1 ( 1999 2004) ( 1999 2001) ( 1995) Koran(1977)KahleBoone(2000) (National Research Council) 1996 (National Science Education Standards) (program) (system)
2... ( 1995a) (1995) ( 1997 1998) (1997) ( 1998a 1998b)
3 ( 2000 2001 2002) (1999a) ( 2006)
1 2 1. 2. 3. 4
5 ( 1995) ( 2003) (2003) (2001) 1999
6 68 21 38 83 83 ( 1999) 91 83 (1997) (1995)
7 ( ) 846 ( 1995b 1996) 1 2 3 4 (1) - (2) - (3) - (4) - 91 917 83 ( 2006) 1 2
8 2-1-1 846 928 15 ( 2003a) 1 (1) (2) 2 (1) - (2) - (3) - (4) () - (5) -
9 ( 2-1-1) (1) (2) 8000 4 (3)
10... ( 2005) (1995) ( 1995) (2003) ( 2000) (2003) (2002)
11 (2006) ( ) ( ) ( 2003) (character traits)... ( 2003) (2002) 4455 1400 820 180 27290 4570 3185 420 35490 49740 ( 2004) ( 2004) (2005) ( )
12 ( ) ( 1996) ( 2003) (2003) (2004) 26
13 ( 2003)... 26 (2006) 83 (2002) Amitai Etzioni
14 26 ( 2002) ( 1994) ( 1997) (1998) (1) (2) (3) (4) ( ) ( )
15 ( 2003 2006 2005 2005) (2006) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 2006) (
16 1996) (2006) 944 70% 30% ( 2003 2005 2006 2005 2005 2006 2005) 1. ( ) ( ) 2.
17 (2004) (1999) ( 2005) (83)
18 3. (master teacher) ( ) ( ) ( 2005) ( ) 4. (1998)
19 5. ( 1998 2005) National Board for Professional Teaching
StandardsNBPTS What Teachers Should Know And Be Able To DoNBPTS1989 1. 2. 3. 20
21 4. 5.
American Association of Colleges for Teacher EducationAACTE Standards-based Teacher Education ProjectSTEP STEP STEP (1) (2) (3) Shulman(19861987) (pedagogical content knowledge) Shulman 1. (content knowledge) 2. (general pedagogical knowledge) 3. (curriculum knowledge) 4. (knowledge of learner) 22
5. (knowledge of educational context) 6. (knowledge of educational aims) 7. (pedagogical content knowledge) 24. Shulman(1987) GrossmanRichert1988 1997 ParkayStanford2000 1997 Parkay Stanford2000 Shulman Shulman Shulman (1996) 23
24 ( 2-2-1) ( ) 2-1-1 WilsorRichert(1987) ( 1996)
2-2-1 ( 1996) (National Research Council) 1996 (National Science Education Standards) (program) (system) 25
26 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
27 1. (1) (2) (3) ( ) (4) 2. 3.
28 4. 1968 2006 ( 2003a)
29 ( 1998) ( 2005) ( 2000a) 83 ( 2004 2003 2003 2005 2003b 2005 2000b) ( 2003b)
30 ( 2003b) (2003b) ( 2003b) ( 2005) ( 2004) ( 2004) ( 2003b) 200 20 5
31 ( 2003b) ( 2003 2003) ( ) (2003) (1) (signification) (2) (internalization) (3) (generalization) (4) (simplification)
32 ( 1999a 1999b) ( 2004) ( 1999) ( 1999) ( 2000 1999) ( 1999) (2003) ( 2002 2003) (19992000)
33 (2004) ( ) ( ) (2003) ( 1999 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 2000)
34 (2003)
35 ( 1997) (2003) ( 1997) ( 2000 2003c) (National
36 Science Education Standards)( National Research Council, 1996) 2002( )2003( ) 1998 ( 2000) ( 2003c) ( 2003c) ( 2003c) ( 2003c) ( 2003c) ( 2003c 2000 2003) ( 2003c)(1)
37 (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (problem-solving) ( )
38 (Science-Technology-Society STS) ( 2002 2003 1997a 1997b 1998 2005Yager1996Yager & McCormack1989) (2002) ( )STS ( ) ( 2-4-2) (2003) STS STS ( 1989 1991 1997 1998 2004) STS STS YagerAbd-HamidAkcay(2005)Krajcik Penick(1989)PenickYager(1988)HenningKing(2005)Hollenbeck(2003) MbajiorguAli(2003)MeyerJames(2002)Gaskell(2001)Kumar Chubin(2000)Carroll (1999) STS STS (2006) (2000) (2000) (1998) (1997) (1997)
39 (1997) 2-2-2 STS ( 2002) (19961997) STS STS STS (PCK) STS 1. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 2. (1) (2) STS
40 3. STS STS (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)STS 4. STS (PCK) STS STS STS STS STS ( 2000 2000) ( 2003) ( 2003c) ( 2003c)
- 3-1-1 41
42 6 6 12 (2006) (open-ended) (2003)
43 ( ) 2. ( ) ( ) 3. 4. ( ) 5.
