Sentences ( 句子 ) 句子)句子是由一个或多个单词按照约定俗成的规则组成的, 能够表达一个完整意思的语法单位 1.1 Basic sentence Patterns ( 基本句型 ) 英语基本句型主要有以下五种 : 1.1.1 Our journey begins. ( 主语 + 谓语 ) 1. Everybody laughed. 2. Class begins at eight o clock. 3. Patterns of demands differ among countries. 4. Human brains resemble considerably. 1.1.2 I love this trip. ( 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 ) 5. I study pedagogy. 6. Many restaurants have a no-smoking section. 7. The police are investigating the crime. 8. We all need a balanced diet for good health. hapter1 Chapter 1 Sentences (1.1.3 He is a student. ( 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 ) 9. The story sounds interesting. 10. The employees seem very capable. 11. Electronics is a part of electricity. 12. People are similar in many ways. 1.1.4 We consider English important. ( 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 补语 ) 13. He found the box empty. 1
实用阶梯英语语法教程14. We think education crucial. 15. We have proved him wrong. 16. The technician taught us how to examine the water in the boiler. 1.1.5 She gave me a present. ( 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 ) 17. Electricity gives us light. 18. She made herself a new dress. 19. The driver saved us a lot of trouble. 20. The onlookers told the police the whole story. Exercises to 1.1 Analyze the patterns of the following sentences. 1. A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life. 2. The story of Mark Twain s life sounds interesting. 3. Knowledge makes a man elegant. 4. Leaves turn yellow in autumn. 5. The old man walks in the park every day. 6. We all breathe, drink, and eat. 7. All critics considered his novel a masterpiece. 8. Walls have ears. 9. Whether they will come or not depends on the weather. 10. My cousin mailed me a package yesterday. 11. The meeting lasted for two hours. 12. He is repairing the generator. 13. We call it electric energy. Complete the following sentences by translating the Chinese parts. 14. Nothing works better than ( 拥有积极的态度 ). 15. is the common goal. ( 考试的高分 ). 16. ( 他没有遵守安全规则 ) resulted in an accident to the machinery. 17. The lion is ( 勇气的象征 ). 18. Music expresses ( 人们的问题与感情 ). 19. The teacher told the students ( 注意拼写 ). 20. That is why ( 我们要做善事 ). 21. I don t know ( 他明天是否会来 ). 2
1.2 Simple Sentences ( 简单句 ) 句子)只有一个主谓结构的句子叫做简单句 在简单句中, 可能会有两个或两个以上并列的主语或谓语 1.2.1 Life is full of ups and downs. ( 陈述句 ) 1. People have five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. 2. The sun is the largest source of energy in the solar system. 3. The rapid increase in population has created some serious problems. 4. Most people watch television every day. 陈述句用来说明一个事实或陈述说话人的看法, 句末用句号 1.2.1.1 I am a statistics major. ( 肯定句 ) 5. She arrived quite early. 6. The earth revolves round the sun. 7. In general, people keep their savings in banks. 不含否定词的句子即为肯定句 8. I never go to bed without watching the news. 9. I can never see the film without being moved to tears. 10. There was no one who didn t feel sympathy for the victims. 双重否定表示肯定, 为了加强语气 Exercises to 1.2.1.1 Read the following story and learn the usage of statement. The Forbidden City is the largest and most well reserved imperial residence in China today. It took 14 years to build the Forbidden City. The red and yellow used on the palace walls and roofs are symbolic. Red represents happiness, good fortune and wealth. Yellow is the color of the earth on the Loess Plateau, the original home of the Chinese people. Yellow became an imperial color during the Tang dynasty, when only members of the royal family were allowed to wear it and use it in their architecture. The complex consists of 800 buildings with 8,886 rooms, covering 720,000 square meters. Each of the four sides is pierced by a gate, the Meridian Gate on the south and the Gate of Spiritual Valor on the north, being used as the entrance and exit by tourists today. Once inside, visitors will see a succession of halls and palaces spreading out on either side of an invisible central axis. The buildings glowing yellow roofs against vermilion walls is a magnificent sight, not to mention their painted ridges and carved beams. The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987 and listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world. Chapter 1 Sentences (3
