1
MEISHE XUEKE JIAOYUXUE 2
(CIP) 1... : - : /.- : 2000.9 ( ) ISBN7-81064-149-2 -.G633.955 CIP (2000) 37386 ( 105 100037) 2000 9 1 2000 9 1 850 1168 1/32 14.375 355 0 001 3 000 28.00 3
4
20 20 30 70 ( ) 1988 21 21 5
2000 100 21 80 6
: : 7
! 2000 1998 5 8
70 80 90 : 9
1999 ( ) : 10
11
... 5... 6... 9... 19 0.1... 20 0.2... 23 0.3... 27 0.4... 31 1... 34 1.1... 34 1.2... 35 1.3... 41 1.4... 46 2... 50 2.1... 50 2.2... 63 3... 81 3.1... 81 3.2... 92 3.3... 93 4... 96 4.1... 98 4.2... 106 4.3... 130 4.4... 133 4.5... 134 5... 138 5.1... 138 12
5.2... 139 5.3... 149 5.4... 156 5.5... 158 5.6.. 161 6... 164 6.1... 164 6.2... 165 6.3... 166 6.4... 168 6.5... 212 6.6... 214 6.7... 217 7... 225 7.1... 225 7.2... 226 7.3... 228 7.4... 232 7.5... 233 7.6... 237 7.7... 237 8... 241 8.1... 241 8.2... 241 8.3... 245 8.4... 250 9... 284 9.1... 284 9.2... 285 9.3... 291 10... 327 13
10.1... 327 10.2... 331 10.3... 332 10.4... 333 11... 350 11.1... 350 11.2... 353 11.3... 358 11.4... 367 11.5... 376 12... 378 12.1... 378 12.2... 382 13... 396 13.1... 396 13.2... 408 14... 418 14.1... 418 14.2... 420 14.3... 424 14
Contents Inscription Zhang Jian Preface Zhang Chengxian Foreword Prologue Introduction 0.1 Defining arts education 0.2 Scope and tasks of arts education 0.3 Arts education and its related fields 0.4 Methods in arts education resesrch 1 The nature of arts education 1.1 Two basic factors determining the nature of arts education 1.2 Primary and secondary education and the nature of arts education 1.3 The nature of arts and the arts education 1.4 The nature of arts education 2 Characteristics of arts education 2.1 Primary and secondary education and the charac teristics of arts education 2.2 Arts and the characteristics of arts education 3 The social foundations of arts education 3.1 Arts education is a social product 3.2 Social economy is the material basis of arts education 3.3 Economic productivity determines the contents and means of arts education 4 The functions of arts education 4.1 Function of cultural transmission 15
