(CIP) /. :, ISBN G CI P ( 2005 ) ( ) ( 1) : ( 2) E- mail: guji.com.cn ( 3) :

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2 (CIP) /. :, ISBN G CI P ( 2005 ) ( ) ( 1) : ( 2) E- mail: gujil@ guji.com.cn ( 3) : ww w.ewe n.cc / : ( 3000, ) ISBN B 524 :,

3 ,,,,,,,,, :, ;,,,, 18

4 2,,,,,, ( the center of the world ),,,,, : ( ),,,,,, : ( John Gray),,,,,,,,,,

5 3,,, :,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 20,,,

6 4,,,,,, the H umanities, 15, 19,,,,,,,,,,, 20,,,,,,, 20,,,

7 5,,,,, :,, : ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

8 , 19 20,,,, 1927, 30,,,, :,,, ( ) :,, :, 1997,,

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11 4,,, (, ;, ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, :,, :, 1995,, 24

12 5,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,!,,,,,,,,,,,,,

13 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

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15 ( ) 218 : : 245 ( ) : 257 :,

16 : : : 368 : 377 :

17 19, 1978,, ,,,,, :,, :,, :, :,1979, 28

18 2, :,,,, 20 70,, 8,,,,, 19,, 19,,,,, ( ) :, :, 56 :, : ( 1979), :, 1981, 2

19 3,,,,,, 1978,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, : ; :, :

20 4,,, :,, ;,,,, 20 70,, 1978, :, ;,,,,,, 1981 :,, :, 27 :, : ( 1979), 6

21 5,, 1982,, 1983,, 10,, :, ; ;, ; :,, :, 1981 ; :,, :, 1981 :, :, 1982 :, ( ), :, :, :, :, 1982

22 6,,,,,,,, 1978,,,,, S1,,,, ;,,,,,,, 1978, : ( ),,

23 7 :,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ), 1987,,,,, Journal of

24 8 S y mbolic Logic Journal of Philosophical Logic A nnals of Pure and A p plied Logic,,,, 20,, ;, ;,, 2002 :,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ( ), 2003

25 9,,,,,,,,,,, 20 90, ( ), : ; 20 ;, ;,,,,,, :,, ; :,, ; :,, ,, :, :, 1999, 83 86

26 10,,,,,,,,, 1992,,,,,,,,?,,,,, ( ), 1974, ( UNESCO) :, ( ), :, :, :, 2001, ; :,,

27 11, ( BSO),,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, :, 1994, : 21,, http: / / / logicwe b/ Small Class. asp? BigClassID = 1 & BigClass Name = & Small ClassID = 1 & S mallc lassname = & S mallclass Typ e = 0

28 12,,,?,,?,,,, ( modernization ), ( S. N. Eisenstadt) :, 17 19,, 19 20,,,,,,, :, ( ), 2000 ; :,, : :,, :, 1988, 1

29 13,,,,,, ( modernity), ( Anthony Gidden s) :, 17,,,, : ( 1 ) ; (2 ), ; ( 3 ),,,, ( rationalization), :,, :, 2000, 1 : :,, :, 2001, 69

30 14,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 80,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,

31 15,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, :,, ,,,, :,,

32 16,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, :,, ; :,, ,, :,,

33 17,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,,,,, ; ; ; ;,,,,,, : 20,, :, 2004, 286

34 18,, ;,,, ; ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( Dagfinn Follesdal),,,,,, :, :, 1994,

35 19,,,,,,,,,,,???,?,?, : :, : 20, :, 2000,

36 20,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

37 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

38 22,,,,,,,,,,,

39 ( ), 20 80,,,,,,, 80 90,, ( bivale nt propo sition al calc ulus ) ( predica te calculu s ),,,

40 ,,,, 1999,,, ( ),, 20,,, :,,,,,,, :,, :, ( ), :, ( :, ( ), ), :,, :,, :, :, 1996, 172

41 25,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ( normativity) : ( Philosop hy of Logics ), ( Susan H aack) : :, :,2000, 108,, :, 108

42 26 ( valid ) (invalid),, ( precise canon s)( purely formal standard s),, (a normative discipline),,,,,,?,? ( argument ), (informal) ( formal), ( ) ( ),, Lp, Susa n Haac k: Philosoph y of Logi cs, Cambridge : C ambridge U niversity Press, 1978, p.1 :,,, :, 2003, 8

43 27 : A1 An - 1, An ( n 1 ), A1 An - 1, An, ( proof), ( good ) ( sound),, ( the validity of arguments as such), ( subject-mat ter ),,,, : ( completely rational),,,,,, ;,,,, ( ra tionality ), (extra-systematic validity ) ( va- Susa n H aack : P hilosoph y of Log ics, p.5,, 13 Susa n H aack : P hilosoph y of Log ics, p.11,, 21,

44 lidity in a system),,,,,,,,,,, ( syntactic validity ) : A1 An - 1, An Lp, An Lp, A1 An - 1 Lp ( ),, Lp 28, ( semantic validity ) : A1 An - 1, An Lp, A1 An - 1, An, ( tr uth-preservation ),,,,,,,, :, 69 :, 54

45 29,,,, ( to be global in scope),, ( neutral) ( objective) ( univer sal),,,,,,, ( prescription ) ( description ) ( the given ),,, ;,,,,,,, Susa n H aack : P hilosoph y of Log ics, p.228,, 280 :, :, 1983,

46 30,,,,,,, :,, ( enthy meme),,,,,,, : (i), S P M, SE P SEM, : (i) SEM SEP :, : , 1996,

47 31, ( i),, : (ii),, : (ii) P AM SEM SE P AEE, (ii) (i), ( ),,,,,,,,, ( bad ) ( fallacious), (invalidity ),, ( petitio p rincipii ),,, : (iii),,,

48 32,,! : (iv), ;, p q, : (iv) ( p q ) ( q p ) (iv): (iv) p p, ( iv),, ( iii) (iv ),,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,, p q : p q :,,, :, 1993, 29 30

49 33 p, q p q, p q, p, q p, ; p q,,,, p q p q T T T T F F F T T F F T,, ( inductive argument),, ( presumptive argument),,,,,,, Douglas N. Walton: Abductiv e, P resu mptive and Pla usible Argu ment s, in I n f or mal Logic, vol.21, No.2

50 34,,,,,, p,, ( P rotagoras ),,,,,, ( ), ( ) ; ( ), ( ) ; (), ( ), 5 4,,,,,, p p,,,, p p p, p ; p, p :, :, 1993,,

51 35 ;, p p,, p p,, p p,,,,,,, :???,,,, ( definit eness ),, :,,,,,,, :,,, Susa n H aack : P hilosoph y of Log ics, p.1,, 8

52 36,, ( gradations ),, :,,, :,,,,,?,, Susa n Ha ack: Philosoph y of Logi cs, p.33,, 48, ( P. F. Straw son) ( F. Sommer s ),,,,,,, :, Susa n H aack : P hilosoph y of Log ics, p.11,, 21

53 37,,, ( ),,,, = 12,,,,, ( the actual performance of argument), ( ),,,,,,,,,,, Susa n H aack : P hilosoph y o f Logics, p.22,, 35

54 38,, ( practical) ( pragmatic), ( ), ( argumentation ), ( ),,,,, ( detachment) ( imper sonal), ( Michael Polanyi),, ( personal participation ),,,, :, :, 2000, :,, ;,,

55 39,, ( ),,,,,,, (idealized)(imper sonalized ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, :,, ,

56 40,,,,, ( personal k nowledge),,,, :,,,, ( skill),,,, :,,, ( formalization ) :,, Mic ha el P ola nyi: Personal Knowle d ge, London: Routl edge, 1958, p.50. Mic ha el Pol anyi: K nowing and Be in g, Chica go: U niversity of Chicago P ress, 1969, p.105.

57 41,,,,,,,,,, ( Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz), ( char acteristica universal is),,,,,,, :,?,, ; ; ;,,, Susan Haack: P hilosoph y of Logics, p.1 p.3,, 8 11 :,, :, 1995,

58 42,,, ( T rudy Govier),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( Gilbert R yle),,,,, ( precision ) T rudy Govier: Foris, 1987, p.5. Problem s in Ar gu ment A nal ysis and Ev aluation, Dord rec ht: Gilb er t Ryle : For mal a nd Informal L ogic, in Contempor ar y Rea dings in Logic al T h eor y, e d. By I. M. Copi & J.A.Gould, New York: M acmilla n, 1967, p.222.