实用阶梯英语语法教1.2.1.2 This is not the right answer. ( 否定句 ) 11. Don t apologize. It s my fault. 12. She has not been sleeping well lately. 13. There isn t any market for these products. 系动词 情态动词 助动词加 not 表示对句子的否定 14. I have no brother. 15. He never comes to school late. 16. I know nothing about computer. 一些否定词如 no, never 等表示对句子的全部否定 17. He seldom comes to see me. 18. He has few friends in Hong Kong. 19. I hardly see anything in the room. 一些否定词如 seldom, hardly, rarely 等表示对句子的部分否定 20. Without music, the world would be dull. 21. Jack is the last person whom we would want to meet. 22. The heat was more than we could stand. 某些肯定形式的词或短语表示否定意义 Exercises to 1.2.1.2 Change the following sentences into their negative form. 1. We can go to the park with our teacher next Saturday. 2. Tom does his homework after supper. 3. Jason plays football every afternoon. 4. I do voluntary work in the community every summer holiday. 程5. Self-control is something that comes with your birth. 6. He can sing this song and that one. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 7. Her lecture was above me. 8. You seldom work on Sundays, do you? 9. She had a lot of friends and was usually asked out in the evenings, so she seldom spent an evening at home. 10. I agree with most of what you have said, but I don t agree with everything. 11. It is not unusual for a family to have more than one car to use in daily life. 12. The kids had never been in London, and were astonished at the crowds. 4
1.2.2 Questions ( 疑问句 ) 句子)1.2.2.1 Will you be free tonight? ( 一般疑问句 ) 1. Do I need a reservation? 2. Is there a Korean restaurant around here? 3. Has the factory gone into production? No, not yet. / Yes, it has. 4. Could you help me with my homework this evening? Yes, I will. / No, I won t. 一般疑问句由助动词 情态动词 动词 be 或 have 引导, 通常要求以 yes 或 no 回答 Exercises to 1.2.2.1 Change the following statements into general questions. Model: We speak Chinese. Do you speak Chinese? 1. We have to finish the job on time. 2. She took the late night train to Beijing. 3. College is a different experience for me. 4. Education gives us tools for lifelong learning. 5. Things always change. 6. I locked the door before leaving. 1.2.2.2 What is your name? ( 特殊疑问句 ) 1. What s the exchange rate today? 2. How long have you been waiting here? 3. Which book have you lent him? 4. Who is the young lady standing over there? 5. Why is the Internet so widely used? 特殊疑问句对句中某一部分提出疑问, 由疑问代词或疑问副词引导, 一般用倒装语序 Chapter 1 Sentences (Exercises to 1.2.2.2 Ask questions to the underlined words. 1. Jack did well in math. 2. My sister is reading a book at the windows. 3. There are over 30 students working in the laboratory. 4. The teacher read an interesting story to the students before class began. 5. I bought the dictionary at eight in a bookshop. 5
实用阶梯英语语法教1.2.2.3... tea or milk? ( 选择疑问句 ) 1. Which do you prefer, tea or milk? 2. Is the delegation leaving today or tomorrow? 3. Did you work out the math problem in this way or that way? 4. Will Prof. Smith or Prof. Anniston give us a lecture? 选择疑问句提出两个答案供选择, 在结构上与一般疑问句相似, 两个选择部分用 or 连接 Exercises to 1.2.2.3 Make up sentences according to the situations given. 1. You want to know whether Ben or Mike didn t come to school today. Who? 2. The waitress is asking the customer to choose between the pizza and hamburger. Which? 1.2.2.4 You made reservation, didn t you? ( 反意疑问句 ) 1. I m as tall as your brother, aren t I? 2. You aren t going to her birthday party, are you? 3. We believe she can do it better, can t she? 4. He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn t he? 5. You didn t find many problems with your equipment, did you? 反意疑问句用于提出看法, 询问对方是否同意, 前一部分用陈述句的形式, 后一部分是一个附着在前一部分的简短问句 如果前一个部分用肯定形式, 后一部分就用否定形式 ; 如果前一部分用否定形式, 后一部分就用肯定形式 Exercises to 1.2.2.4 程Fill in the blanks with a proper tail. 1. He often goes to school by bike,? 2. Don t make any noise,? 3. There are times when such things are necessary,? 4. I dare not go out after dark. Let s go together,? 5. You seem to be dissatisfied with your present job. I don t think you judged your ability objectively when you applied it,? 6. Few people would agree with this,? 7. He said he wasn t at home last night,? 1.2.3 Sit down! ( 祈使句 ) 1. Fasten your seat belt! 2. Don t turn off the switch! 6
