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- 胡 史
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7 W L Gates.Open Lecture The influences of the ocean on climate.scientific lecture at the 28th section of the ECWMO.WMO Bulletin. July
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11 WCP 1 WCRP2 WCAP 3 WCIP4 WCDP
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13 A Henderson-SellersP J Robinson. Contemporary Climatology. Longman Scientific Technical 1987
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16 dt = - = 0.65 / 100m 1 1 dz
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18 km 800km 60km D 300km EF1 F2 D E X
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21 P = F 1 3 A P = Mg 1 5 A
22 P = W S = gh S = gh 1 6 S e f = E mω q = 1 9 m + m d ω mb 1mb=1000dyn/cm2 1Pa=10dyn/cm2 1mb=100Pa 1mb=1hPa Hg g/cm3g= cm/S2 1mmHg= g/cm cm/S2 0.1cm= dyn/cm2=1.333hPa mmhg hpa 1mmHg=1.33hPa=4/3hPa 1 8 1hPa=0.75mmHg=3/4mm 1 9
23 e q = p = m ω 1 11 m d = e 1 12 p - e a g/m3 g/cm3 t e
24 P1V1 P2V2 P3V3 PnVn = = = Λ = T T T T n 8 4
25 PV T = 1 14 PV T P0V0 = = R * PV = RT 1 15 T Pa m / mol R* = 273K 3 = Pam / mol K 8.31J / (mol K ) M V 1 µ V = M R T PV = M R T 1 16 µ P µ PV = M µ RT M R P = T V µ M R R V µ P = RT 1 17 R d = R * = = J / gk µ d
26 P e e ρd = ρ R ϖ = dt RϖT R * µ d R * Rω = = = Rd µ µ µ ω ω d = + = P - e R T + e 1.608(P - e) = R T 1.608R T = P R T ( e P ) d ω d ω d d e e P P e 2 P ρ = P e RdT( ) P P = R T e d 1 20 P T = e v T 1 21 P e T 1 P
27 T = T - T = e v 0 P
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29 W/sr [] Watt per steradian
30 df = F d F = df 2 2 d λ 1 2 Fλ 1 λ 2 2 F = F d 2 3 F λ1λ 2 λ λ λ1 λ1λ F = F d λ λ Q Q a o Q r Q d + + = 1 Q Q o o
31 I I T Tb = K T e = I λt λt I λrb 2 7 I λt = I λtb 2 9 K λt IT = I Tb 2 10 K T
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33 W/m2 AHendersonsellerselal Conlemporary Climatology W/m2
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35 ϕ ϕ ϕ ϕ
36 S 2 8b = AC S' AB = sinh
37 I I 0 = P (2 16)
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40 = C m T = m 288
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47 dq=c dt-rt dp P P 2 29 C dt-rt dp P P =0 (2 30) C dt =RT dp P P T dt R p dp = T T C 0 p0 P p
48 1n T T 0 0 T = T P P R = 1 C n P P 0 P R C P 0 R 0.287J / (gk) = C J / (g K) P (2 31) T P = 2 32 T P 0 0 d = - dt i i dz 2 30 dz i d RT g g T = RT i ρ = 2 33 C Pρ C P T dp dz = -g dpi = dp dz dz = -g T i d = RT g = g i C ρrt C T Ti T P P 1 d = g (234) CP
49 2 = 98. m / s d 1005m S K 0.98K / 100m( 0.98 / 100m) 2 2 / ( ) Ldq = C dt RT dp s p 2 37 P dt RT dp L = C P C dq s 2 38 P P
50 dti dz g Ti L = C T C P p dq s dz 2 39 dti g L dqs L dq s = = γ d 2 40 dz Cp CP dz CP dz dti L dq s γ m = γ d = dz C dz m p dqs dz 0 dqs 0 0 dz dq s dz 0 dq s 0 0 m d dz dqs m dz
51 R θ = 1000 C = P T T 2 42 P P Lq θse = θ Cp
52 dq dt = Cp dt RTdP dt P dt 2 44 dt dp dt dt dt dt
53 T dt = t dt + T x dx + T y dy + T z dz 2 45 dt T dt = u T v T t + x + y + w T z 2 47 T u T v T w T = t x y z dt dt 2 48 u T v T + x y T w z
54 1 v n = Vcos60 = 30 = 15km / h 2 4 V T n = 15 = 012. / h t 500 dq 2 44 dt dt 1 RT dp = ε dt C C P dt P P dt T u T v T T = ω 2 53 dt t x y P w = dp w 0 dt
55 = g P Z RT 1 = P P g d RT = C P γ dr T g P T T Z RT T = = = P Z P Pg Z T P C P γ RT Pg RT Pg RT RT ( γ γ ) ( γ γ) Pg Pg d = d = d γ ( γ d γ) RT 0 ω 0 Pg d
