 LC π LC E K B K E B K S E H E B µ 4 8 c m/s ε µ. LR CR LR CR ( RC RC RC RC. LC q L q W e Wm C q We t W m L m 5

133 LC. LC LC L C π LC LC LC.4 E B E B E B B ε E µ 4 c εµ ε µ 6. L5mH C 5µ F C µ F LC L + C (Hz 6 π LC π 5 5 L + C 7 (Hz 6 π LC π 5 C C L + 58(Hz 6 π LC π L( C + C π 5 (5 + L + C C π LC 4 CC 5 π L π 5 6 C + C (5 + (Hz LC 5.7

134 . 6 µ H m 6m ( LC λ π LC λ C ( L π λ m λ C ( ( 4. (F 6 8 L π 6 π λ 6 m λ 6 C ( (.9 (F 6 8 L π 6 π 4. F.9 F LC. - S E B µ - E S E B µ S E i O S i - - ( H.4 E6V/m B S B ε E µ E 6 7 B ε µ E (T 8 c S E B B E µ ε 8.85 S EB E (J m s 7 µ µ 4π EB 7

135 ( D x k λ k D x λ ± ± n x nx π ( λ λ 4 π λ 5 kλ k,, L λ δ nh + ( λ (k + k,,, L λ λ l n sinθ n θ λ h n ( k Rλ k λ kr k 6 N 8

136 λ N 7 λ sin ϕ ± k k λ λ sin ϕ λ x ftnϕ f sin ϕ f λ 8 δθ m. D R D δθ m. λ 9 + b sin ϕ ± kλ k N- N- N cos α n i tni n i + 9 A nm 9 m m.. S S S S S. S 9

137 S S S.4 π λ λ.5 λ l θ l n sinθ.6 λ Q l nsinθ θ l θ l λ θ λ θ θ.9 ( (

138 ( (. X X.nmnm sinϕ kλ k ± ± λ << ϕ X X... nm λ 589.6mm m mm.6 D m λ 589nm Dλ x 9 Dλ 589 x x.95 (m.6..4mm.m ( λ 76nm ( λ 4nm D x k λ ( k ± ± D. 9 x λ (m.4 D. 9 x λ 4.4 (m.4 x x x ( (m

139 ..4mm M.m -.mλ 6nm N ( δ N E S O M N S.cm.cm - D λ x (k + k ± ± 9 D λ k x.45( mm.4 9 D λ k x ( + 5.5( mm nm (n.5 6mm λ λ l n sinθ n θ 9 λ θ.5 ( n l λ h h ( λ b θ

140 λ b sinθ sin θ h λ h b nm 4. m.4 m b 589Å -.4 m - λ n λ h sinθ n tnθ 4..4 λ h n (m.7 ( λ 579nm 4.6mm 6.mm k kλr k k λr k λr

141 R λ 4 λ (6. ( (m.8 A R B ( λ k k -4 R R kλ R + R k m R. λ 65 nm.95mm R -5 k e e + e C C R R k A e e k A B B R R C C -4-5 R k + ( R e R k + ( R e e << R e << R e e k e R k e R λ λ e + (k + k λ λ ( e + e + (k + k k λ λ ( + + (k + R R 4

142 R R kλ k R + R k R Rk R kλ -. ( (.95 (m k.9 ( n.5 ( n. λ 5nm n n n. n. 5 e λ n e (k + k k + e λ k 4 n 9 λ 5 9 emin 96. (m 96.(nm 4n (n. 5nm 7nm λ λ ne (k + (k + k + λ 7 7 k + λ 5 5 k + 7 k λ 5 7 e (k (m 67.(nm 4n 4. [ ( k + ( k + ] [(4(5] e e e ( µm (47nm λ ne + kλ k 5

143 6 4ne λ k k k 9 kλ 48 m 48( nm ne kλ 6 ne.5.4 λ k k k k λ 6 9 m6(nm λ 4 9 m4(nm nm M 964 M λ N M (m. λ λ sinθ k k ± ± L π θ k λ ±.4.5mm.5m (.mm λ λ sinθ x sin θ & tnθ f fλ fλ x fλ x x.5. 6 λ.5 m 5(nm f.5.5 λ 4 nm 9 9 6