4.2 Function of all-round development4 for students 4.3 Function of cultivating creativity 4.4 Function of developing healthy personality 4.5 Function of social influence 5 The purpose of arts education 5.1 Value orientation and the purpose 5.2 Arts education and different value orientations 5.3 Criteria for the purpose of arts education 5.4 Principle for determining the purpose of arts education 5.5 Quality education and humanistic approach to the purpose of arts education 5.6 Educational objectives and the unity oftraining and education 6 Curriculum of arts education 6.1 Basic concepts of arts education 6.2 Types of arts education curriculum 6.3 Design of arts education curriculum 6.4 Contents of arts education curriculum 6.5 Teaching objectives of arts education curriculum 6.6 Arts education curriculum 6.7 Text book of artseducation 7 Principles of arts education 7.1 A survey of the teaching of arts 7.2 Elements of the teaching activities and their relations 7.3 The nature of the teaching process 7.4 Basic contradictions and major contradictions 16
in arts education 7.5 The role of the teacher and students in arts education 7.6 Multi-factorial approach to arts education 7.7 Stages of arts education and their principles 8 Principles of arts education 8.1 Basic concepts about the principles 8.2 The systematicity of the principles 8.3 The criteria of arts teaching principles 8.4 Principles of arts teaching 9 Methods of arts teaching 9.1 A survey of arts teaching metbods 9.2 Classification system of arts teaching methods 9.3 Methods and requirements of arts teaching 10 Preparation of teaching 10.1 General preparation of arts teaching 10.2 The design of teaching schedules 10.3 The design of unit teaching 10.4 Topic preparation and the choice of methods 11 Procedures of arts teaching 11.1 Classroom organization of arts teaching 11.2 Procedures and requirements of teaching 11.3 Types of arts chass and teaching models 11.4 Arts of organizing arts class 11.5 Teaching prepartion and teaching reflection 12 Evaluation of arts teaching 12.1 Evaluation of students learning 12.2 Evaluation of teaching 13 Electives of arts courses and extracurricular activities 13.1 Electives of arts courses 17
13.2 Extracurricular activities 14 The important role of arts teachers 14.1 The professional qualification of arts teachers 14.2 The teaching skills of arts teachers 14.3 The psychological property of arts teachers 18
1913 : : 21 21 12 19
21 0.1 0.1.1 0.1.2 20 30 1978 20
80 1986 1988 28 1988 0.1.3 21
( 0-1) 01-1 22
0.2 : 0.2.1 23
0.2.2 24
0.2.3 0.2.4 25
0.2.5 0.2.6 : 26
0.3 0.3.1 27
0.3.2 (1) (2) DBAE 28
(1714 1762 ) (1770 1831 ) (1828 1889 ) (3) (4) 0.3.3 29