3. Come in, please! 句子)祈使句表示请求 命令 劝告等, 一般无主语, 谓语动词用原形 4. You wait here for a moment! 5. Behave yourself! 6. Nobody say a word! 在某些情况下加入特定主语, 如 you, oneself, everyone, nobody 等用于加强语气 Exercises to 1.2.3 Translate the following English warnings into Chinese. 1. No spitting! 2. Please do not throw rubbish into this river. 3. Keep in dark place. 4. Customers please refrain from entering this area. 5. No parking day or night! 6. Keep your belongings with you at all times. 7. In case of fire, stay in vehicle. 8. Do not speak to the driver when the bus is moving. 1.2.4 What a beautiful day! ( 感叹句 ) 1. How time flies! 2. What a bad time I had! 3. What terrible weather we ve been having these days! 感叹句表示说话时的惊异 喜悦 气愤等情绪, 多用 what 或 how 引起,what 用于修饰 名词,how 修饰形容词 副词或动词 4. What good news it is! 5. What difficult questions they are! 6. What noise they are making! What a/an + Adj.+Noun+ 主语 + 谓语, 构成感叹句 7. How cold it is today! 8. How interesting this novel is! 9. How hard he works! How + Adj. + a/an + 主语 + 谓语, 构成感叹句 Chapter 1 Sentences (Exercise to 1.2.4 Fill in the following blanks with proper words to form an exclamation. 1. The old lady walked very slowly. the old lady walked! 7
实用阶梯英语语法教2. Mary is an honest girl. girl Mary is! girl Mary is! 3. The students are listening carefully. the students are listening! 4. The weather is fine. weather it is! the weather is! 5. On our holiday we had good weather. weather we had on our holiday! 1.3 Compound Sentences ( 并列句 ) 1. I knocked at the door but no one answered. 2. Hurry up, or you ll be late. 3. Give him an inch and he will take a mile. 4. She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time. 并列句由并列连词 and, or, but, so 等将两个或两个以上平等关系的简单句连接在一 起, 表示语义引申 选择 转折 对比或因果关系等 5. They are not only ornamental, but also useful. 6. Either Jack or Lily will go with you, for one of them has to stay home and wait for the call. 7. You must leave early, or else you ll miss the train. 一些固定搭配如, not only...but also..., neither...nor..., or else 等也可以用于构成并列句 Exercises to 1.3 Multiple Choice 1. You must work hard, you ll fall behind. A. and B. or C. so D. for 2. Mr. Yang knows little English, he can t understand the instructions on the bottle. A. but B. and C. yet D. or 3. He is good-natured, I don t like him. A. but B. or C. for D. so 4. Stop smoking now, your health will be ruined. A. and B. but C. or else D. since 5. This winter is cold, windy. A. either...or B. neither...nor C. both...and D. not only...but also 8
1.4 Complex Sentences ( 复合句 ) 句子)复合句有两个或两个以上主谓结构, 但其中一个是主句, 另外是从句 ; 根据从句在主句中充当的句子成分, 可把从句分为主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 定语从句 状语从句 同位语从句等 1. That light travels in straight lines is known to all. 2. A new study hints that eating milk chocolate may boost brain function. 3. His first question was whether Mr. Smith had arrived yet. 4. The question that who should do the work requires consideration. 名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的各种从句, 分别为主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句和同位语从句 5. The lady whom you saw just now is our math teacher. 6. The company where I work is not far from here. 7. He has a son who works in a hospital. 8. She missed the train, which annoyed him very much. 定语从句在句中起到定语作用, 修饰一个名词或代词, 有时也可修饰一个句子 9. When Maria arrived home, her parents were watching TV. 10. He failed the exam because he was too careless. 11. You will certainly make progress if you study hard. 12. We have to make an early start tomorrow so that we won t get stuck in the traffic. 状语从句在句中起状语作用, 可位于主句之前, 也可位于主句之后, 表示时间 地点 原因 条件 让步 方式 比较 目的或结果等意义 Exercises to 1.4 Read and translate the following sentences. 1. Energy and persistence conquer all things. (Benjamin Franklin) 2. An aim in life is the only fortune worth finding. (Robert Luis Stevenson) 3. Human mind is great, for as long as it concentrates on some cause, it will produce surprising achievements. (Mark Twain) 4. As many languages as he has, as many friends, as many arts and trades, so many times is he a man. (Emerson, Culture, The Conduct of Life) 5. The people who get on in this world are the people who get up and look for circumstances they want, and if they cannot find them, make them. (Bernard Shaw) Chapter 1 Sentences (9