59 43, :,,,,,,,,,,, ( soundness),, ( completeness) ( decidability ),,, :, ( the closed-world assumption ), P. F. Straw son: T wo Kinds of Logic, in Log ic and P hilosop h y: S electe d Rea dings, ed. By G. Iseming er, New York: Apple ton-centu ry-croft s, 1968, p.231 pp

60 44 (a open world),,,, ;, ;, ( monotonic), ( non-monotonic),,, ( defeasible ) ( fallible),,,, :,?, ( necessity),,,, ;,,,, ( )

61 45,, ( monistic) :,,,, ( Ludwig Wit tgenstein) ( T ractatus Logico-P hilosop hicus) : 6.375, 3.03,,,,,,,, 20, :, 251 :,, :, 1996, Pears M cguinn es, Ludwig Wittg ens tein: T ractatus L ogico- P hilosophicus, London: Routl edg e & Kega n Paul L td., 1974 :, 786

62 46,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,? ( selfevidence),,,,,,,,, Susa n Ha ack: P hilosoph y of Log ics, pp ,, :,

63 47 ( Step hen Toulmin ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, St ephe n T oulmin : T h e Uses of A rg ume nt, Cam bridge : Cam bridge U niversity Press, 1958, p.1.

64 48, ( J rgen H abermas ),,,,, ( theoretical reasoning ), ( practical reasoning) ( ph ronesis),,,,,,,,,,,, ( primacy of practice over theory), J rg en H ab ermas : Postme ta ph ysic al T hin k in g, Camb ridg e: P olity Press, 1995, Chap.3, :,, :, 2001,

65 49,,, ( reason ) ( Max Webber ), ( rationaliza tion ),,,,,,, ( multiple modernities),, ( situat ed reason),,,,,,,,, ( Hilary Putnam ), ( ), (

66 50 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Hilary Putn am : Why R eason Ca n t Be Naturalized? in Af ter Philosoph y : E nd or T r ans f ormation? ed. by Kenne th Bayn es, Ja mes Bohma n a nd T homas M ccarthy, Camb ridg e : T he MI T P ress, 1991, p J rge n Haber mas: P ostmetap h ysical T hink ing, p. 139,,

67 ,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ( ),

68 52,,,, :,,, :,,, ( ),,,,,,,, :,, :, ( ),2002 1

69 ,,, ,, ( ) ( ),, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ), ; ;, : ( ), :, 1993,

70 54,,,,,,,,,?,?,? ( ), 20 90,,,,,, ( definition of argument) : ( ), :, ( ), : ( ), 346

71 55,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,????,?,?,, :, ;,,,,,, ; : ( ), 26 : ( ), 364

72 56, ( difference of opinions ),,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, :, 1994, :, ( ),

73 57, ( typology of argument), ( ),, : ;,, ( ), ( ),, :, :,?,, ( ), : q p( ) r s t u v, u v t, s t r, q : ( ), 351 :, :, 1999, 242 : ( ), 348

74 58 r p,,, ;, ;,,,,,, ( ), (, ),,,,, : (1 ),,, ;,,, (2 ),, :, : 364, 2000,

75 59,,, ( ),, (3 ), ( abductive argument ) ( presumptive argument) ( plausible argument ), ;,, ;,,,,,,,,, ( basic law of argument),, Dougl as N. Walton: Abductive, P resu mptive a nd Pla usible Argu ment s, fro m I n f or mal Logic, vol.21, No.2

76 60,, ( ), :,,, : (1 ) ; (2 ),,,,,,,,,?,,,?,, ( ),,, :, : ( ),

77 61, ( gradations ),,,,, ( relevance), ( ),,???, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,, ( rule of argument),,, :, 409

78 62,,,, ( semantic) : (1 ),, (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ), ( ), ( logical-semantic level) ( Moral Consciousness and Com municative Action),, ( the universal and necessary communicative pres upposition s of argumenta tive speech),, ( procedure) ( process ),, : (6 ) ;, :, :, 1999, 25 31

79 63 (7 ),, ( improbable),, : (8 ) (9 ) A. B. C. (10) ( 8 ) ( 9 ),, ;,,,,,,,, J rge n Haber mas : Mor al Consciousness and Comm unic ati ve Action, Camb ridg e : Polity P ress, 1992, pp.87 88,,,,

80 64,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ),,,,,,,,, :, ( ), :,, 1995

81 65 180,,, ( ) ( ),,, ; ; ; ; ; ;,,,,,,, ( ) :,,,,,,,, :, ( ),

82 ,

83 67,,,,,,,, ( con struction, identification and evaluation of argument),,,,, ( argument ative discourse),, ;,,,,,??,,, :, ( ),

84 68,, ( ),,,,, ;,,,,,, ( ) :,, ; ( ),,,,,, : ( ), 356

85 69,,,,, ( fallacy ),,,, :, ( ), ; ;,?,,,,,,, :, 242, :, :, 2004 : ( ), 370

86 70,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,? ( many questions ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ar gumen- :, 9 ( ) ( ), :, :, 1999,

87 71 tum ad hom inem),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, : ( ), 372

88 72,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( informal logic) ( )? ( Stan f or d E ncyclopedia o f P hilosoph y),, :,,

89 73, :,,,,, (an attempt to develop a logic which...), ( a logic of...),,,,,, , ( Univer sity of Windsor ) ( Ralph H. Johnson ) ( J. Anthony Blair) ( Logical Sel f -de f ense),,, 1978, 80, ( I n f ormal Logic Newsletter ), L eo G roark e : Infor mal Logic, in S tan f or d E ncy clope dia o f Philosoph y, http : / / plato.st anford.edu/ e ntries/ logic-infor mal/. R alph H. John son a nd J. Anthony Blair : Logical S el f - de f ense, Colum - bus : T h e M cgraw- Hill Comp anies, 1977, ; 1994,

90 74, ,, ( Association for Informal Logic and Critical T hinking ),,, ( Jaakko H intik ka) ( null set),,,,, ( non-formalizable),, 20 ( I n f ormal Logic in the T wentieth Century ), : ht tp: / / w ww.huma nities.mcmas ter.ca/ ail act/ : http: / / zeu s. uwindsor. ca/ faculty/ ar ts/ philosophy/ I L/ Joun ra llink s.ht m vol.72, N o.1 Ja akko Hintik ka : T h e Rol e of Logic in Argu ment ation, in T h e M onist, Ralph H. John son & J. Anthony Blair : Informal Logic in th e T wentieth Centu ry, in Douglas Walton & Ala n Brinton ( e d.) : H istorical F ound ations o f Inf or mal Logi c, Alder shot: As hg at e Publishing L td., 1997, pp , :, ( ),

91 75 (1 ) ( Ryle s distinction ) 1954, Tanner,, ( full-blooded), ( topic-neutral),, ( conceptual analysis ),,, ( 2) ( formal and informal fallacies),,,,,,, (3 ) ( baby logic: logic without formal system ) Gilb er t Ryle : Dil em mas, Cam bridge : Camb ridg e Univer sity P ress, 1954, p.119., ( de pt h grammar ) Wittg ens tein: P hilosophical I nv estigations, tran s. by G. E. M. An scomb e, New York: Macmilla n, 1951, 664, :,, :, 2001, 664 James D. Carne y a nd Ric hard K. Sc heer : F undamentals o f L ogic, New Yor k: M acmilla n, 1964

92 76,,,,, ( ), ( Irving Copi) 1986,,,, (4 ) ( critical thinking and informal logic),,, 20 70, :,, ( ) ( ), Irving Copi: I ntroduc tion to Logic, New Yor k: M acmilla n, 6th ed., 1982; I n f orm al Logic, New York: Macmilla n, 1986

93 ,,, ( ), (5 ) ( applied epistemology) ( Mark E. Bat tersby),,, ( epistemological norms) ( theory-application), ( Mark L. Weinstein),,,,

94 78 ( 6) ( argument evaluation), ;,,,,,,,,, : ( non-formal) ( ), ( pre-history),, 20 70,,,, J. Anthony Blair & R alph H. J ohn son: T h e Curre nt Sta te of Infor ma l Logic, in In f or mal L ogic, vol.9, No.2 & 3

