天氣學與天氣學實習 ( 一 ) Synoptic Meteorology (I), 209 30310 周仲島教授 授課老師 : 謝信良教授 國立台灣大學大氣科學系 大三上學期必修課程, 共三學分 星期三 8:10-10:00AM, 星期五 2:20-5:10PM
天氣學 ( 一 ) 課程內容 (September 2010) 1. 課程簡介, 大氣環流系統, 解剖天氣系統 2. 氣象觀測, 資料與分析方法 3. 天氣分析原理, 靜力學與靜力穩定度, 運動學, 天氣圖主觀分析, 量化診斷分析, 動力模擬 4. 中緯度天氣系統特徵 5. 熱帶天氣系統特徵 6. 天氣系統與大氣環流的關係 7. 天氣系統的中尺度雲雨特徵 8. 天氣預報原理, 台灣地區的劇烈天氣
Syllabus of Synoptic Meteorology (I) Week/date (2010) Course content Comments 1 (9/15) Introduction, Atmospheric circulation systems, Anatomy of weather systems 2 (9/22) No class APEC -39 th ISTWG 3 (9/29) Observations, data and methodology 4 (10/6) Principle of Weather Analysis: Hydrostatics and Stability 5 (10/13) Principle of Weather Analysis: Weather Maps/Air Mass/Front 6 (10/20) Principle of Weather Analysis: Kinematics-1 WMO-QPE/QPF 7 (10/27) Principle of Weather Analysis: Kinematics-2 8 (11/03) Principle of Weather Analysis: Long waves in the westerly SoWMEX/TiMREX 9 (11/10) Mid-term Exam CINDY/DYNAMO 10 (11/17) Weather systems in the mid-latitudes-1 11 (11/24) Weather systems in the mid-latitudes-2 12 (12/01) Weather systems in the mid-latitudes-3 13 (12/08) Weather systems in the Tropics- an introduction 14 (12/15) Diagnosis of weather systems 15 (12/22) Cloud and precipitation of weather systems 16 (12/29) Fundamental of weather forecasting 17 (1/5)-2011 Severe weather systems in Taiwan: An introduction 18 (1/12) Final exam
參考書籍 Palmen E., and C. W. Newton, 1969: Atmospheric Circulation Systems: Their Structure and Physical Interpretation, Academic Press, International Geophysics Series, 603 pages Walter J. Saucier, 1989: Principles of Meteorological Analysis, Dover Publications, 454 pages James R. Holton, 2004: An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, 4 th edition, Academic Press, 535 pages John M. Wallace and Peter V. Hobbs, 2006: Atmospheric Science, An Introductory Survey, 2 nd edition, Academic Press, 483 pages
Course Evaluation 作業 / 課堂討論 (20%)+ 期中考試 (40%)+ 期末考試 (40%) 作業 / 課堂討論 : 天氣現象討論 + 期刊論文選讀 期中考試 :2010/11/10 (Wednesday) 期末考試 :2011/1/12 (Wednesday)
Definition of Synoptic Meteorology 1. Synoptic meteorology: The study and analysis of synoptic weather information (synoptic charts, synoptic weather observations). 2. Synoptic chart, in meteorology, any chart or map on which data and analyses are presented that describe the state of the atmosphere over a large area at a given moment in time. 3. A surface weather observation, made at periodic times (usually at three-hourly and six-hourly intervals specified by the WMO), of sky cover, state of the sky, cloud height, atmospheric pressure reduced to sea level, temperature, dew point, wind speed and direction, amount of precipitation, hydrometeors (wet substances), and lithometeors (dry substances: dust, haze, smoke, and sand), and special phenomena that prevail at the time of the observation or have been observed since the previous specified observation. 4. Synoptic: In general, pertaining to or affording an overall view. In Meteorology this term has become somewhat specialized in referring to the use of meteorological data obtained simultaneously over a wide area for the purpose of presenting a comprehensive and nearly instantaneous picture of the state of the atmosphere. Thus, to a meteorologist, synoptic takes on the additional connotation of simultaneity. 5. Synoptic scale: Used with respect to weather systems in size from several hundred kilometers to several thousand kilometers, the scale of migratory high and low pressure systems (frontal cyclones) of the lower troposphere. 6. In the atmosphere, we have planetary scale, synoptic scale, mesoscale, cyclone scale, etc. 7. Synoptic meteorology Synoptic scale meteorology (study) 8. A comprehensive view of the weather system not subject to synoptic scale
認識天氣學 天氣學 (Synoptic Meteorology) 是研究天氣系統和天氣現象發生發展及其變化的基本規律, 並利用這些規律來預測未來天氣的科學 1. ( 天氣 ) 系統 : 中緯度 - 氣壓系統 (pressure systems), 熱帶 - 環流系統 (circulation systems), 時間和空間尺度 ( 生命期 ) 以及動力特性 2. 天氣現象 (weather): 大氣現象具體表徵 ( 尤其指與人類活動有關者 ) 天氣現象是指某一瞬間或時段大氣中各種氣象要素 ( 如氣壓 氣溫 濕度 ) 和自然現象 ( 如風 雲 晴 雨 雷 電 霧 霜 塵等 ) 空間分布的綜合表現 天氣也就是在一定空間和時間範圍內的大氣狀態和變化 3. 近代天氣學是以動力氣象學為理論基礎, 以天氣圖為主要研究手段, 以氣象觀測資料 ( 常規和氣象衛星與雷達 ) 為依據, 以電腦為計算儲存工具, 通過對各種 ( 空間時間 ) 尺度天氣系統的物理結構及其發生 發展 移動 演變過程物理機制的分析研究, 從而建立各種天氣系統的 { 概念模式 } 和 { 理論模式 }, 據以進行各種實際的天氣預報 4. 天氣學是從大量觀測 ( 模擬 ) 資料中, 研究天氣現象 天氣系統 和天氣過程的物理本質, 並據以進行天氣預報的科學
Palmen and Newton (1969) in the preface of their book Atmospheric Circulation Systems False facts are highly injurious to the progress of science, for they often endure long; but false views, if supported by some evidences, do little harm, for every one takes a salutary pleasure in proving their falseness. Charles Darwin The Origin of Man, Chap. 6.