144 .5m m λ λ x sinϕ kλ sin ϕ tnϕ f 9 kλf (m x sin ϕ kλ k λ 9 kλ 4 λ 6(nm k..6 λ 546. nm cm 5 sinϕ ± kλ k 5 m / λ 546.nm k 5 9 kλ 546. ϕ sin ϕ λ 589.nm sinϕ ± kλ k π ϕ k ± ± 5 ±. 9 9 λ 589. k ±.6.8 ( λ 44.7nm cm m ( ( ( λ 69.7nm sin ϕ kλ ( k ± ± x sin ϕ tn ϕ f fkλ x k x. 6 (m kλ nm 7

145 x.8 (m x x x (m.6.9 º45º cos θ θ cos θ 45 cos 45 cos. 77 cos º cos 45 cos ( n.46 n.46 tni n i ctn µm 4.5 n 4.5 tni n 8

146 . i ctn

147 4 ( c t x x y y z z ( c x c t t ( c t x x ( c x c t t ( c l l ( l ( c t t ( t 4 x c x x x u u u ( c m m ( m 6 ( c m m p 7 mc E c m mc E E E k

148 E p c + m 4 c 8 5 l.y.( 9.46 m. K K t x t c K t t ( c t x K K. t t t t ( c t t > t. K l K l l ( < l c K K K K. K x m K m K 4

149 x t x ( c c t x t c ( c t c c (s 6 K 5.8 (s t x x t x t c ( ( c c. K K x.6c x x t t x m 7 t s( y z 5 x m 7 t s( y z K K x x x 5 4 (m t t t 7.6 t x 4 t c c.5 (.6 ( c x t 4.6c x (.6 ( c (s 7 c 8 (s 7.5 (m.. π s( (.8c π + 4

150 ( π + (π + K K π + t 8 t.6 8 t 4. (s.8 ( c ( π l.8c t (m.4 K x u. 8c K K x.5c K u u x u x +.8c +.5c u x.9c u x.5.8c + + c c.5 m (m m m ( c m m ( c c. 94 c.6 m p m p m ( c m m ( c 8 c.866c.6 (m/s c 4

151 E k mc mc E k mc mc mc mc 8 c.94c.8 (m s c 44

152 ε h ε h p c λ h m + m A A / h mm V e h λ λ λ sin m c λc h m.4 c R( (kn n>k λ k n θ nm k k k R m En Ek kn h.6 n E n (ev( n n n n> 4 45

153 h E h p m λ h λ m 5 p x x h 6 h J s p y y h p z z t E h h. ( ( ( (. θ λ λ λ λc sin λ c λc.4 nm X X λ Å 5 λ..4 n 46

154 R( n4 λ n 6 n λ 656nm 5 R 6 n4 λ4 486nm λ λ4 7( nm R n5 λ5 44nm λ 4 λ5 5( nm R 4.5 n6 λ6 4nm λ 5 λ6 4( nm R n.5..5ev 4.5eV 4.eV 45nm h A + m A h > 8 c 4 9 h h (J.76e (V λ nm (.5eV ( ( ( ( h A + m 8 c 4 m h A h A (eV 9 9 λ 4.6 ( ev m V m e.6 e e.6(v 47

155 c ( h A λ 4 8 hc λ 4.97 (m 497. ( nm A eV.eV ( ( h A + m 4 8 hc λ.88 (m8.8( nm 9 ( A + m ( h A 9 A (Hz 4 h X.5nm 8 c 4 5 h h (J λ h.6 λ ( kg m s.5.78nm X 9 h θ θ λ sin λc sin mc λ.4 nm θ 9 c λ.4 9 sin 9.4 (m.4 (nm.6 5 n6 n5 n4 n n> 5 n n6 5 n 4 - n n.7 n ( - n4 n

156 E E n, E. 6 (ev n.6 E (ev 4 E E.85 E4 (ev.8 kv eu eu m m h h h λ p m meu (m.75 9 (nm.9 /5 c 5 h h h / c λ m m m / c c 5.9 (m.9.8. nm x p x h x m h h m x e 7.8 (m/s p.97 (m/s (nm 49