95 79 20,,, ( fallacies and fallacy theory) (1 ) ( the viability of fallacy theory ),, :?, :, ;, ( a unified theory of fallacies ), ( Fallacies), ( Charles L. H amblin),, ( an argument that appears to be valid but is not),,, Douglas Walton & Ala n Brinton (e d.) : Historical Foundations o f I n f or mal Logic, : 20,, ; :,,

96 80, ( Gerald J. Massey),, : (invalidity),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, Charles L. H amblin : Fallacies, London: Me the un, 1970 Gerald J. M asse y: T h e Fallacy Be hind Fallacies, in Mi dw est J ou rnal o f P hilosop h y, vol.6, ( 1981 ) T rudy Govier : W ho Say s T h ere A re No Fa llacies?, in I n f or mal L ogic N e wsle tter, vol.5, (1982), pp.5 10 R alph H. John son: T h e Blaze of H er Splendors : Suggestion s A bout R evitalizing Fallacy T h eory, in Ar gu mentation, vol. 1, ( ), pp ; M assey on Fallacy a nd Informa l L ogic: pp A R eply, in S y nth ese, vol.8 0, ( 1989 ),

97 81 ( proof theoretic treatment) ( F rans van Eemeren )( Rob Grootendor st),,, ( pragma-dialectic),, ; ;,, ( John Woods ) (Douglas N. Walton ),, ( a pragma tic theory of fallacy),, ( dialogue ), F. H. v an E emeren & R. Groote ndor st: A r gumentation, Com munication and F allacies: A Prag ma-dialectical Pers p ecti ve, Hills dale, N J: Lawren ce E rlb au m Associa tes, 1992, p.103, :,, :, 1991, 114, John Woods and Douglas N. Walton : F allaci es: S electe d Pa pers , Dordrecht : Foris, 1989, p.xix. Dougl as N. Wa lton: A Pra gmatic T heory o f F allac y, T uscaloosa : Univer sity of Alab ama Press, 1995, p.xi.

98 82, ; (argumentation scheme), (critical questions ),,,, (2 ) ( studies of the individual fallacies ),,,,, ( ),, 20 90, ( begging the question ) ( slippery slope argument) (argument from ignorance ) ( argument from authority) ( appeal to pity ) ( A d Hom inem Argument) ( appeal to public opinion ) ( one-,

99 83 sided argument),,,, ( Richard What ely),, ( argument analysis),,,,,,,,,, ( diagraming ), ( Monroe Beardsley ) Douglas N. Wa lton: In for mal Logic: A H andboo k f or Cr itical A r gumentation, Camb ridg e : Cambridge U niversity Press, 1989 ; :, ( ), ; :,,

100 84 : ; ;,, +,, ( convergent argument) ( divergent argument ) ( serial argument), ( S. N. Thomas ) (linked argument), ( John Nolt), + +, ( Michael Scriven ),,, ( balance of con siderations) Monron e C. Beardsley : P ractical Logi c, Enge lwood Cliffs, N J : P re n- tice- Ha ll, 1950, :,, Ste phe n N. T homas : Pr actical R easoning in N atural L anguag e, E n- gelwood Cliffs, NJ : P re ntice- Ha ll, 1996, 4th ed.; John Nolt: In f or mal Logic: Possible Wor lds and I magination, Colu mbus : M cg raw- Hill Comp anies, 1984 Mich ael Scriven : Reasonin g, New York : M cgraw-h ill, 1976

101 85,,,,,,, Ar auca ria Markup, A raucaria, A raucaria,, Ar aucaria,,,, ( ),, ( Snoeck H enkemans ),,, : :, ( ), Chris Ree d & Glenn Rowe: Ar aucar ia: So f t ware for P u z zles in A rg ument Dia gr am min g an d X M L, Depar tment of Applie d Computing, U niv er sity of Dund ee T echnical Re por t, 2003 Douglas N. Walton:,,, http: / / w ww.sinoss.com/ zh-cn/ word/ pdf A raucar ia : http: / / uk/ s taff/ creed/ arau caria

102 86,, (assumption),,,,??, ( ),,,? ( ),, ( ),?,,, / ( theories of evalua tion/ criticism), : /, ( the principle of charity) Snoec k H enk eman s: Anal y z in g Com p lex Ar gu mentation: T he Reconstr uction o f M ultiple and Coor dinati vel y Compound A rg umentation in a Critical Disc ussion, A mst erdam : Sic Sa t, 1992,,,,,

103 87, :?,,? (1 ) ( fallacy as a theory of criticism),,, ( relevance) ( sufficiency) ( accept ability),,, ( probative relevance), ( Paul Grice),, ( Dan Sperber ) ( Deirdre Wilson ) : ( Relevance: Com munication and Pa ul Grice: L ogic a nd Conver sation, in P. Cole a nd J. Morga n (e ds.) : S y nta x an d S em antics, vol.3, New York: Aca demic P ress, 1975, :, A. P. :,, :, 1998

104 88 Cognition),,,,,, B A ( T ), A B ( T ),, T T ( M), A M, ( red herring ),,, (algorithm for sufficiency),,,?,,? (, dialectical sufficiency),?,,,,, ;,,, Dan Sperb er & Deirdre Wils on : Rele vance: Com munication and Cognition, Cambridge : Harv ard University P ress, 1988, : :, :, 2001

105 89 (2 ) ( the natural-language approach ) ( Reasoning),,,,,, ( seven-st ep method ), :, :,?,,,,,,, (3 ) ( T oulmin-type theories ),,, : :, ( ),

106 90, (claim) ( ground) (warrant ) ( backing ) ( modal qualification ) ( rebut tal),,,,, : 52, 50, : : : ;, St eph en T oulmin: T he U ses o f A r gument, Camb ridg e: Cam bridg e U niversity P ress, 1958, :, ( ),

107 91,, (intrafield) ( int er-field), ( field-dependent) :,, ( field-invariant ) ( ),, (4 ) / ( proba tive logic/ presumptive reasoning) 1986,,, ( reasoning of evalua tion ), ( Nicholas Rescher),,,, H arv ey Sieg el: E d ucatin g Reason: R ationalit y, Criti cal T hin k in g and E d ucation, New York: Routl edge, 1988 Nic holas R esc her: Plausible Reasoning : A n Introd uction to the T h eory and P ractice o f P lausible In f eren ce, A ssen: Van Gorcum, 1976

108 92,, :,? ( )?? ( ) 20 70,, ( How We Think ), ( Logic, The T heor y o f I nquiry ), ( L. Susan Stebbing) ( T hink ing to Some P ur pose), ( P ractical Logic), ( ),,, John Dewey: H ow W e T hin k, Bos ton : Hea th, 1933; Log ic, T he T heor y o f I nqui ry, New York: Irvington, 1938 L. Susa n Ste bbing: T hink ing to Some P u rpose, London : W hitefri ar s Press, 1939, L. S. :,, :, 1997

109 93,,,, logica utens,,, ; , ( The Uses o f A rg u- ment), ( mathematicization of logic),,,,,,, ( Chaim Perelman) ( L. Olbrechts- Tyt eca) : ( T he New R hetoric: A logi ca utens logica docens, ;, :,,

110 94 T reatise on A r gumentation ),,,,,, ( deliberative reflection ),, ( ), ( ),,,, 20 60,,, 60, Chaim Perelma n and L. Olb rec hts- T yt eca : T h e N e w R hetoric: A T reatise on A rg umentation, tran s. by John Wilkinson and Pu rcell Wea ver, Not re Dame : Univer sity of Notre Dame Press, 1969

111 95,,,,,,, (actual instances ) (artificial examples),,, ( Logic an d Contem porar y Rhetoric: The Use o f Reason in E very day Li f e) ( Howard Kahane), :, ( ),,,,

112 96, 20,,,,,,,,, ( ),, Howard Ka h an e: Log ic and Contempor ar y R hetoric: T he U se o f Reason in E very da y L i f e, Belmont : Wad sworth P ublis hing Com pa ny, Inc., 1971, p.vii. :,,

113 97,,?, 1954, ( James D. Carney ) ( Richard K. Scheer) 1964,,, ( Ronald Munson) 1976, ( Robert Fogelin ) 1978,,,, ( the end of the reign of formal logic),, ( in), 20,, James D. Carne y a nd Ric hard K. Sc heer : F undamentals o f L ogic, New Yor k: M acmilla n, 1964 Rona ld Munson: T h e W a y o f W or ds : A n In f ormal L ogic, New Yor k: H oughton Mifflin, 1976; Rob ert Fog elin : Un derstanding Ar gu ments: A n Introdu ction to In f or mal Log ic, New Yor k: Harcou rt, 1978 M. Scrive n: T he P hilosophical Significa nce of Infor ma l Logic, in J. A. Blair and R. H. John son ( e ds.) : In f or mal L og ic: T he Fi rst I nternational S y mposium, Inverness : E dge Press, 1980