56 ρ i a = ρ g 2 58 ρ i = P i = P i P i = P RT RT i Ti T a = T g 2 59
57 γ γ d a = g Z 2 60 T
58 θ 2 42 Z 1 θ 1 T R 1 = θ Z T Z C P 1 T RT = T Z CPP P Z P Z P = ρg = g P Z RT R T P g = = γ C P Z C P P P d 1 θ 1 T = + γ d θ Z T Z θ θ = ( γ γ d Z T ) θ θ 0 ( d ) 0 0 ( d ) Z Z θ 0 0 ( d ) = 0 Z θ 0 Z γ γ m a = g Z 2 61 T
59 se 0 0 = 0 = θ θ θ se m m se m m se m Z Z Z
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72 de LE = df R T ω de L dt = E Rω T 19. 9t E = E 0e t t E = E t
73 E = E t i t at E = E β + t s i
74 Ei f i = f E
75 W A E = e P 3 9
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94 dp dz = g
95 = P R d T dp g P = dz R T d - dp 1 dz RdT h = Pg 8000 h (1+ t / 273)(m / hpa) 4 2 P
96 P2 P1 Z2 dp = ρgdz 4 3 Z1 P2 dp z2 g = P RT dz P 1 Z1 n P Z 2 2 g 1 = P RT dz Z1 1 Z2 g P = P e RT dz Z1 P P e g ( Z Z 2 1) 2 = 1 RT n P 2 g 1 = ( P RT Z Z 2 1) 1 RT Z Z n P = g P2 P1 Z2 Z1 = 18400( 1 + t / 273)log 4 6 P hPa 1.225kg/m33. 11km 4. =0.65/100m =0-56.5
97 0 0 1n P Z g g dz 1 1 P R T R n T n T z γ z γ z = = = ( ) O ( γ ) γ T T 0 0 z 0 γz Rγ Pz = P0 ( 1 ) 4 7 T 0 g 0 g Rγ
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102 H = g Z ϕ 9.8 ϕ ϕ
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106 P G = N N P N P P - - N n P - / Z 1 P A -(P Y Z X X)
107 P P P Y Z - P + Y Z = - X Y Z X X P Y Z - Y X Y P Z - X Y Z Z ϖ ϖ ϖ P + + X Y Z = - P X Y Z X i P Y j P Z k V - P - P N ϖ G ϖ G = - 1 P 4 8 ρ N 1 G G n Z = = ρ 1 ρ P n P z P - n -3 3 P = g / cm - = 1hPa / G = n N / kg n
108 S = 1 at at = V t a = 2V 2 A = 2V 4 9
109 ϕ ϕ ϕ ϖ C ϖ 2 C r ϖ V = r ϖ C = V r
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111 ϖ dv ϖ ϖ ϖ ϖ = G + A + R + g 4 12 dt G ϖ A ϖ R ϖ g ϖ du dv dw fx =, Fy =, Fz = dt dt dt du 1 P = + 2vω sinϕ + R dt ρ x dv dt dω dt 1 P = 2uω sin ϕ + R ρ y 1 P = g + R ρ z 4 13 du 1 P = + 2vω sinϕ dt ρ x dv dt 1 P = 2uω sinϕ ρ y 1 P 0 = g ρ z 4 14
112 ϖ ϖ G = A ϖ ϖ G A 1 P = 2Vgω sinϕ ρ n 1 P Vg = ρω sinϕ n P Vg - n ϕ ϕ P n = 1hPa / = 1.293kg / m3
113 ϖ 1 P g Z G = = ρ n n g H = Z 9. 8 ϖ H G = 98. n 9. 8 H Vg = 2ω sinϕ n 4 16 ϖ ϖ 4 20 G A ϖ C ϖ ϖ ϖ G = A + C ϖ ϖ ϖ G A C V r P Vc = rωsin ϕ ± ( rω sin ϕ) ρ n ϖ ϖ ϖ G C A ϖ ϖ ϖ GC = A V = r ± r + r P ac ω sin ϕ ( ω sin ϕ) ρ n P - r n - 1 P ρ n = 0 V c = -rωsin ϕ + ( rωsinϕ) 2 r P 4 19 ρ n V ac = rωsinϕ - ( rωsinϕ) 2 + r P 4 20 ρ n c
114 ϖ G V V V ac g c ϖ ϖ G = C V r 2 1 P + = 0 ρ n P n ϕ
115 ϖ VT ϖ ϖ ϖ VT = V2 V1 ϖ ϖ ϖ V2 V1 V1 = 0 ϖ ϖ V = V 2 T ϖ g( Z2 Z1) Tm VT = ( 421) ft n m
116 ϖ ϖ ϖ V + V = V 1 T 2 ϖ ϖ ϖ V + V + V 1 T 2 ϖ V T
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120 30 S 30 N 6 5
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122 M = ωr 2 2 cos ϕ + urcosϕ ϕ
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127 n 1 I Z = ( Φ45 Φ65 ) ϕ n 1 n 1 Φ I M = λ n 1 R cosϕ
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132 f tga g T Vg = m T
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163 cascade
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165 2 a I = b I I I = 0 2 ρ 6 2 ϕ ϕ ϕ W/m2 1372W/m2 1370W/m2 A.Henderson-sellersP.J.Robinson.Contemporary Climatology,1987 HH Z S
166 dqs = I 0 2 sinh (6.4) dt ρ dq dt s = I 0 2 (sinϕsin δ + cosϕ cosδ cosω) 6.5 ρ ϕ ϕ ϕ I 0 dqs = 2 (sin ϕ sinδ + cosϕ cosδ cos ω) dt 6 5 ρ T dt = d ω 2π T I 0 dqs = 2 (sinϕ sinδ + cosϕ cosδ cos ω) dω 6 7 2π ρ Z h AA P ZPS PZS <= cosz=sinh
