Albert Big Bird Usha
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Abstract Using this article as a start, I am scrutinizing Michael Ende's The Neverending Story. Analyzing its "the secondary world " and its "quest process". The Neverending Story is an art of the modern fantasy, with an unique expressing style entirely different from the common fantasy. For the setting in this work goes beyond our everyday's "primary world", the so called "secondary world" which is the main setting here is included too. Using his imagination, the author created the "secondary world", which in some areas are similar with the "primary world". What we are trying to say here is that certain components like history, people, art, civilizations, geography, believes, etc, are similar for both the "primary" & "secondary" worlds, however, it is unnecessary for every single components to be the same for it to be called a "secondary world". Of course, the more the similarities, the clearer the descriptions, and thus forming a more serious "secondary world". Therefore, we can see that this article tries to scrutinize the "secondary world" in Michael Ende's The Neverending Story through a few areas such as history, people, & geography. Besides that, due to the fact that The Neverendind Story consists of both "primary world" and "secondary world", I here am trying to find out whether there is any link between the two worlds, and if the answer is yes, then what is source of communication? As for the "quest " part of The Neverending Story, I use the " home/away/home" style as the starting point. Besides using the description of " the adventures of the hero" in Joseph Campbell's " hero of thousand faces" as a conclusion to end this part of the analysis. Keywords: children s literature, modern fantasy, Michael Ende, The Neverending Story, the secondary world, the quest
1 6 8 10 14 19 27 40 44 48 50 53 61 70 89 95 112 119 120 6
1
Wilhelm- Hauff- Prize 2
(Edgar Ende) (Luise) Tienemanns 3
Wilhelm-Hauff-Prize 4
Michael Ende Memo Die Unendliche Geschichte 5
1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. / / 6
3. 7
1. 1989 8
2. 1995 3. 2000 9
(Modern Fantasy) H () (fantasy) 1 Lukens(1990) 2 (David Russell) 3Sutherland(1997) 10
4 (myths) (fairy tales) (folktales) mythos 5 Sutherland(1997) Children and Books 6 11
(fairy tales) 7 (folktales) Sutherland 12
13
(secondary world) (J. R. R. Tolkien) (the University of St. Andres) Charles Williams On Fairy Stories Leaf by Niggle (Tree and Leaf ) (primary world ) (secondary world ) 14
(The Hobbit) (High Fantasy) (Low (Zahorski) (Boyer) (The Secondary Worlds of High Fantasy, 1982) (setting) (nonrational happenings) 15
(magical) (supernatural) portal 16
Sullivan III (High Fantasy,1996) (Beowulf) (Ann ) 17
C. S. 18
Jill May P 10 (Low Fantasy) (High Fantasy) (high) (low) 11 19
(Romanticism) 12 13 20
(boredom) 14 (Utopia) 21
(Sir Thomas More) eutopia / outopia 15 (magic) 22
16 A. A. 17 18 23
24
1. H 1999.11 328 2. Lukens J. Rebecca, A Critical Handbook of Children s Literature. (U.S.A.: HarperCollins college Publishers, 1996), p19-20. 3. Russell. L. David, Fantasy, Russell. L. David, Literature for Children A Short Introduction. (N.Y.: Longman Group Ltd., 1994), p119. 4. Sutherland Zena, Fantasy Sutherland Zena, Children and Books. (U.S.A.: Addison- Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 1997), p227-228. 5. 1998.10 223-224 6. Sutherland Zena, Fantasy Sutherland Zena, Children and Books. (U.S.A.: Addison- Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 1997), p209. 7. 1998.10 315 8. Sutherland Zena, Fantasy Sutherland Zena, Children and Books. (U.S.A.: Addison- Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 1997), p116.175-176. 9. Zahorski K. J & Boyer R. H., The Secondary Worlds of High 25
Fantasy Schlobin C., ed, The Aesthetics of Fantasy Literature and Art.( USA : the Harvester Press Ltd., 1982), p58-64. 10. May Jill P., Understanding Utopian Worlds in Children s Literature, May Jill. P., Children s Literature and Critical Theory Reading and writing for Understanding. (N.Y.: Oxford University Press,1995), p88. 11. Tolkien J. R. R., On Fairy- Stories, The Tolkien Reader. (Curtis Publishing Co., 1966), p68~70. 12. Manlove Colin, Secondary World Fantasy, Manlove Colin, The Fantasy Literature of England. (N.Y.: St. Martin s Press, Inc., 1999), p37. 13. Tolkien J. R. R., On Fairy- Stories The Tolkien Reader. (Curtis Publishing Co., 1966), p79. 14. 2000.09 11 15. 1995.10 37-38 16. 1995 17. Lurie Alison, Back to Pooh Corner. Lurie Alison, Don t Tell the Grown-Ups the Subversive Power of Children s Literature (U.S.A.: Little Brown and Company, 1990), p155. 18. Lurie Alison Back to Pooh Corner. Lurie Alison, Don t Tell the Grown-Ups the Subversive Power of Children s Literature (U.S.A.: Little Brown and Company, 1990), p144. 26