114 98,,,,, ( E. M. Barth) ( E. C. W. Krabbe) ( F rom A x i- om To D ialog ue),,,,, 1 (form),,, ( terms ) ( ) ( names), ( informal/ not-formal),, 1 2 ( logical form of statement),,, ( formalized ), E. M. Barth & E. C. W. K ra bbe : From A x iom T o Dialogue: a philosophical stud y o f logics and ar gu mentation, Berlin: Wa lt er d e Gruyter, 1982, pp ,,

115 99,,,,,,, 3 ( regulated ) ( regimented) ( procedures ), 3, ( verbal dialectics) ( ),,, ( rules ) ( criteria) ( standards ), ( 2 ),, 2, 2, 1 3 ;, 1 2, 3,,, :

116 100 / ( the syntactic/ semantic study of reasoning ) ( the pragma tic study of reasoning in arguments),, (interdependent), ( opposed),,,,,,,,, ( ),, 2, 2,,,,,, Douglas N. Wa lton: W ha t Is Reas oning? W ha t Is An Argu ment?, in T h e J ournal o f P hilosop h y, vol.87, No.8

117 101 ( ), ( ) (logical modernity), ( ),, (alternativeness ),, 1901, ( ),, ( K. G del) ( D. H ilbert ),,,, ( ) ( ), ( extended logics, R alph H. John son : T h e R ela tion be tween For mal and Infor mal L ogic, in Ar g ume ntation, vol.13, No.3

118 102 ) ( deviant logics, ),,, ;,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,, 2,,, 2,, 2,,, :,,

119 , ( Sonoma Stat e University),,,,, 1986, ( Int ernational Conference on Argumentation),, ( Int ernational Society for the Study of Argumentation, ISSA) ; ; ; ,,, ( A r gumentation) ( ) ( ), : http: / / cf.hu m.uv a.nl/ issa/

120 104,, ( A rg umentation an d A dvocac y) ( Jour nal o f the American Forensic Association), ( P hilosoph y and Rhetoric), ( Teachin g P hi losop hy ), ( P rotosociolog y) 1999,, ISSA,,,,,,,1995, : ( Com mit ment in Dialogue: Basic Concepts in I nter personal Reasoning ), ( Paul Lorenzen ), : http: / / ww w.america nforen sics.org/ A A/ aa_info.html : http: / / m use.jhu.e du/ journ als/ par/ Douglas N. Wa lton a nd E ric C. W. Kra bbe : Commitment in Dialogue: B asic Conce pts in Inter personal Re asoning, Alb a ny : St a te University of New York Press, 1995

121 105 ( dialogue logic),,, (commitment),,,,,,, ( practical reasoning),,, ( ),, Fra ns H. va n Eemere n, Rob G root endor st a nd F rancisca Sno eck Henkema ns ( eds.) : Fund amentals o f Ar gu mentation T heor y: A H andboo k o f H istoric al B ack g roun ds an d Contem pora ry Developments, M ah wa h, NJ : L aw re nce E rlb au m A s- s ocia t es, 1996; H. V. Han sen a nd Robert C. Pinto ( e ds.) : F allacies: C lassical and Contem porar y Reading s, University Par k: T h e Pe nnsylva nia U niversity P ress, 1995 Dov M. Gabb ay, Ralph H. John son, Hans Jurg en Ohlb ach and John Woods (e ds.) : H andboo k o f th e L ogic o f A rg ument and In f erence, Studies in Logic and P ractical Reasoning, vol.1, Elsevier P ublis hing Com pa ny, 2002

122 106,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ( ), ;,,, ;,,

123 107,,,, 20 90,, 1988, I n formal Logic: Possible Worlds and Imagination : 1991, 7,,,, ( ) ( ), 1993, : 21, ( ), ; 21, ( ), :, :, 1988, 589

124 108,,,, ,,, 11,, 90,,, :,,,,,, :,, : ( ),, : :, :, 1990 ; :, :, 1997

125 109,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( problem-oriented approach ),,,,,,,,, :, :, 1999 :,,

126 110, 21, 2000,, 10,,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ),,,,, ( ), :, :, :, :, :, :, 2000,,,,,,

127 111,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, :, 1998,

128 112,,, :,, ,, ( ),,,,,

129 ,, ( rationalization),,,,,,, (crisis of rationality), ( risk society) ( clash of civilization) M ax We ber : T h e P rotestant E thi c and th e Sp irit o f Capitalis m, New Yor k: Charles Scribn er s Sons, 1976, p.26 :,, :, 1987, 15 Ulrich Beck: R isk Societ y : T owar ds a N e w Mod er nit y, t ra ns. by M ark R itt er break, CA & L ondon: Sag e P ublica tions, 1998 :,, :, 1999

130 114,,,,, 20,,,, logic, logos,,,,, logos,,,,,,,, :??,? ( Reason, T ruth and H istory ), W. K. C. Guth rie : A H istor y o f Greek P hilosoph y, Cam bridge : Cam - bridge Univer sity P ress, 1981, vol.1, pp

131 115, : 1879,, ( ),,, (,, ),,, (algorithm),, ( ),, :,,,,,, Hilary P utnam : Reason, T r uth and H istor y, Cambridge : C ambridge U niversity P ress, 1981, pp , :,, :, 1997, 135

132 116?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (canons ) ( principles ), (institutionalized norms), ( a criterial conception of rationality),,,,, ( ),,,, Susa n H aack : P hilosoph y o f Logics, Camb ridg e: Cambridge U niversity Press, 1978, p.11, :,,, :, 2003, 21 Hilary Putn am : Reason, T ruth and H istory, 1981, p.x, p.110,, 2 119

133 117, :,,,,, ( Return to Reason) :,, : (a universal method) (a perfect language) (a unitary system of nature), ( calculus ratiocinator ),, ;,,,, 1879, ( Got tlob F rege ) ( Beg ri f f sschri f t), St eph en T oulmin: Retur n T o Reason, Ca mbridge : H arvard U niv er sity P ress, 2001, Ch ap.5, T h e Drea ms of R a tion alism Gottlob F rege : Beg ri f f ssc hri f t, eine der arithmetisch en na chg ebild ete For mels pr ache d es reinen Den kens. Halle : L. Neb ert, 1879, tran s. as B eg ri f f ssc hri f t, a F orm ula Langua ge, Mod ele d u pon that o f Ar ith metic, f or P u re T hou ght, in From Freg e to G d el, e dited by Jea n va n H eijenoort, Cam bridge : Harvard Univer sity Press, 1967,, :,, :, 1994

134 118,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,

135 119 ( multi-agent epistemic logic),, Ki i,,,,,,,, (impersonal reason ),,,,,,,,,, :,,

136 120,,,,,,,,,,, (impersonalization ) ( transcendentalization ), 1901, ( Bertrand Russell),,,,, ( theoretical reasoning),, Susa n H aack : P hilosoph y o f Logics, p.228,, 280

137 121,,,, ( logocentrism ),, ( ), ;,,, ( cognitivistic reduction ),,,,,,, (the truth of assertoric sentences), ( truth semantics ),,,,, R. Jay Wallace: Practical R eason, in Stan for d E nc yclope dia o f P hilosop h y, ht tp: / / plato.st a nford.edu/ entries/ practical-reason/ J rge n Haber mas : Postmeta ph ysi cal T hin k in g, Ca mbridge : Polity P ress, 1992, pp.49 50, :,, :, 2001, 48

138 122,,,,,,, ( p hilosophical logics ),,,,,, ( philosophy of logic),,,,, ( postmetaphysical thinking), ( met aphysical thin king),,,,,

139 123 : ( 1) ( identity thinking), ( 2 ) (idealism),,, (3 ) ( the strong concept of theory),,,,,,,, ( procedural ra tionality ),,,, 17,18,, J rge n H ab er mas : Postmetaph y si cal T hin king, pp.29 33,, 29 32,, :,,

140 124, :,,, ;,,, ( situated reason),,,,,,,,,,,, ( primacy of practice over theory), J rge n H ab er mas : Postmetaph y si cal T hin king, p.35,, 34