: 0.3.4 30
0.4 0.4.1 : (5) 31
0.4.2 : (1) (2) 32
(3) (4) ( [ ] (1) : 1 199 (2) : 1 1992 (3) : 11 1989 (4) : 2 998 (5) ( ) 54 1966 33
1 : : (1) 1.1 1-1 34
1-1 1.2 1.2.1 1999 ( ) 35
3 : (1) 21 (2) : ( ( ) 36
(2) (3) 21 21 (3) 37
) ( ) ( ) ) 21 20 : (4) 38
1996 2010 6 13 1.2.2 : (1) ( 39
) (2) : (5) 40
1.3 1.3.1 1904 1923 1928 1956 1979 : art 18 41
1.3.2 (1) 42
(6) 43
(2) 44
(3) 45
1949 60 1.4 : 46
: VCD ( 1-2) ( 1-3) 47
1-2 48
[ ] 1-3 (1) 96 1956 (2) 49 1999 (3) 1993 2 98 (4) 21 13 1997 (5) 1 363 1977 (6)[ ] : ( ) 168 169 1964 49
2 2.1 2.1.1 (1) 1999 6 13 ( ) 50
(1) (1592 1670) (2) 51
52
(3) 53
54
2.1.2 (2) (3)1999 6 13 55
18 20 (4) 1940 (5) 56
( ) 57
( ) (6) : 58
(7) (8) 2.1.3 : (1) : 1) 59
1904 20 90 2) 3) 4) 60
(2) : 1) 1999 2) 20 80 61
3) 4) ) 62
2.2 2.2.1 ) ( ) 63
( 2-1) : (9) 2 2-1 ( 2-2) 64
2-2 ( ) 2.2.2 65
: (10) : (11) ( 2-3) ( 2-4) 66
2-3 2-4 (4 ) ( ) ( 2-5) ( 2-6)! 2-5 ( ) 2-6 67
( 2-7) ( 2-8) ( 2-9) ( 2-10) 2-7 68
2-8 ( 2-11) 2-9 ( ) 69
2-10 ( ) 2-11 70
( ) 71
2.2.3 : (12) : (13) 72
1917 1938 (14) : 73
(15) : (16) : (17) (18) 74
21 (19) 20 75
2.2.4 : 76
2-12 : ( 2-12) : : 77
: (20) : (21) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) 78
: [ ] (1) (2) 1 1998 (3) 1 1998 (4) 70 72 1 (5) : 1986 11 28 (6) : 110 170 1989 (7) : 1998 79
80 (8) (9) 1991 (10) : 13 1986 (11) : ( ) 34 39 1986 (12) : 54 (13) : 54 (14)[ ] : (15)[ ] : (16)[ ] : (17)[ ]H G : (18)[ ]H G : (19)[ ] : 4 1998 (20)[ ] : 1984 (21)[ ] : 6 94 1998
3 3.1 3.1.1 : : 81
: : 3.1.2 (1) 82
: : (2) 3.1.3 83
3-1 84
( 5 3 483 ) : ( ) ( 3-1) ( 3-2-1 32-2), ( ) ( ) 85
3-2-l 3-2-2 86
3.1.4 1904 17 (1592 1670) 18 (1712 1778) (1746 1827) 1774 19 87
(1776 1841) 1851 : 1904 1949 20 88
60 3.1.5 : 20 80 21 89
: (3) : 19 ( ) 90
(4) 91
3.2 92
3.3 93
94
[ ] (1) : 16 19 1992 (2) : 285 1997 (3) : 1 5 1997 (4) : 527 528 1997 95
4 50 96
4-1 ( 1998 ) 97
( 4-1) 4.1 98
4.1.1 (1) (2) 99
(3) : 4-2 ( ) 100
( 4-3) : (1) 4-3 ( 1998 ) 101
(2) (3) : ( 4-4) 4-4 102
4-5 4-6 ( ) ( ) ( ) (4) ( 4-5 4-6) ( 4-7) ( 4-8) 103
4-7 ( ) 4-8 4.1.3 104
4.1.4 (1) : 105
(2) (3) 4.2 106
4.2.1 1999 : (1) : 107
: : 108
(2) 4-9 ( ) 109
( 4-9) : (3) (1) : 110
: (2) 4.2.2 (1) : (3) 111
(2) (4) 112
20 10 10 (3) ( 4-10) 113
4-10 114
(4) 115
116
(5) 1993 A B A B A B 1993 1994 A B 1994 1996 A B 1993 10 A B 69 1994 11 1997 1 ( 4-1 4-4) : t t P VIQ PIQ IQ M SD 4-1 1993 A B 4-2 1993 A B 117