167 T I Q = + ω s d 2 (sin ϕ sin δ cos ϕ cos δ cos ω ) ω 2π ρ ω0 T I 0 = ( π ρ ω sin ϕ sin δ cos ϕ cos δ sin ω ) 6 T π ϕ 0
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170 MN
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172 A.Henderson-Sellers and P.J.Robinson.Contemporary Climatology
173 A.Henderson-Sallers,P.J.Robinson.Contemporayr Climatology
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177 P = ρg z P z = P = - g z x = 1 z P - 1 g VC T P 0 Cp P Qp = 1 0 VCpTdP = VTdP P g g C n p Qp = TiVi Pi 6 12 g i= 1 LE L P0 VqdP g n L LE = Viq i Pi 6 14 g i= 1 p
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180 A.N.StrahlerA.H.Strahler.Elements of Physical Geography1979
181 1 P0 QV = VqdP g n 1 QV = Viq i Pi 6 16 g i= 1
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183 ...Vol.13No
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193 ϕ K A A D y + d = 100% ϕ + 14
194 + A max Ai K = + 100% 6 18a A A K A = A max A max i max + max A max 100% 6 19b + A A i - A max max
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200 P
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202 .CA
203 T A = λ α ' ' 6 19 αz' Q C K T p = pρ α 6 20 αz αq LE = LK 6 21 αz αt' A αz' ' K' = λ 6 22 ρ' C'
204 αt C αz P dq 6 22 L dz K dq dz
205 p 1 1
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207 A.Henderson-Sellers and P.J.Robinson.Contemporary Climatology.Longman ScientificTechnical
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215 r 6cm 10 cm 25 r 6cm 10 cm 25
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237 r5 mm
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241 ( ) ( ) O 2 3 ( R 25 E 65 K 136 J T 225 P 280 C 345 D 395 S 435 O Z ) ( ( ) ) ( ) ( O2 3 10% ) O2 1% ( )
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247 Trends'93Published by CDIAC
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250 A. C. E. B. - D. F. 8 6
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254 1983
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261 CH4 CO2 2.1 N2O CO2 206 CFCs CO2
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268 n E H µ = KC 2
269 e RH u r u r
270 eu-r (hpa) RHu-r( ) e u r
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ο HOH 104 31 O H 0.9568 A 1 1 109 28 1.01A ο Q C D t z = ρ z 1 1 z t D z z z t Qz = 1 2 z D z 2 2 Cl HCO SO CO 3 4 3 3 4 HCO SO 2 3 65 2 1 F0. 005H SiO0. 032M 0. 38 T4 9 ( K + Na) Ca 6 0 2 7 27 1-9
m0 m = v2 1 c 2 F G m m 1 2 = 2 r m L T = 2 π ( m g 4 ) m m = 1 F AC F BC r F r F l r = sin sinl l F = h d G + S 2 = t v h = t 2 l = v 2 t t h = v = at v = gt t 1 l 1 a t g = t sin α 1 1 a = gsinα
P r = 1 + ecosθ 2 V = V + V 1 2 2V1V2 cosθ 2 2 = ( V V ) + 2V V ( 1 cos θ) 1 2 1 2 40000 V = 0. 5( / ) 24 60 60 λ m = 5100A = 0.51 Å 2 u e d s 3 1 e uud udd 3 2 3 e 1 3 e V = 2 9. 8 2000 = 198 V
E = B B = B = µ J + µ ε E B A A E B = B = A E = B E + A ϕ E? = ϕ E + A = E + A = E + A = ϕ E = ϕ A E E B J A f T = f L =.2 A = B A Aϕ A A = A + ψ ϕ ϕ
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F = k Q Q r F = k Q = k Q r r Q Q = Fr k = C 0 5 C 9 0 5 Q 0 3 n = = 9 = 65. 0 e 6. 0 4 3 A B 7 7 9 6 C D 7 7 F = k q 7q = k 7q r r q + 7q = 4q F = k 4q 4q = k 6q r r F = 6 F 7 7q q = 3q s c = t s c =
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