141 125,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, ( linguistic turn),,,,,,, J rge n H ab er mas : P ostmetaph ysical T hin k in g, p.50,, 49

142 126,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( sub stantial conception of rationality), ( ),,,,, ;,,,

143 127,, (invalidity),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, L udwig Wittg ens tein: T ractatus Logico- P hilosophicu s, t ra ns. by D. F. Pear s & B. F. McG uinn ess, L ondon: Routledge & Kega n Paul L td., 1974, 4.024, :,, :, 1996, 4.024

144 128,, ( function of representation),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, :,,,

145 129,,,,,,,,, :, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ( Drew Mcdemott),, Hilary P utnam : Re ason, T ruth and H istory, pp.192,, 203 :, :, 2000, 149

146 130,,, :,,,,,,,, 20, S, ( G del s Incomplet eness Theorem) ( Ch urch- Turing s Undecidability T heorem) ( Tars ki s Undefinability T heorem), S, S,, S,,,,,, D :, :,, :, 2001, 283

147 131,,,,, ( philosophy of mind) ( Philosop hy in the F lesh), ( George Lakoff) ( Mark Johnson),, (inherently embodied), ; ( evolutionary ),, ;,, (embodied mind ) ;, ( unconsciou s ) ;, ( metaphorical) (imaginative) ; ( dispassiona te), Georg e Lakoff and Mark John son: P hilosop h y in th e F lesh: T he E m- bodie d M in d and It s Challen ge to W estern T hou ght, New York: Basic Books, 1999, pp.3 7

148 132,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ( ),

149 133,,,, ( p hronesis) ( practical reasoning ),,, ( the scienti f ic) ( the calculative),, episteme,,, p hronesis( ),, ( demonstrative), (induction ), ( syllogism ) :,, : syllogism, syllogism, ( de du ction) :... w hile syllogism pro cee ds from univer sa ls, Aristotle : N icomach ean E thi cs, tran slat ed by W. D. Ross, Kitc he ner : Ba toch e Book s, 1999, p.93 ; :,, :, 2003, 170

150 134,, ( deliberate),, ( delibera tive), ( precise) ( absolute),,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, A ris totle : N icomac hean E thics, p.97,, 176 A ris totle : T he N icomac hean Ethics o f Ari stotle, t ra nsla t ed by F. H. Pet ers, M.A., London: Ke ga n Paul, T ren ch, T ru ebn er & Co., 1893, Book, Ch a pt er 3,, 68 A ris totle : N icomac hean E thics, p.97,, 177

151 135,, ( practical syllogism),,,,, ( production),,,, ( practice), :,,, 20, ( G. E. M Anscombe) ( von Wright ) ( D. S. Clarke ) ( Robert Audi),,,,,, A ris totle : G. E. M Anscom be : N icomac hean E thics, p.110,, 199 Intention, Oxford: Blac kwell, 1957 ; G. H. von Wright: On So-Calle d P ractical Inferen ce, in P ractical R easoning, e dit ed by Joseph R az, O xford: Oxford U niv er sity P ress, 1978 ; D. S. Cl ar ke : Pra ctical In f eren ces, London : Routle dg e & Keg an Paul, 1985; Rob ert Audi: Routle dg e, 1989 Pra ctical Reasonin g, L ondon:

152 136,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

153 137,,,,,,,,,,, ( conception of commu nicative rationality),,, (language game) ( J. L. Austin ) ( s peech act ),, : Ludwig Wit tg en st ein: P hilosop hi cal I nv estigations, t ra ns. by G. E. M. An scomb e, New Yor k: M acmillan, 1951, 23, :,, :, 2001, 23 J. L. A ustin : H ow to Do T hing s W ith Wor d s, Oxford : Oxford U niversity P ress, 1962

154 138 ( performative) ( propositional), ( univer sal presuppositions), ( ),, ( validity claims ), ( comprehensibility ) ( tr uth ) ( truthfulness ) ( rightness ), : ;, ;, ;, ( communicative action ) ( T he T heory o f Com municative Action),,,, 45 J rge n H ab er mas : P ostmetaph ysical T hin k in g, p.46,, J rge n Haber mas: T he T heor y o f Communicativ e Action, tran s. by T homas M ccarthy, Bos ton: Beacon P ress, 1984, vol.1, p.17, :,, :,2004,, 17

155 139,,, ( differentiation ) ( reflection ) ( criticizability ) ;, ;,,,,,, (argumentation) ( discourse ),,,,,,,,,,, ( theoretical discourse) J rg en Haber mas: T he T heor y o f Com municati ve Action, vol.1, p.18,, 17 18

156 140 ( practical discourse) ( aesthetic criticism ) ( therapeutic discourse) ( explicative discour se) ( ),,,,,, ;,, 2, ( semantic units ),

157 141 ( pragmatic u nits ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; J rg en Haber mas: T he T heor y o f Com municati ve Action, vol.1, p.22,, 23 J rge n H ab er mas :, 17 T he T h eory of Com municati ve A ction, vol.1, p.17,

158 142, ;,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, 20 70,,,, St ephe n T oulmin, R ich ard R iek e a nd Allan Janik : A n Introdu ction to Re asoning, New York : M acmill an P ublis hing Co., Inc., 1979, p.13.

159 143,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 19, J rge n Haber mas : Mor al Consciousness and Comm unic ati ve Action, Camb ridg e : Polity P ress, 1992; Be t ween F acts and N or ms: Contr ibutions to a Discourse T heor y o f L aw an d Democrac y, Cam bridge : MI T Press, 1996,, ( Special Issu e on Haber mas a nd Argu ment ation T heory ) :, :,2001,,

160 144 :,,,,,,,,, 20,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( Paul Thagard) : ( Mind: Introduction to Cognitive Science), (computation-representation understanding of mind, CRUM), :, :, 1995,, 335

161 145, : (1 ),, ( 2 ),, ( 3 ),,,,, ;, ;,,,,, ( Marvin Mins ky) 1990 : ( ), ( ) ( ),,,, Pa ul T h ag ard : M ind: Introd uction to Cogniti ve Sc ience, Cambridge : MI T Press, 1996, pp.19 39, P :,, :, 1999 :,, : 21, :, 1996, 108

162 146,,,,,, 2,,, 2,, 2,,,,,,,,, :, :, 1996, 407

163 147,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( primacy of practice over theory),,,,,, :,, :, 1991,, 4 5

164 148, ( dialectic),,,,, 20 90, 21, :,,,,,,,,,, (, ),, :,,

165 149,, ( pure logic), (applied logic), ( non-standard logic),,,,,, ( logic s application),,,,,,,, :,,,, 7 :,, 1997

166 150,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

167 151,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

168 152,,, ( u niversalistic),,,,, ( relativistis m) ( Wouter H. Slob) :, (idiolects) ; ( idiosyncrasy)???,?,,,, ( tran scendental subject), (a plurality of persons ) ; Wout er H. Slob : D ialogical R hetoric: an essa y on t ruth and normati vit y a f t er postmodernism, Dordrec ht: Kluwer Aca demic P ublish ers, 2002, p.50.

169 153,,,,,,, :, 19,,,,, : (a sane and human description),,, Wittg en stein: P hilosophical I n vestigations, tran s. G. E. M. A nscom be, New York : M acmillan, 1951, 202, :,, :, 2001, 202 Hilary Putn am : Reason, T ruth and H istor y, pp.126,,

170 154, ( transcendence) (immanence) : ( ), ( ),,,, ( univer sality) ( cont extuality),,,,,,, (, ),, Hilary Putn am : W hy Reas on C an t Be Natu ralized? in A f t er Philosoph y : E nd or T r ans f ormation? ed. by Kenne th Bayn es, Ja mes Bohma n a nd T homas M ccarthy, Camb ridg e : T he MI T P ress, 1991, p J rge n H ab ermas : P ost metap h ysical T hin king, p.139,, J rge n H ab er mas :, 55 T he T h eory of Com municati ve A ction, vol.1, p.55,

171 155,,,, ; ;,,, ( fields ),,,,, ( field-invariant) ( general schema) ( field-dependent),,, ( ),,, Ste phe n T oulmin, Rich ard Rie ke a nd All an Ja nik: Reasoning, Part, Special fields of reasoning An Introd uction to

172 156,,, ( in stitutional differentiations of a general conceptual framework),,, ( new dialectic),,, :,,, St eph en T oulmin: T he U ses o f A r gument, Camb ridg e: Cam bridg e U niversity P ress, 1958, ch ap. I, Fields of argu ment s a nd modals J rg en Haber mas: T he T heor y o f Com municati ve Action, vol.1, p.33,, 34

173 157 ( the classical positivistic philosophy),, ( postmodern anti-rationalism),,, ( s ubjective),,,,,,,,,,,, Dougl as Walton : T he New Dial ec tic : A Me thod of Eva lu ating an A rgu ment U sed for Some Pu rpose in a Given Case, in P rotosoc iolog y, vol.13, 1999 : R easoning and A rgument a tion.