4-3 1997 A B 4-4 1997 A B : A B 1993 1997 T :A B A B A 1993 100.85 1997 106.96 6.11 B 1993 94.91 1997 98.76 3.85 A B 2.26 A 11.0 B 9.92 A B 1.48 A A 1993 1997 27 1997 1993 23 14 2 2 : (6) (5) 118
( ) 4.2.3 (1) 1 (7) : (2) 119
20 ( 4-11 4-12) 4-11 120
4-12 ( ) (3) (4) : 4.2.4 121
: (1) (8) (2) 122
( 4-13 4-14) 123
4-13 ( 1998 ) 4-14 ( 1998 ) (3) : 124
: : : (9) : 125
! (10) (4) ( 4-15) 126
4-15 ( 1998 ) (5) 127
) (6) : 128
(7) (11) (12) 129
4.3 20 60 4.3.1 130
4.3.2 ( 4-16) 4-16 ( ) 131
4.3.3 ( 4-17) 4-17 21 : 132
4.4 133
85 4.5 4.5.1 134
4.5.2 135
4.5.3 1808 5 3 [ ] (1) (315 443) (2)3 1982 (3)[ ] : 136
1993 (4) : 210 1996 (5)[ ] : 53 1988 (6) (7)[ ]H : 284 1988 (8) 2 (9) : (10) : (11) : 351 (12) 137 1983 137
5 5.1 : (1) 138
5.2 5.2.1 17 (1592 1670) 139
(2) : 1904 1949 140
5.2.2 (1) 18 (1771 1858) (163 1704) (1746 1827) (2) 1798 (1746 1818) 1856 1870 15 1904 141
(3) (3) (4) 5.2.3 : 142
: (4) 18 (5) (1776 1841) 143
1912 (6) (1861 1947) 20 1980 5.2.4 : 144
19 19 1869 20 20 20 30 1937 50 50 94% 20 30 1950 1957 1984 145
5.2.5 (1859 1952) 20 30 :(1) (3) (4) (7) : (1) (2) (3) (8) 20 30 146
: 5.2.6 (DBAE) : (9)20 90 : (10) :DBAE 20 60 1965 147
DBAE 1968 1970 ( ) DBAE 80 1983 1984 : 60 (DBAE) ( DBAE 1994 1998 : 148
5.3 :(1) (2) 5.3.1 (11) (12) : (1) 149
1999 (2) 150
(3) ( 5-1) 151
5-1 (13) 5.3.2 ( ) (1) 152
( 5-2 1-2 1-3) (2) 5-2 ( 1986 10 14 ) (3) 153
(4) 5.3.3 154
5.3.4 155
5.3.5 1999 6 15 (14) 5.4 5.4.1 156
5.4.2 5.4.3 157
5.4.4 5.5 158
5-3 ( 5-3) : 159
: : (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) : 160
5.6 161
[ ] (1) : 19 406 162
1953 (2) : 164 171 1984 (3) (4) : 355 1985 (5) 116 118 121 1984 (6) 68 1983 (7) : 31 32 1981 (8) : 35 1998 (9)[ ] : : 8 12 1998 (10) 1991 6 : (11) : 120 1972 (12) 363 (13) 1 9 : 1 14 15 : 1985 (14) 1999 6 16 163
6 6.1 ( 100 1300 ) 9 : 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) b. c. d. e. 9) 164
: 6.2 : (1) ( ) ) (2) 165
2 3 (3) 6.3 : 166
: 167
6.4 6.4.1 : 168
6.4.2 (1) DBAE (2) 169
(3) ( ) 6.4.3 1904 ( ) 170
(1) ( 6-11 6-1-7)( ) ( 6-2-1)( ) ( )( 6-1 6-2 6-4) ( 6-2-5 6-2-6) ( 6-3(2)) 171
6-1-1 (1906 ) ( ) 6-1-2 6-1-3 1798 172
: 12 6-1-4 6-1-6 173
6-1-5 6-1-7 6-2-1 (1909 ) 174
6-2-2 6-2-3 175
6-2-4 6-2-5 176
6-2-6 6-3-1 20 20 177
6-3-2 ( 6-4-1 6-4-2) 20 20 1927 178
6-4-1 (1913 ) 1928 1929 1932 ( ) ( 6-5-1 6-5-13) 179
6-4-2 1949 3 ( 6-6-1 6-6-3) 1950 ( ) 1956 6-5-1 1928 1929 180