6 6 12 510 3 4 8 1020 5 3 4 20~ 4 5 44
45 B4 B4-331 B4 331 331 AB A B 331 332 333 334 335 336 B:,,,
337,,, soft science B4-331 (2003) (coding) (open coding) (axial coding) (selective coding) (open coding) Nenman(1997) ( 2003) (axial coding) (selective coding) BauerArats(2000) 46
47 (relevance) (homogeneity) (synchronicity) ( 2003) Shulman Shulman Shulman 26
48 Shulman Shulman (1) Shulman (2) Shulman (3) Shulman (4) Shulman ( 4-4-1) Shulman ( 4-4-1 )
49 3-4-1 ( ) (open coding) (axial coding) (selective coding)
50 ( ) ( ),,,,, soft science (B4-332)
51 ( 4-3-1)
52 12 Shulman 83 (1998a1998b) ()
53 (A5 A6B2B3B4B6) A6 26 ( ) paper work paper work pckpk ck pck ck, pk (B6-0408)
54... (A5-085) (A1A2A3A4B1B3)... (A2-298)... 26 (B3-324)
55 (1996) (2005) ( 84 ) ( 92 ) 26 (35)
56 (A1A2A3A4A5A6B1B2B4)..................... ok... (A2-001) general (B4-047) A1A3 ( )
57... (A3-099) (A1-040)
58 A1 (A1-057) 2. (A1A4A5)
59.................. (A5-063)... (A1-010) 3. (A2B2B5) (co-teaching)
60 (B2-469) co-teaching co-generation dialogue co-teaching... co-teaching (B5-242)
61 (A1A2A4A5A6 B1B4B5B6)......... (B1-002) (A6-0240) (A4A5B1B4) B5
62 (B4-598) (A4-148) (A1B1B5)
63 (B5-315)........................... (B1-335) (A1A2A6B5) ( )
64...... (A2-138) ( ) (A6-0351) ( )
65 (A2A4A5B1B4)... (A4-165),,,,
66 philosophy, (B4-419) A4A6B1 (A6-0334)
......... (B1-026) 67
68 Shulman Shulman (A5B1B3B4B5)
69 pk,, content content science pk,, pk pk (B4-363) M...... (B3-089) (A5) (B1B3B4B5)
70 (A2A3A5B1B3B4) (A3-358)..................
71... (A5-508) A1A3B5 (A3-179) leadership (B5-161) B1 B5
72...... (B1-224) (B5-206) A6B1B6
...... (B1-256),,,, interesting,,,, (B6-0770) 26 26 73
74 () (A1A2A4A5A6B1B3B4 B5B6) ( )
content,,, soft science hard science,,, advance special, hard science,, hard science, soft science STS hard science complete, (B4-166)..., (A-4060) A1A2A6B4 75
76 (A6-025)............... (A1-180)
77 ( 1996) B5 A1A6B1B5B6 ( )
78... (B5-081)... (A3-171) (A1A2A3A4B1B5B6)............