174 158 ( T he Four-Step Method ), ( ) ;,,, ( used reasonably),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

175 ,, 1980,, 80, 221,,,, 100, 20 20, :,, :, ; :,, :, 1989

176 160,,,,, , 20 80,,, 80, 80,,, ; (), ;,,, ;,,,, : 50, ( ),

177 161,,,,,,, :,, ( ),,,,,, : ( ), :, :,2004, 12 : ( ), :, 2001

178 162,,,, ;,,,,,,,,?,? 10, ( )?,?, ( )??, : ( ),, ( ) ( ), : :,,

179 163, logic, logic, 1824,, 20,, ( J. S. Mill) ( A S ystem o f Logic) ( W. S. Jevons) ( Primer o f Logic), logic, ( E lementar y Lesson in Logic),, logic,,, :,, :,,,,,, :,, 1949, 12 4 :,, :, 1983, 171

180 164,, ( ),,, : ;, 20 90,,,, ; ; ;, :, 1987 :, :, 1984, 18 :, :, 1993 ; :,, :, 2002 :,,

181 ; ; ;

182 166,,,, 20 80,,,,,, 90,,,,,,,,, 20 80,, : ( ), :, 1987 :, :, 1984, 18 :,, 1998

183 167,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ( ),

184 168,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 1997, ( ),,,,,, :,,,, :, ( ), :,, 1998 ; 20,,

185 169,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,, ;,, ( Charles Morris ) ( ),,,,,, : ; ;,, :,, :,, 1998

186 170,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, ; :,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, :, :,1997, 32 :, 17 26

187 171,,,,,, :,, 20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, :, 1999, 364 :,, : 20,,

188 172,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, : :,,

189 173,,,,,,,?,, ( the writing of the history of logic) ( ),, ( history ),,, ( ) : l sh, : :,, :,,

190 174, 1 ; , ;,, 2 3, 3 2, ( Ency clop aedia B ritannica ) ( philosophy of history), : : ( 1 ) ( events) ( action s), ( 2 ) ( accounts ) ( the modes of investigation), ;,,,,, ( ), :, 1996, 776 philosophy of history, in Enc yclopae dia Britannica Deluxe E dition 2004 CD-R OM

191 175, 1 2, , 2, 1 3, 1,,,,?? 1 2, , 1,, 2 1, 3 1,, 2 3,,, 1 2 3,, 1 2 3,, :, :, 1994, 1 11

192 176 :,, 1 2 3, 1, 1, 2 3, 1 ( ), :,,,? 1 2 3, , :,,,, 20,, 1 ; :,, :, 1986, 121

193 177, 1 ( ) 2 :, 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1,,,, 2 3, 1, 1 1,, 2 3, 1,, : :,,,,, 20,

194 178 20,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 1,,,,, 1 2, 3, :,, :,,

195 179, 1,, 1, 2 3, 2 3,, , 1 1,, 2 1 3,,,,, 1,,,, 1 2, 3,,,,,,

196 180,,,,,,,,,,, :, 1,,? :,,,,,,, 1,, 2 3,, :, :, 1999, :,,

197 181, 1 1, 1,,, 1?, 2 3?,,?, 2 3,,,,, 1, 1 1,, ;, :, :, :, 2001, 400

198 182,, ;, 1, 1,,, ( ),,,,, 1 1,,,,,,, 1 1,,,,,, :, 138 :,,

199 183, :,,,,, ( ) ( ), ( ),,,,,,,, : ( 1 ), ; (2 ), ; ( 3 ) ; (4 ) ; ( 5 ),, ;,,, :, :, 2004, 74 78

200 184,,, 10,,,,,,,, ( ) 1897,,, :,,, :, :, 2004, :, :, :, , 219

201 185, 1904 :,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : :,, :, 1989, 56

202 186, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, :,, :, 1989, 86

203 187,,,,, 20 80,,,,,,,,,,,,, 90,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ( ), ; :,, 20 :, ( ),

204 188,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, :, 10 :, ( ), :,,

205 189, : 20,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; :,, : 20,, :, 28 29

206 190,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, ;,,,,,, :,, 71 55,,,, :,,

207 191,, ( ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

208 192, :,,,,,,,,,,, : : ( ), ; ( ),,,,,,,,,, :,, :,, :, :, 1983,, 20

209 193,,, ( ), ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, : , 1991,

210 194,,,, : ( 1 ),, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,

211 195,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( a logic) (logic per se),,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,

212 196,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,, :,,

213 197, ;,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, :,,,,, (

214 198 ) ( ),,,,,,, :,,,,,, :, 38,,,, :, 11 :,, :, 39 :,,

215 199 ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 38 39

216 200,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, :, 2000 :, :, 2000 :, ( ),

217 201,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ;,,,,,, : :, :, 1997 :, ( ), , http: / / port al/ webgat e/ CmdArticle Show? articleid = 662 :,,2005 3

218 202,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, :, 1995,, 23

219 203, 90, ( Charles Sanders Peirce) ( mat erial implication ), ( ) 1927, ( Jan Lukasiewicz),,,,,, ( H einrich Scholz) ( Concise H istory o f Logic) :,,,,, 20 90,,, 90,,, :,, :, 1977, 4

220 204,,,, ; ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, ),,, 1., :, ( ),

221 205,,,,,, a a = a,,,,,,,,,,, :, ;, S, P, R, M, ",,,, : :, :, 1980, , :, 1992, 324 :,, :,, 1998

222 206 " x ( Sx Px ) " x[ ( Mx y( Sy R xy ) ) ( Mx y ( Py Rxy) ) ],,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, :, :, :, 2000, 292

223 207 2., 1979,, : ;,,,,,,,,,, ( Joseph Needham ) :, :,1979, 12 : ( ), :, 1987,,,,,,,,,,,

224 208, : 16 ( Science and Civ ili zation in China), :,,,,, ,,,,,,,,, :,, :, 1978,,, :, :, 1994 :, :, 1996

225 209,,,, (1 ),,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,

226 210,, ( ) ( ), (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, :, 1999, 20

227 211,,,,, 90,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, :, 1996,

228 212, 3., 20 80,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ( ), : ( ),, :, :, 2000,

229 213,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 20, 1997 ( H istorical Foundations o f I n f ormal Logic), ( Isaac Wat ts) ( Logick) ( W hately) ( Jeremy Bentham ) ( H andbook o f Political Fallacies ) 20 Douglas Wa lton & Ala n Brinton ( e d.) : H istor ical Foundations o f Inf or mal L og ic, Ald er shot: As hga te Publishing L td., 1997

230 214 ( Alan Brinton ),, ( historical ant ecedents), ( ),,,, ( John Nolt) ( I n f ormal Logic in China),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : John Nolt: Informal Logic in China, in I n f orm al Logic, vol.6, No.3 ( Decemb er, 1984 ), pp :, 235

231 215,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,

232 216,, ;,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,

233 217,,,

234 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

235 ( ) 219,,,,, : ( ),, (, ),, :,! ( ), :,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,

236 220,,,,,,,,, : ( ) ( ),, ;, () ( ),, ( Hans-Georg Gadamer ) : ( linguistic) ( a written one),, ( simultaneou s),, (co-existence) :, :, 1994 Hans-Georg Gad amer: T ruth an d Method, tran s. by Garpe tt Barde n a nd John Cumming, Beijing: Chinese Social Scie nces Publishing H ou se, 1999, p.351. :,, :, 1999,,

237 ( ) 221,, ( ) :, :,?, ;,? ( ),, ( ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, ( Karl Wilhelm von H umboldt),,,,,,, :,, :, 2001,

238 222 ( Bildung) :,,,, ( ), : ( ), ( texts),,? :,, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;,,,,,,, 251, ( ),,,,,,, ; ( ),,,,, :,, 1965,, 346, :, :, 1994, 160 :, :, 1985, 291