6-5-2 6-5-3 181
6-5-4 6-5-5 182
6-5-6 6-5-7 183
6-5-8 6-5-9 6-5-10 184
6-5-11 6-5-12 6-5-13 6-6-1 185
6-6-2 6-6-3 1958 ( ) ( 6-7) 1970 ( 186
) ( ) ( 6-81 6-8-4) 6-7 1958 ( ) 187
6-8-1 (1970 ) 6-8-2 1979 ( ) 1981 ( 6-9-1 6-9-3) 188
6-8-3 6-8-4 189
6-9-1 1981 6-9-2 190
6-9-3 1988 20 90 ( 6-10-1 6-10- 6) 191
6-10-1 6-10-2 6-10-3 192
6-10-4 6-10-5 6-10-6 (2) : : 193
1) DBAE DBAE 194
2) 15 19 195
: 3) 6.4.4 ( ) 196
: (1) 1) 2) 3) (3) 1) 197
2) 198
199
) 3) 21 20 (2) 200
(3) 6 15 18 12 12 (4) (4) : 201
(5) : 1) 20 90 2) 202
3) 6.4.5 : 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) (5) 1992 203
: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 10% 20% 7) 8) (6) 8 (1) (7) 204
20 50 : : 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) (2) 205
: : : : : 1) 206
2) 1) 2) 3) (3) 207
208
(4) (8) 1999 6 : (9) 1979 209
(10) (5) : 1) 2) 3) 4) : 1) 2) 210
3) 56 (6) : 211
6.5 6.5.1 (1) 212
(2) (3) 6.5.2 (1) : 213
: (2) : : : 6.6 214
(1) (2) (3) 215
(4) 1992 1999 21 : 20 1999 216
6.7 ( ) 6.7.1 (1) 20 60 217
(2) : 1) 2) 218
: 3) 4) : 219
: 5) 6.7.2 20 70 220
6.7.3 221
6.7.4 (1) 1992 10% 20% 222
(2) [ ] (1) (2) 6-3 20 223
20 50 (3) : 103 104 1996 (4)[ ] : 1986 (5) : 166 167 1998 (6) (7) : 166 1998 (8) : 2 199 (9) 1999 6 17 (10) : 182 184 1983 224
7 7.1 : : ( ) ( ) ( ) 225
7.2 ( ) 226
227
: : ( ) 7.3 228
(1) 7.3.1 229
7.3.2 : ( ) 230
16 200 7.3.3 : 231
: 7.4 232
( 7-1 ) 7-1 ( ) 7.5 ( 7-1 ) 233
7.5.1 7.5.2 234
7.5.3 235
236
7.6 ( ) 7.7 ( 7-2): 7-2 237
20 238
7-3 : 7-3 ( 7-4) 7-4 239
[ ] (1) ( ) 54 1965 240
8 8.1 8.2 ( 241
(1985 ) (198 242
) (1991.9 ) (1992.12 ) 243
(1987 ) ( ) ) (1998.4 ) 244
8.3 8.3.1 245
8.3.2 : 8-1: 8-1 8.3.3 21 (1) 246
: (2) ( 8-2): 8-2 8.3.4 ( 8-3): 247
8-3 8.3.5 ( 8-4): 8-4 248
22 ( 8-5) 8-5 249
( 8-5) : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) 8.4 8.4.1 : (1) 250
(2) 20 60 251
(3) 252
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 8.4.2 253
) : 254
: (1) 21 255
: 256
(2)!! 257
(3) ( ) 8.4.3 258
259
(1) (2) 260
) 1) : 2) : 261
( 8-1-1) ( 8-1-2) 8-1-1 8-1-2 ( ) 262
(3) 8.4.4 : (1) : (3) 263
(2) : (1) 264
(2) 265
(3) ( ) ( ) (4) 266
(4) (5) 267
8.4.5 : 268
(1) (2) ( ) (3) : (4) 269
8.4.6 20 270
: (1) 271
(2) :1) 2) 3) ( 8-2) (3) 272
(4) 273
8-2 ( 8-3) 274
8-3 ( ) 8.4.7 275
276
(1) 277
(2) 8-4-1 8-4-4) 278
8-4-1 (11 ) 8-4-2 (12 ) 8-4-3 (11 ) 8-4-4 (8 ) (3) 279
: : : : (4) 8.4.8 280
: (1) (2) 281