79 (A1-237) power-teacher... power-teacher power-teacher (A2-143) 1997 () (A1A2A3A5A6B1B2B3B4 B5B6) 1997
80...... pay... (B2-101) attitude for teaching............(a5-281) (A6B2B3B4) (A6-0235)
81...... (B3-129) (A5B1B2B3B5B6)......... (B2-004)
82...... (B3-257) (A1A3A6B1B3B5) (B1-123) (B3-244)
83 A1B3 (A1-362)... (B3-326) 2. (A3A6B1B5)...
84 (B1-218)...... (A3-216) 3. A1B1B5... (A1-633)
........................... (B1-194) 85
86 6 A1A2A3A4A5A6 5 B1B2B3B4B6 2(6) A5A6 4(5) B2B3B4B6 4 A1A2A3A4 2 B1B3
87 6 6 5( ) 4 2
88 ( ) ( ) ( ) 6 A1A2A3A4A5A6 4 B1B2B4B5 6 A1A2A3A4A5A6 3 B1B2B4 1 A1 0 3 A1A4A5 0 1 A2
89 2 B2B5 10 ( ) 2) 3 3) 3 1 2
90 5 A1A2A4A5A6 4 B1B4B5B6 2 A4A5 2 B1B4 1 A1 2 B1B5 3 A1A2A6 1 B5 3 A2A4A5 2 B1B4 2 A4A6 1 B1 5 4
91 3 2 5 2 B5 2 1
92 1 A5 4 B1B3B4B5 3 A2A3A5 3 B1B3B4 2 A1A3 1 B5 0 2 B1B5 1 A6 2 B1B6 1 4 1
93 1 4 3 6 4-3-5 5 A1A2A4A5A6 5 B1B3B4B5B6 3 A1A2A6 1 B4 5 10
94 4-3-6 (5) (3) 2 A1A6 3 B1B5B6 4 A1A2A3A4 3 B1B5B6 5 5 3 8
95 4-3-7 5 A1A2A3A5A6 6 B1B2B3B4B5B6 1 A5 5 B1B2B3B5B6 3 A1A3A6 3 B1B3B5 1 A1 1 B3 2 A3A6 2 B1B5 1 A1 2 B1B5 5 6 11
96 1 4 (2002) ( ) 6 3 ( )
97
98 ( ) (co-teaching)
99 ( )
100 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
101 ( )
102 94
103 (1997) (2005) (1996) STS 54(2)103-114 (1997) 25(3) 167-174 ( )(1998) - (1999) 2619-22 (2003) -- (1997) 22119-131 (1998a) 141-39 (1998b) 6(5)1-20 (2004) 231-36 (1995) 65-76 (2006)STS -- 28738-48 (2003) STS 2592-20 (2005) 63154-62 (2000)
104 23120-27 (2003) 10527-43 (2005) 22(6)37-46 (2006) 6382-6 (2001) 5(4)30-43 (1996) 118-143 (2000)STS 8(4)335-355 (2006) 63812-21 (2003) The Teaching Gap (2003) 1055-7 (2000) (1999) 27(8) 866-888 (1997) STS 11 273-306 (1997) STS 375-98 (2006) 41176-187 (2003)
105 (2003) 20(2)62-68 (1996) 17(1) 12-18 (1999a) 7(1) 1-13 (1999b) (2004) -- 943-48 (2004) 2004 3 15 (1997a)STS 5(2)167-189 (1997b)STS 1(2)85-95 (1998)STS 57510-19 (2000) -- 23140-42 (2003) 54(3) 4-19 (2004) 63054-56 (1989) 14241-261 (1991) 5224-31 (1998) STS 11157-186 (1999)
(1999) 3(3)29-35 (2003a) (2003b) 3(2) 111-123 (2005) 5(2)154-169 (1998) (1999) 7(1)33-38 (2000) STS Proceedings of the National Science Council (Part DMathematics, Science, and Technology Education)10(3)115-125 (1996)?-- 192-3 (2003) 1623-39 (2002) 9879-90 (1994) (2004) Education Journal32(2)61-86 (2001) 32(9)738-739 (2002) (1994) 106
107 (2003) (2004) 12(4) 129-168 (1997) 2259-84 (1999) 121-17 (2000) 34(5)1-17 (2001) 1137-13 (1997)STS 5(2)219-243 (1995) (2005) 39201-212 (2003) 62313-19 (1997) 2285-95 (2006) QSR N6 EndNote 8 (1997) 36(6)3-5 (1996) 103-116 (1999) 7(1) 22-32 (2000a) 73-7 (2000b)
108 (2002) -- 10324-30 (2000) (1997) (2003) 4358-17 (2004) 2004 9 22 (2000) 40(1) 2-9 (2002) 2840-49 (2005) 211-26 (2005) 40226-238 (1997) 5(3)1-13 (2002) STS 2542-15 (2002)
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