Leonardo da Vinci 种运阱 (Milan, Codex Atlan0cus, f. 33r, 1504) 4) I have kinds of mortars; most convenient and easy to carry; and with these can fling

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Leonardo da Vinci 种运阱 (Milan, Codex Atlan0cus, f. 33r, 1504) 4) I have kinds of mortars; most convenient and easy to carry; and with these can fling"

苕康
5 years ago
Views:

1 Isodarco in China It is a pleasure to be here again for the 13 th PIIC Seminar on International Security and to meet again with so many old friends. I am very grateful and I have great admiration for all the people that have succeeded to continue this activity for so many years since our first seminar in April One of the most interesting feature of these meetings has been the unexpected but fruitful mixing of people from the peace movement with people that have devoted most of their professional life to the study and construction of weapons, nuclear weapons in particular. To contribute to a reflection on these phenomenon I will introduce a quote from a very famous Italian. 17/10/12 13th PIIC - Beijing, November 1st, Carlo Schaerf - Isodarco 1

2 Leonardo da Vinci 种运阱 (Milan, Codex Atlan0cus, f. 33r, 1504) 4) I have kinds of mortars; most convenient and easy to carry; and with these can fling small stones almost resembling a storm; and with the smoke of these causing great terror to the enemy, to his great detriment and confusion. 7) In case of need I will make big guns, mortars and light ordnance of fine and useful forms, out of the common type. 8) Where the operation of bombardment should fail, I would contrive catapults, mangonels, trabocchi and other machines of marvelous efficacy and not in common use. And in short, according to the variety of cases, I can contrive various and endless means of offence and defense. 17/10/12 13th PIIC - Beijing, November 1st, Carlo Schaerf - Isodarco 2

3 Leonardo da Vinci (London, Code Arundell, fol. 1030, 1487) 6) I will make covered chariots, safe and unassailable which, entering among the enemy with their artillery, there is no body of men so great but they would break them. And behind these, infantry could follow quite unhurt and without any hindrance. 6 步 hfp:// hfp:// 17/10/12 13th PIIC - Beijing, November 1st, Carlo Schaerf - Isodarco 3

Leonardo da Vinci 10) In time of peace I believe I can give perfect satisfaction and to the equal of any other in architecture and the composition of buildings public and private; and in guiding

4 Leonardo da Vinci 10) In time of peace I believe I can give perfect satisfaction and to the equal of any other in architecture and the composition of buildings public and private; and in guiding water from one place to another. Item: I can carry out sculpture in marble, bronze or clay, and also in painting whatever may be done, and as well as any other, be he whom he may. Again, the bronze horse may be taken in hand, which is to be to the immortal glory and eternal honor of the prince your father of happy memory, and of the illustrious house of Sforza. 10 您荣 17/10/12 13th PIIC - Beijing, November 1st, Carlo Schaerf - Isodarco 4

Leonardo da Vinci And if any one of the above-named things seem to any one to be impossible or not feasible, I am most ready to make the experiment in your park, or in whatever place may please your

5 Leonardo da Vinci And if any one of the above-named things seem to any one to be impossible or not feasible, I am most ready to make the experiment in your park, or in whatever place may please your Excellency - to whom I commend myself with the utmost humility. 园您 hfp:// hfp:// 17/10/12 13th PIIC - Beijing, November 1st, Carlo Schaerf - Isodarco 5

6 Leonardo da Vinci In 1482 Leonardo, thirty years old and an accomplished artist, left Florence and moved to Milan, at the court of Ludovico il Moro, Sforza. There he remained for 17 years until Before moving, the artist had sent a letter to the Duke. A real job application. A kind of curriculum, in which he lists all of his abilities in ten points. Leonardo several times has referred to war as very beastly madness (pazzia bestialissima) but his first nine points are used to illustrate how good he is devising lethal weapons and war machines and only one, the tenth, presents a summary of his qualities as an artist. The draft of the letter is in the Codex Atlanticus (f. 1082) but the original has never been found. Moreover it is written from left to right, an exception for Leonardo. Many consider it apocryphal 离开迁达达 The Codex Atlanticus 17/10/12 13th PIIC - Beijing, November 1st, Carlo Schaerf - Isodarco 6

7 Changes in War Fighting 17/10/12 13th PIIC - Beijing, November 1st, Carlo Schaerf - Isodarco 7

8 Collateral Damage 17/10/12 13th PIIC - Beijing, November 1st, Carlo Schaerf - Isodarco 8

9 From Competition to Cooperation Recently several books and articles have been published trying to revise the paradigm of a humankind obliged to an endless fight for survival to the necessity of more cooperation and the empirical evidence of it. The question is not new and the various authors have found several historical precedents. 17/10/12 13th PIIC - Beijing, November 1st, Carlo Schaerf - Isodarco 9

10 European War Fatalities Religious wars between Catholics and Protestants First and Second World Wars Napoleonic wars Steve Pinker, The Better Angels of our Nature, Vikings /10/12 13th PIIC - Beijing, November 1st, Carlo Schaerf - Isodarco 10