(3) (1) (2) (3) 282
(4) (5) [ ] (1) : 1999 6 17 (2) : 1999 6 17 (3) 220 1983 (4) : 26 1996 283
9 9.1 284
9.2 20 80 : (1) 1984 9-1: 9-1 285
1991 (2) ( 9-2): 9-2 286
1992 (3) ( 9-3)(4): 9-3 287
(5) 288
: (1) (2) (3) 289
(4) (5) 9-4): 9-4 290
9.3 9.3.1 (1) 291
: 1) 2) 292
3) 4) ( ) 10 15 : : 1) 2) 3) (2) : 293
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) : 294
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)! : 7) 295
8) : : 1) 2) (6) (7) (8) (3) : 296
1) 2) 3) 4) : 297
: 1) 2) 3) : 1) 2) 9.3.2 298
(1) : : 299
: 1) 2) 3) ( 9-1) 4) 5) 300
9-1 6) 7) : 1) 301
2) 3) 4) (2) 302
: 1) 2) 3) 4) 303
5) 6) : 1) 2) 3) (3) 304
: 1) 2) 3) 4) 305
5) ( ) 6) : 1) 2) 3) 9.3.3 306
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 307
(6) : 308
: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 309
6) 7) 8) : 9) 10) : 310
1) 2) 3) 9.3.4 (1) 311
: : 312
: 1) 9-2-1 9-2-2 313
9-2-1 9-2-2 2) : 3) 4) 314
5) : 1) 2) 3) 4) (2) 315
(9) : (10) ( 9-5) 9-5 316
20 60 ( 9-6) 9-6 317
( 9-7) 9-7 318
1997 319
) (11) ( 1993 ) : 320
: (12) : 1) 321
2) 3) 4) 5) 6) : 1) 2) 322
3) 4) 9.3.5 323
: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 324
325 : 1) 2) 3) [ ] (1) : 199 199 (2) : 201 199 (3) : 201 1 (4) 202 1992 (5)[ ] : 56 1987 (6) 96 : 1986 (7) 258 : 1983 (8) 159 : 1990 (9) : 319 1981 (10) : ( ) 44 (11)[ ] :
193 194 259 260 (12) : ( ) 52 326
10 10.1 10.1.1 : (1) 327
(2) : 1) 2) 328
3) 10.1.2 10.1.3 : : 329
( ) 330
10.2 : (1) (2) (3) ( 10-1) : 10-1 ( 331
10.3 : (1) (2) (3) ( 10-2) 10-2 332
10.4 10.4.1 : (1) 333
(2) (3) (4) 10.4.2 10.4.3 334
10.4.4 ( ) 335
(1) : : ( ) ( ) ( ) (2) : ( ) (3) 336
(4) : ( ) (5) (6) (7) (8) 337
( ) (9) :1995 (1 ) : : : : : 1. 2. : 338
339 : :1) 2) :1) 2) 3) 4) 2 5) ( ) 6) 7) ( ) : 1. ( ) ) 2. ( ) ( ) 3.( ) ( ) ( ) 1.( )( 10-1-1)
10-1-1 2.( ) ( 39 ) 340
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1. : 1) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( 10-1-2) 10-1-2 2)( )( 10-1-3) ( ) ( ) 341
10-1-3 3) 2. : 1) ( ) 2) ( ) 3) ( 10-1-4) 3. ( ): 1) ( )( ) 2) ( )( ) 3) 1. ( ) 342
2. : 10-1-4 1) 2) 3) 3. ( : ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. : 343
:1998 : 1998.11 : ( ) :1 : : : : : : : : : :(2 ) 1. : 344
( ) 2. ( : : : : 3. : : ( ) :(5 ) 1. : : 2. (1) : (2)( ) (3) : : ) : ( 10-2- 1 102-2) 345
10-2-1 10-2-2 (4) : : ( ) (8 ) 1. : ( )( 102-3 10-2-4) 10-2-3 10-2-4 1: 346