239 ( ) 223,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( monologue), ( dialogue),, ( ),,, :, ( ),,,,,,

240 ( ), :,,,? ( ),, : :,, ;,,, ( ),,, :, ( ), ;,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,, ( ),,, :, ( ),,,, ( ),,,, : ( ),,,

241 ( ) 225,,, :, :, ;,, ( ),,,,,, ;, ( ),,,,, :,,,,, :, ;, ;, ( ),,,,, : :,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,

242 226 :,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,, ;,,,,,,,, ( ) :,,,,,,,,,, J urge n Haber mas: Com muni cation and the E volution o f Socie t y, tra ns. by T homas McCarthy, Bos ton : Beacon P ress, 1979, p.32, :?,,, :, 1993, 32

243 ( ) 227 :, ( meaning), ( significance), ( ),, ( ), ( ), ( ),,,,,,,, ( ), (1 ),, ;,,,, :, ;,, ( ),, ;,,,,, ;,

244 228, :,,, ;,, ( ), ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ( ), ;,, :, :, 1994, 440

245 ( ) 229 ( ),,,, ( ) :, ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, :,,,

246 230,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : :,? :

247 ( ) 231 :,,,,,,,,, : :,,, :,, ;,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, :,,,,?,, ( ),

248 232, ;, ;, ; ;, ( ), ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, :!,,,,,, :, ;, (2 ),

249 ( ) 233,, ;,,,,, :,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, (),,,,, :,,, ( ),,,,,,,,:

250 234,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

251 ( ) 235,, ( ), ;,,, ;,, :,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ;,,,,, :,,,,,,,, ;, ;, ;, ( ),,? ( ), ( ),, ;,,,,,, ;,,

252 236,,,, ( ), ;,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, : ( ), :,,,, :,,,,,,,,

253 ( ) 237,,,,,,,,,??,?? ( ), :,,,,,,,?,,,, :,,,, ;,, ;,, ;,,,,,, :,,,,

254 238, ( ), :,,, ( ), ( intention),:,, ( ),,,,,, ( ),, ; :,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,

255 ( ) 239, : :? : : : : : : : :,, ( ),,, ( ),,,,, ( ),, :,,,,

256 240 ( meaning), (literal meaning ),,,,,, ( intentionality),,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,, :, :, 1988,

257 ( ) 241, :?,,,, ( ) ( ), ( performative ut terance) (constative utt erance),,, ( theory of speech act) :,,,,,,,, : :,? :!, ;, ;, ;, ; :, :, :, 1992,

258 242,, :,, :,,,,,,,,, :? ( ),,,,,,,,,, :,!! ( ),,, ( ),,,, :, ( ), ( ),, ( ),,, ( denotative theory of meaning),,, ;

259 ( ) 243,,,,,,, ( performative theory of meaning) :, ;,, :,?,? ( ),,,,,, :, ( ),,, ( C. H arbsmeier ) :,,,,, Chritoph H arbsmeier : L ang uage an d Logic, as part of volume 7 of S cience and C i vilisation in China, s upervised by J oseph Needh am, C ambridge : Cam bridg e Univer sity Press, 1998, p.53.

260 244,,,,,,,,,,? ( ),,,, : ( prescribe) ( describe),, :,, ;,, ( ),,,,, :,,, ( ), :, John M a ke ham : Na me and A ctualit y in E arl y Chinese T hou ght, New Yor k: St a te Univer sity of New Yor k Press, 1994, p.47.

261 ( ) 245,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) :,,,,,,,,, (), ( ), ( ), ( ),,, : ( )

262 246 ( ), ( ),,,, :, :,,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ),,, ( ), :, :,,? :,,,,,, :,?, ( ),

263 ( ) 247, ( ),,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), : ( ), ( ),,, :,,, ;,,

264 248,,, (),,,,,, : :,? :?,,? ( ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

265 ( ) 249 ( ),,,,? ( ),,,,,, :,,,?, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( being ),,,,, ( exist ence),,, ;,,,,,, :, :, 1998,

266 250,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, :, ( ), :,,,,

267 ( ),,,,, ( ),,, ( conversa tion/ argumenta tion ),,,,,,,,,,,,, : 20,,

268 252,,, / ( the conception of truth in the P ragmatist/ pragmatic tradition ),,,,, ( ),, ;,, ( ),,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,, ( ), ( ) ( ),,,

269 ( ) 253, ( ),,, :?, ( ),,, ( difference of opinions ), :,? ( ), ( ) ( ),,,,,, ( ),,,,? :, ;, ;, ( ),,,,,,, :, :, 1988, 124

270 254, ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ),,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ), :,, :,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, (, )

271 ( ) 255,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ( ),, ;,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, ( ), ( ),,

272 256,,,, 4 :,,,,,, ;,,,, ( ), :,,,,,,,,,

273 ( ) 257, ( ) :,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, :,?, :,?,?,,,! ( ),, ; ;,,,,

274 258, ;, ( ),,, ( ),,,,,, ( ) :,,, :,, :,,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,,

275 ( ) 259,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, ;,, :, :, 1993, 1 4 :, :, 1983,, ,,,,, ( ),,, Wittge n- s tein: P hilosop hi cal I nv estigations, t ra ns. by G. E. M. An scomb e, New York: M acmillan, 1951, 243, 258, 265, 293, :,, :,2001

276 260,,,,, ( ) ( incommen surability),?,??,,,,?,,, ;,,,?,,,,! ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,

277 ( ) 261,,, :,,,,,,,,,,??,,?,,?,,?,,?,? ( ),,,,,,,,,,, :, :, 1983,

278 262? :, (),, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( )( ), ( ),,,,, : ( ),! (),, ;, ( ), ( ),,,,, ; (, ), ;

279 ( ) 263,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,?,,,?,?,? (), ( ),,,,, ( ),,, :,? ( : ( ), :, 1987, :, :, 1997, :, :, 2000, 290

280 264 ),,,,,, :,, :,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),?,, ( ) :,,, ag rees wit h both you a nd me, F ung Yu-l an: Chuang- T z u : A N e w Se lec te d T ranslation w ith an E x postion o f the P hilosoph y o f Kuo H siang, Beijing: F oreign La ngu ag e P ress, 1989, p.53

281 ( ) 265, (), ( ) :,, (),,,, ( ),, :,,,,,,, :?,,, ;,,,,,,,, : ( ), :, 1987, 200 :, :, 1980, :,, :, 1989, 38 :,, :, 1989, 42

282 266 ( ),,, :,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, :, ( ),,,,,, :,

283 ( ) 267,, ( felicity) ( success ) ;,, ;,,,,,,,,, felicity,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, :,, :, 283 :, ;,1997, :, ( ),

284 268,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), :,, ( ) :,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,,,

285 ( ) 269,,,,, ( ),,,,,, (, ), ( ),,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( A. C. Graham ), Winning in disput ation is fitting the :, : ( ), :, 1983, 244

286 270 fact,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, A. C. G ra h am: L at er Mohist Logi c, Ethics and S cience, Hong Kong: T h e Chin ese U niversity P ress, 1978, p.318 : ( ), 133

287 ( ) 271,,,, ( tr uth ), ( meaning) ( criterion) ( acceptability),,, ;,,,, ( reason), / :, ( Richard Rorty ),,,, :, :, 1997, , :,, :, 17, :, 5, 407, :, :,2000,, 103

288 272,,,,,, ( ), ;,,,,,,, (, ) :,, :, 2003,, 7 :, 64 :, 53 :, ( ), :, :,, :, 2002, 129

289 ( ) 273 / ( the con sen sus theory of truth ),,, ( acceptability), ;,,,,, /,,,,,,,,! ( ),,,,,,, /, :, :, 1999

290 274, : :,,,,, ( ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, ), ( ), /,,,,, : ( ), ;, ;, ;, ( ), ( )

291 ( ) 275,,,, ;,,,?,,, :???,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

292 276,,,,, :,, ;, : ; ; ( ) ; ;,,,,,, /,

293 , ( dialectical logic), ( ), ;, ;,,,, 20,,, :, :, 2000, :,, ;,, ; :, 186 :,, , http: / / zh-c n/ word/ 3164.pdf

294 278,,, ;,,,,,,, ( dialectical) dialectic, dialegesthai,, dialectic : (logical argumentation), (evolution ), dialectic, :, ( ),