11 Trend in American Homicide Rate homicide rates per 100,000 populauon Alex Tabarrok, Long Term Trends in Homicide Rates hfp://marginalrevoluuon.com/marginalrevoluuon/2011/06/.html 17/10/12 13th PIIC - Beijing, November 1st, Carlo Schaerf - Isodarco 11

12 USA England N I X O N F O R D C A R T E R G H W B U S H K E N N E D Y Trend in Homicide Rate: US vs England 17/10/12 13th PIIC - Beijing, November 1st, Carlo Schaerf - Isodarco 12 Steve Pinker, The Better Angels of our Nature, Vikings 2011 N E W D E A L VIETNAM WAR Homicides per 100,000 people per year

13 Trend in European Homicide Rate S. Pinker, The BeFer Angels of our Nature, Viking /10/12 13th PIIC - Beijing, November 1st, Carlo Schaerf - Isodarco 13

14 Trend in European Homicide Rate homicide rates per 100,000 populauon M. Eisner, Long- Term Historical Trends in Violent Crime - University of Warwick www2.warwick.ac.uk/.../history/.../long- term- historical- trends- of- viol 17/10/12 13th PIIC - Beijing, November 1st, Carlo Schaerf - Isodarco 14

15 Trend in Homicide Rate: Italy homicide rates per 100,000 populauon M. Eisner, Long- Term Historical Trends in Violent Crime - University of Warwick www2.warwick.ac.uk/.../history/.../long- term- historical- trends- of- viol 17/10/12 13th PIIC - Beijing, November 1st, Carlo Schaerf - Isodarco 15

16 Trend in Homicide Rate: England homicide rates per 100,000 populauon M. Eisner, Long- Term Historical Trends in Violent Crime - University of Warwick www2.warwick.ac.uk/.../history/.../long- term- historical- trends- of- viol 17/10/12 13th PIIC - Beijing, November 1st, Carlo Schaerf - Isodarco 16

17 Human Cooperation The only thing that will redeem mankind is cooperation. Bertrand Russel In stark contrast, I believe that our ability to cooperate goes hand in hand with succeeding in the struggle to survive, as surmised more than a century ago by Peter Kropotkin ( ), the Russian prince and anarchist communist who believed that a society freed from the shackles of government would thrive on communal enterprise. In Mutual Aid (1902), Kropotkin wrote: "Besides the law of Mutual Struggle there is in Nature the law of Mutual Aid, which, for the success of the struggle for life, and especially for the progressive evolution of the species, is far more important than the law of mutual contest. This suggestion... was, in reality, nothing but a further development of the ideas expressed by Darwin himself." MarUn Nowack, Roger Highfield Supercooperators: The MathemaUcs of EvoluUon, Altruism and Human Behaviour, 17/10/12 13th PIIC - Beijing, November 1st, Carlo Schaerf - Isodarco 17

18 Human Cooperation If strategies are chosen from the unit interval, where 0 corresponds to pure defection and 1 corresponds to the maximal contribution, the question is what is the characteristic level of individual investments to the common pool that emerges if the evolution is guided by different benefit functions. Here we consider the steepness and the threshold as two parameters defining an array of generalized benefit functions, and we show that in a structured population there exist intermediate values of both at which the collective contributions are maximal. Xiaojie Chen 1,*, Aela Szolnoki 2, Matjaž Perc 3, and Long Wang 4 Impact of generalized benefit funcuons on the evoluuon of cooperauon in spaual public goods games with conunuous strategies. Phys. Rev. E 85, (2012) 17/10/12 13th PIIC - Beijing, November 1st, Carlo Schaerf - Isodarco 18

19 Violence Decrease The statistics of human violence over the centuries shows a very irregular but generally decreasing trend. The first major conceptual change with political result, came with the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment (18th Century). The intellectual elites of the time criticized traditionally accepted forms of violence like slavery, torture, sadistic punishments, witch hunting, absolutism in government, cruelty to animals, etc.. The American and French Revolutions and the values enshrined in their constitutions were the direct consequences of it. During the 19 th Century these concepts were extended by the liberal and utopian movements which included also socialists, communists and anarchists. In the 20 th Century, after the horrors of the two World Wars (sometimes called together the Last European Civil War) and the turmoil of decolonization, the Long Peace ensued. For more than half a century there has been no direct war among major powers. A confirmation of the empirical rule that Liberal Democracies do not wage war at each other. The limited violence that followed the dissolution of the Soviet Empire might be an encouraging sign that also major political changes are now possible with non traumatic consequences. 17/10/12 13th PIIC - Beijing, November 1st, Carlo Schaerf - Isodarco 19

蔡氏族譜序 2

蔡氏族譜序 2 1 蔡氏族譜 Highlights with characters are Uncle Mike s corrections. Missing or corrected characters are found on pages 9, 19, 28, 34, 44. 蔡氏族譜序 2 3 福建仙遊赤湖蔡氏宗譜序蔡氏之先出自姬姓周文王第五子

Leonardo da Vinci 种 运 阱 (Milan, Codex Atlan0cus, f. 33r, 1504) 4) I have kinds of mortars; most convenient and easy to carry; and with these can fling

Leonardo da Vinci 种运阱 (Milan, Codex Atlan0cus, f. 33r, 1504) 4) I have kinds of mortars; most convenient and easy to carry; and with these can fling