2: : 2. : (1) P 26 ( ) : : (2) ( ) : 3. : ( 10-2-1) : ( ) :(3 ) 1. : 2. :( ) (1) (2) (3) (4) 3. ( 10-2-5) :(20 ) 1. : 2. : (1) (2) (3) (4) 3. :(2 ) (1) ( ) 347
(2) : 10-2-5 ( 10-2-6): 10-2-6 10.4.5 348
10.4.6 : 349
11-11.1 : 11.1.1 11-1 : 350
11-1 11-2 11-2 1 2 3 4 351
11.1.2 11.1.3 : (1) ( ) (2) (3) (4) (5) 352
11.2 : 11.2.1 11.2.2 353
11.2.3 11.2.4 354
) 11.2.5 ( 11-3) 11.2.6 355
11-3 ( 11-4) 356
11-4 11.2.7 ( 11-5) 357
11-5 11.3 11.3.1 358
( 11-6) 11.3.2 (1) 359
11-6 : (1) 360
(2) (2) : 1) 2) 3) 361
4) 5) 11.3.3 : 362
(1) : 1) : 2) 363
: (2) : (3) : 364
(4) : (5) ( ) 365
: 11.3.4 : (1) 366
21 (2) (3) (4) 11.4 367
11.4.1 : : : : : 368
: (1) : (2) : : (3) : (4) : (5) : (6) : (7) : (8) : 11.4.2 369
(1) : (2) : (3) : (4) : 370
(5) : 11.4.3 (1) : (2) : (3) : (4) : : 371
: : : : (5) : (6) : (7) : (8) : ( 11-7) 372
11-7 ( ) : 1986 4 : 40 373
: : :! 374
:! 20 7 6 3 5! 19 : 20 375
6 : : : 11.5 376
: 1) 2) 3) 4) : 1) 2) [ ] (1) : 3 1996 (2) 377
12 12.1 : 12.1.1 (1) 378
(2) (3) (4) 12.1.2 : (1) (2) (3) 1 379
: (1) (2) 12.1.3 (1) 1) 2) 3) 4) (2) 380
12.1.4 : (1) (2) (3) 381
(4) 12.2 382
12.2.1 (1) (2) (3) 12.2.2 (1) 383
: 1) 2) 3) : 1) 2) (2) : 1) 2) 3) : 4) (3) : 1) : 384
2) 3) : 4) 5) (4) 1) 2) 3) 385
4) 5) (5) : 1) 2) (6) 386
12.2.3 (1) (2) 21 (3) : 1) 2) 3) (4) 387
(5) 12.2.4 (1) (2) 388
(3) (4) (5) ( ) : ) : : 389
390 : : : ( ) ( ) 6 19 ( 12-1) A B C D A : 1. (1) (2)
2. (3) (4) (5) (6) 3. (7) (8) (9) (10) 4. (11) (12) 391
5. (13) (14) (15) 6. (16) (17) (18) (19) A B C D : 1. 2. ( 12-1) ( 12-2) 392
12-14 12-2 393
3. A 95 B 80 C 65 D 50 : = : 1( ) A : 95 0.10=9.5 :5 1 4 A 1 B : (9.5 4 8 1) 5=46 5=9.2 12-3 4. 12-3 394
( ) 5. 6 ( 0 5 ) 6. : ( ) 20 90 395
13 13.1 13.1.1 : 396
: 397
13.1.2 : (1) (2) 398
(3) ( ) 13.1.3 (1) 399
13-1 400
(2) 1) : ( 401
2) 3) (3) 402
1) : 20 50 403
2) 404
13.1.4 (1) (2) (3) 405
(4) (5) 13.1.5 406
: 1) 2) : 407
1) 15 2) 3) 13.2 13.2.1 408
(1) 1) ( 13-2 13-3) 13-2 ( ) 2) ( ) 409
13-3 171 ( ) 3) 4) 410
5) 6) : ( 13-4) 7) ( 13-5) (2) 411
13-6) 412
13-4 ( ) 413
13-5 ( ) 13-6 (3) : 1) 414
2) 3) 4) 5) ( 13-7) 415
13-7 ( ) (4) 13.2.2 416
417
14 1 3 14.1 14.1.1 418
14.1.2 14.1.3 419
14.1.4 14.2 14.2.1 420
(1) (2) (3) 421
(4) (5) 1) 2) 3) 422
4) 5) ( 14-1) 14.2.2 14-1 423
14.2.3 14.2.4 14.2.5 14.3 14.3.1 : (1) 424
(2) 14.3.2 21 425
14.3.3 (1) : (3) (2) 426
14.3.4 20 21 [ ] 14-2 (1) : 94 1957 427
(2) (3) : 98 1981 428