(Zahorski) (Boyer) portal 27
C. S. (The Lion, The Witch, and Wardrobe, 1950) (Magician s Nephew, 1955) (Prince Caspian, 1951) (The Silver Chair, 1953) (The Voyage of The Dawn Treader, 1952) (ENesbit) (The Story of Amulet ) (Lewis Carroll, Alice s Adventures in Wonderland,1867) ( Mary Poppins) (Frank Baum) (The Wonderful Wizard of Oz,1899) -- (Oz) (Philippa Pearce) 28
(Tom s Midnight Garden, 1958) 29
30
(Atlantis) 31
32
36-38 -- (Oz) 2 33
34
2000 62 (170) 35
36
(Dictionary of Symbolic & Mythological Animals, 1992) 3 4 5 37
6 7 38
39
RA (Gray dwarfs) (Kuo- toa) (Darkelf) 8 J. K (J. K. Rowling) (Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone,1997) 40
41
42
43
The Lord of Rings (Middle-Earth) (The Hobbit ) 9 (Bilbo) 44
--- 45
46
( ) 38-40 47
48
51-52 49
50
10 51
1. 1998 132 2. 3 3. Cooper J. C, Dictionary of Symbolic & Mythological Animals. (G.B: HarperCollins, 1992) 4. 115 5. (4) 11 6. (4) 323 7. (4) 320-323 8. RA 2000.10 19 9. 10. (1) 132 52
(quest) (Northrop Frye) The Harper Handbook of Literature (romance) (motif) (James Joyce) (Ulysses) (William Faulkner) (Light in August) 1 53
(Anatomy of Criticism :Four Essays) (quest) 2 3 (Joseph Campbell) (. G. Jung) 54
(4) 5 55
6 (moral stature) (power of action) (kind) (degree) 7 56
9 (Mark Twain) (The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, 1876) (Robert Louis Stevenson) (Treasure Island, 1883) (J. M. 57
Barrie) (Peter Pan, 1904) (Antoine de Saint- Exupery) (Le Petit Prince, 1943) (L. Frank Baum) (J. R. R. Tolkien)? Nikolajeva Maria Children s Literature Comes of Age --- Toward a New Aesthetic (the circular journey) / / / home departure from home- adventure- return home 10 Perry Nodelman (The Pleasures of Children s literature) / / home - away - home 58
59 / / / / /
60
61
13 62
63
64
65
66
67
19 68
69
/ Butts Dennis Shaping Boyhood: Empire Builders Adventures 70
21 (romance) 22 71
23 24 72
73
25 26 74
--- 75
Dennis --- Dennis 76
1. 2. -- --- 3. -- -- 77
-- 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. 1. 2. 78
3. 4. 2. 1. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. -- -- 5. 1. 6. 1. 2. 7. 1. 8. 79
9. 1. 10. 11. 80
81
426 Erich Neumann -- (The Great Mother An Analysis of The Archetype ) 27 82
28 29 (Raven) 83
30 James S. Jacobs Michael O. Tunnel (fantastic objects) 84
31 80-81 1. 2. 3. 85
--- 4. 86
87
220 88
(Natalie Babbit) hero s round 1. 2. 3. 4. 32 89
90
91
92
93
94
(Maurice Sendak) (Where the Wild Things Are) (Beatrix Potter) (The Tale of Peter Rabbit, 1902) / / 95
-- 96
33 97
/ / / 98
(Oz) C. S / / 99
100
1. Frye, Northrop, The Harper Handbook of Literature (GB: Longman Group Ltd., 1997), p387. 2. 1998.11 226 3. (2) 226 4. 1997.07 262 5. 6. (4) 262-263 7. (2) 3-5 8. 1990 17 9. 1995.06 18 10.Nikolajeva Maria, From Circular to Linear Journey Nikolajeva Maria, Children s Literature Comes of Age -- Toward a New Aesthteic (U.S.A.: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1996), p79. 11.Perry Nodelman 2001.01 184 12. (11) 187 13. 101
1990.10 152-154 14. (13) 62 15. (13) 108 16. 1991.10 34 17.EL 1997.04 25 18.D. Escarpit 1989.09 2 19. 2000 20. / 1995.10 19 21.Butts Dennis, Shaping Boyhood: Empire Builders Adventures, Hunt Peter & Ray Sheila, eds., International Companion Encyclopedia of Children s Literature (N.Y.: Routledge, 1996), p330-331. 22. (2) 229 23. 1990.06 20 24. --- 1999.08 16 25. 2000 102
26. (4) 51-52 27. 1998.10 25 28. (27) 30-32 29. (4) 95 30. (4) 71 31.Jacobs James S. & Tunnel Michael O., Modern Fantasy. Jacobs, James S.& Tunnel, Michael O., eds., Children s Literature, Briefly, (Prentice Hall, Inc, 1996), p82. 32. (31)p82-83. 33. 1 2000.06 63-72 103
(mise en abyme)/ (Gide) (Mieke Bal) insertion (subordination) (homogeneity) 1 104
metafiction 105
106
/ / 107
/ / / / 108
109
/ / C.S (The Last Battle, 1956) 110
1. 28 12 2000.05 57-58 2. 1998,03 111
1998,03 112
113
114
0 115
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1. 1986 2. 1988 3. 1990 4. 1995 5. 2000 6. 1990 7. 1990 8. 2000 9. 1990 10. 2000 11. 1989 12. 1995 13. 2000 14. 1990 120
15. 1995 16. 1998 17. 1998 18. 1998 121