295 279, dialectic, transcendental dialectic, dialectic, dialectic dialectic, dialectic,,, dialectic?, dia lectic, in Enc yc lopae dia B ritannica Delux e Edition 2004 CD- ROM, : ( ), :, 2001, 88, :, :, 1994, 23, :, :, 2004, 628

296 280?,?, dialectic, ( ), ( sophistic) ( eristic) ( agonistic) ( antilogic ) ( So phist),,, ( a hero of debate, who professes the eristic art),, ;,,, ( On So- Pla to: T h e Dialogu es o f P lato in two volu mes, tran slat ed into E nglish by B. Jowe tt, M. A., New York: R andom H ou se, Inc., 1937, vol.2, p.238. A ris totle : T he Wor ks o f Aristotle, tran slat ed into English und er the editors hip of W. D. Ross, Chica go: En cyclop aedia Brita nnica, Inc., 1987, vol.1, p.236, :, :, 1990,, 574 c ont entious reasoning, eristi kos, A ris totle :,, T he Wor ks o f Ar istotl e, vol.1, p.227, p.236,

297 281 phistical Re f utations),,,,,,, ( ), ( a g nes/ agones ),,, ( discussion ), (contest),,,, ( Top ics),,, ( a line of argument both p ro and con),, A ris totle :,, A ris totle :, 538 T he Wor ks o f Ar istotl e, vol.1, p.228, p.236, T he W orks o f Ar istotl e, vol.1, p.219,,

298 282, : (1 ) ( Zeno of Elea) ( Sop hist), ( dialectic) ( E picheiremata),,,,, ( Phaedr us), : ( ),,,?,, ( red uction a d impossible), ( red uctiones ad absur dum),,, A ris totle : T he Wor ks o f Ari stotle, vol.1, pp ,,, 545 :, :, 1996, 100 Pla to: T he Dialogues o f P lato, vol.1, p.265.

299 283 (2 ) ( P rotagoras),, ( logoi, ), ; ; ; ; ; ( A rt o f Eristic),,,,,,,,, ( T heaetetus),,,,,,,,,, ( ),, :, :, :, 1993,, Pla to: T he Dialogues o f P lato, vol.2, p.170.

300 284 ( P rotagoras),, : ( many a battle of words ), ( adversaries ) ( method of disputation),,,,,,,,, (argue with one another and not wrangle) (arbiter), ( overseer), ( president ), (3 ) ( T he Dissoi Logoi ) Pla to: T he Dialogues o f Plato, vol.1, pp.105., c ont est of s peech, Plato: P lato in t welve volu mes, tran slat ed by W. R. M. Lam b, Camb ridg e: H arvard Univer sity Press, 1967; disputa tionmat ch, Gilb ert Ryle : P lato P rogress, Camb ridg e: Cam bridge U niversity P ress, 1966, p.114 Pla to: T he Dialogues o f P lato, vol.1, pp

301 285,, Dissoi Logoi, Arguments Both Ways Arguments p ro and contra, Double Arguments,,, ( antinomy ),,, (4 ) ( H ippocrates ), ( N atu re o f Man), :,,,,, T h e Dissoi Logoi, :,, Gilbert Ryle : P lato Prog ress, p.116

302 286,,,,,, ;, ; ;, ; ( 5) ( Euthydemus and Dionysodorus ) ( E uthy demus),,,,,,,, Hippocra tes : Na ture of M an, in H ip pocrates, with an E nglis h tra nsla tion by W. H. S. Jones, C ambridge : Harv ard U niversity P ress, 1979, vol., p.5., :,,

303 287,,,, (6 ) ( Socrates),, ( The Socratic Method/ E lenchus ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, Pla to: T he Dialogues o f P lato, vol.2, p.150, p.152.

304 288 ( Metap hysics),, ( inductive arguments) ( universal definition ),,,,,,,,,, ( ), (7 ) ( Euclides of Megara),, ( Megarians ) ( Eristics ),, ( Dialecticians ),,, A ris totle : T he W or ks o f Ar istotle, vol.1, p.610, :, :, 1993,, :, :, 1991, :,, :, 1984, 23

305 289, ( The Liar ),,,, (8 ) ( Antisthenes ),,,,,,,,,, : ;,,,,,, :, A ris totle : T he W orks o f Ar istotl e, vol.1, p.546,,, 142

306 290, ( ),,,, (9 ) ( Plato) dialectic, ( idea),,,, ( Crat y lus), : ( dialectician)? ( Meno), :, ( a philosopher of the eristic and antagonistic sort), :,,,,, ( more in the dialectician s vein ),,, ( ) Pla to: T he Dialogues o f P lato, vol.1, p.180. Pla to: T he Dialogues o f P lato, vol.1, p.354.

307 291, ( Phaedo),,,,, ( dialectical process, both when we ask and when we answer questions ), ( ) ( Rep ublic), :!, ( arguing ), ( wrangling ), ( verbal oppositions ), ( eristic), ( dialectic),,,,, Pla to: T he Dialogues o f P lato, vol.1, p.459., Pa ul Shorey, Pla to: P lato in t welve volumes, t ra nsla te d by Pa ul Shore y, Ca mbridge : Harvard Univer sity P ress, 1969, vols. 5 & 6, 454 a. ( P hilebus),,,, ( ) Pla to: T he Dialogues o f P lato, vol.2, p.349

308 292,,,, ;,,, ( Parmenides),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, ; Pla to: T he Dialogues o f P lato, vol.1, p.799. Pla to: T he Dialogues o f P lato, vol.2, p

309 293,,,, ( ),, ( ),, ( ), :,, ( dialectikos/ dialectical reasoning ),, ( opinion s tha t are generally accepted),, A ris totle : T he W orks o f Ar istotl e, vol.1, p.143,,, 353 dia lectical reasoning

310 294 ( dialectical proposition),,,,,, ( controver sial),,,,, :, ( questioner ), (answerer),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, A ris totle :, 363 T he W orks o f Ar istotl e, vol.1, p.147,,

311 295,,,,, ( audience),,, : ( ),,,,, ( ),,, ;,,,,?, A ris totle :, 531 A ris totle :, 567 A ris totle :, 618 A ris totle :, 353 T he W orks o f Ar istotl e, vol.1, p.216,, T he W orks o f Ar istotl e, vol.1, p.233,, T he W orks o f Ar istotl e, vol.1, p.252,, T he W orks o f Ar istotl e, vol.1, p.143,,

312 296,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, :, 2003,,

313 297,,,,,,,,,,, ( the art of examining ), ( sophistic refutation ),,,,,,,, A ris totle :,, 573 T he W or ks o f Ar istotle, vol.1, p.236, :

314 298,, ;, ( ), 20 60,, ( W. K. C. Guthrie), ( a handbook of dialectic, the technique of arguing successfully ) ; dialectic, dialectic, ( skill in talking ),,, 40, ( E. Weil), ;,,,,,,, W. K. C. Guth rie : A H istor y o f Greek P hilosoph y, Cam bridge : Cam - bridge Univer sity P ress, 1981, vol., p.138, p.151 E. :, :,,, :,, 225

315 299,,,,,,, :, ;, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,, :,, A ris totle : T he W orks o f Ar istotl e, vol.1, p.156,,, A ris totle : T he W orks o f Ar istotl e, vol.1, p.157,,, 386

316 300,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, : ( rules ),, ( W. D. Ross ) :,, :, 1997, 62 A ris totle : T he W orks o f Ar istotl e, vol.1, p.216,,, 531

317 301,,,?,,,,, ( the common first principles that fall under no particular special study),,,,,,,,,,,,, A ris totle :, 569 A ris totle :, 376 A ris totle :, 619 T he W orks o f Ar istotl e, vol.1, p.234,, T he W orks o f Ar istotl e, vol.1, p.152,, T he W orks o f Ar istotl e, vol.1, p.252,,

318 302,,, ;,, ;,, ;,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, :, 1995, 18 43

319 303,,,,,,, (a logical theory of conversation),, ( ),,,,,,,, :,, A ris totle :, 376 T he W orks o f Ar istotl e, vol.1, p.152,, E ric C. W. K ra bbe ( th e practice a nd th eory of conversa tion ), F ran s H. va n Eemere n & Pet er H outlosser ( ed.) : Dialectic and R hetoric : T he war p an d woo f of a rg umentation anal ysis, Dord rec ht: Kluwer Aca demic P ublis hers, 2002, p.29 W. D. :, 63