实用阶梯英语语法教程6. We may judge a man s ability by three things: by what he has done (including the impression he has made on others), by what he himself appears to believe he can do, by our own dramatic imagination, based on his immediate personality, of what he might do. If these do not agree it is prudent to observe him further. (Charles Horton Cooley, Life and the Student) 7. The failures and reverses which await men and one after another sadden the brow of youth add a dignity to the prospect of human life, which no Arcadian success would do. (Henry David Thoreau) 1. 基本句型的扩展 基本句型是最简单的结构框架, 为了表达更丰富的思想就需要扩展这些句型 扩展的方式就是增加修饰成分, 如名词 形容词 副词 介词短语或者通过连接词引出并列句 各种从句或更复杂的句子 例如 : Taiwan is a part of China. 这个基本句型可以扩展为下列句子 : Taiwan is a component part of China. ( 用形容词修饰 ) Undoubtedly, Taiwan is a component part of China. ( 用副词修饰 ) Undoubtedly, Taiwan has been a component part of China since ancient times. ( 用介词短语作修饰语 ) Taiwan is an inseparable part of China, and no one can deny the fact. ( 用并列连词连接两个句子 ) That Taiwan is an inseparable part of China is known to the world. ( 用连词 that 引导主语从句 ) There is no denying the fact that Taiwan has been an inseparable part of China since ancient times. ( 用连词 that 引导一个同位语从句 ) 2. 反意疑问句除一般规律外, 还要注意下面的一些特殊情况 : (1) 当陈述部分的主语为 everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, no one, nobody 等表示人的不定代词时, 附加问句的主语通常用 they 或 he 如:Everyone has been to Shanghai, haven t they? 如果陈述部分的主语是 everything, anything, nothing 等表示物的不定代词时, 附加问句的主语常用 it, 不用 they 如:Everything is getting along quite well, isn t it? 10
(2) 当陈述部分的主谓结构为 I wish, 用来表示征求或询问对方的意见时, 疑问部句子)分用 may I 来表示 如 :I wish to go skating with you, may I? (3) 当陈述部分的主语为 I, 谓语动词为 am 时, 附加问句通常用 aren t? 如 :I am doing well enough now, aren t I? (4) 当陈述部分为 there be 句型时, 这时疑问部分实际上并没有语法上的主语, 而是由引导词 there 充当主语 如 :There is a ball on the table, isn t there? (5) 当陈述句为并列句时, 附加问句应与相邻的分句的主谓保持一致 如 :Mary has been doing her homework all the morning, but she should be finished doing it, shouldn t she? (6) 当陈述部分含有 seldom, hardly, scarcely, no, never, rarely, few, little 等否定词时, 附加问句用肯定式 如 :He seldom lends his money to others, does he? (7) 含有 must 的陈述句, 须按句子的情景具体判断 : 1 若 must 作 必须 讲时, 附加问句一般用 mustn t 例如: The students must finish the papers within two hours, mustn t they? 2 若 must 作 必要 解时, 就用 needn t 例如: I must come to school this evening, needn t I? 3 must + have done 句型, 若表示对过去动作或情况的猜测, 则应该用过去时态 ; 若强调对现在造成的影响时, 附加问句用 have/has 构成 例如 : Mary must have finished reading the novel now, hasn t she? 4 must be 表示 必定 ; 一定 时, 附加问句应和 be 的变化形式一致 例如 : The old man must be our headmaster, isn t he? Reading for Review and Leisure Four Dreams for a Perfect Life Healthy and Fit The first common goal to all of us is health and energy. We all want to be healthy and fit, to have high levels of energy and to live free of pain and illness. Today, with the incredible advances in medical science, the quality of our health and fitness, and our lifespan, are largely determined by design, not by chance. People with excellent health habits are far healthier, having more energy, and living longer and better than people who have poor health habits. Excellent Relationships The second goal that we all have in common is to enjoy excellent relationships intimate, personal or social with the people we like and respect, and who like, love and respect us in turn. Fully 85% of your happiness will be determined by the quality of your relationships at each stage, and in each area, of your life. How well you get along with people, and how much they like, love and respect you have more impact on the quality of your life than perhaps any Chapter 1 Sentences (11
实用阶梯英语语法教程other factor. Do What You Love The third common goal is to do the work that we enjoy, to do it well, and to be well paid for it. You want to be able to get and keep the job you want, to get paid more and promoted faster. You want to earn the very most that is possible for you at each stage of your career, whatever you do. Achieve Financial Independence The fourth goal we all have in common is to achieve financial independence. You want to reach the point in life where you have enough money so that you never have to worry about money again. You want to be able to order dinner in a restaurant without using the price listings to determine what you want to eat. 12