157 ( ( - ( (

158 .4 ( ( (.5 (.6 ( ( (.7 He-Ne L.m.m n c q q nl q c c c ( q + q nl nl nl 8 8 L.mn 5 (Hz. 8 8 L.mn.5 (Hz. c nl 5

159 A X A Z AZ Z X α β γ. - A X Z A X Z A Z A Z A Z A X A Z X Z. A X m Z A E E mc A A. 5 m U 9 α 9Th β 5

160 U 9Th+ He 4 4 Th P e ~ ν α β.5 Bi 8 5 kg 8 Bi ln τ λ λ λt t N t N N e ln ln t τ 5 N N e e 6.5 (kg 6.5 kg t.6 γ (.9 ( 5

161 98% 54

162 N N N N P P 4P-N P N N P P-N (P N P-N P-N. N N N 55

163 . 6eV.eV. N 5 E g.ev ev.4 N P.5 N P ( N ( P N P.6 P-N P-N N P P N N P P N P-N P N P-N P-N P-N 56

164 .7 N P P-N P-N - N P P N P N P-N ( c.8 ( N (c (b (e - NPN b b P N e P e P P P b - P-N N P c ( b c 57

165 58 T 77K ( c 4 5 Bc B c B c < B c B < B c ( B > B c ( B c < B < Bc. ( (..

166 .4 Bc Bc Bc Bc Bc Bc.5 Φ h e Φ Φ Φ h e.6 Tc 77K.7 59

167 4 5 K 6

168 6 6

169 6 E ( x n i i i n x n 4 x x ± x ( 5 ± n (n 6 (.48±.(.578±.(54.±(99.997±. (.5±.(.58±.(54±(.±. (.56 ±.( ± 5 ±. ( ±.

170 (.56 ± (. ±. (5. ±.5 (. ±.4.75cm.864m7.5g.45s57s67km ±n 5.8cm.68m7.g.4s.57 s 6.7 km ±n 4 x ± x ( ( x i ( cm 4.98, 4.56, 4.78, 4.9, 4.6, 4.6, 4.4, 4.7, 4. 6 ( x i ( kg.5,.6,.8,.,. ( x ( s.,.,.,.,. i n xi ( x i x i x S x n n x 5 < n x S x E x ( x 4.5cmS x.cm x x ± x 4.5 ±. (cme. 7 ( x.4kgs x.4kg x x ± x (. ±.4 kge ( x.8ss x.8s x x ± x.8 ±.8 se. 8 5 ( cm cm D ± D n D D i. 67 cm n S D D i n i S D D n + i..4 6

171 D ± D.7 ±. 4 (cm 4 6 ( x 4.98 ±.(s ( x.498 ±.(s ( x.98 ±.(s ( x 4.98 ±. (s x. (se.6 ( x.498 ±. (s x. (se.4 ( x.98 ±. (s x. (se ( ( 7 ( m.95 ±. kg g mg t ( ( θ (.8 ±. ( ( m.95 ±. kg (.95 ±. g 6 (.95 ±. mg (.95 ±. t ( θ (.8 ±. (8 ± 6 ( 8 ( N A + B C N A.568 ±.(cm B 85. ±.(cm C.74 ±.(cm ( V 5 ± cm? V ( R c R b.5 ±.(cmb. ±.5(cmc67. ±.8(Ω (N84.6(cm N A + B + ( C N ± N 84.6 ±. (cm (. (cm V V (.4 (cm V V ± ( (. ±.4 V V (R6.(cm. (cm (cm 64

172 R b c ( + ( + (. R b c R.7 R ± R 6. ±. 7 (Ω 9 ( V π h π ( V ( D h 4 4 Az ( ϕ ( A x y ( V π h ln V ln π + ln + ln h V h ( + ( V h π π ( V ( D h lnv ln + ln( D + ln h 4 4 V D D h ( + ( + ( V D D h 4 Az ( ϕ lnϕ ln A + 4 ln z ln x ln y x y ϕ ϕ 4 z ( z x + ( x y + ( y 65