,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1
2004 2,,,, 1907,, 7 6,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7 13,,, 15,, :,,2001,208 248,:,, 1981,459 460 2
,,,,?,,,,,, (7 19 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (),1959,187 190 :,1907 7 21 24 ;,1907 8 2 ;,1907 7 20 22 23 28 8 5 3
2004 2, :,,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1906,,,, ;,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,, :,1983,1046 :, 1998 2 4
,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1907 7 7,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,, :, : 11,1998,9577,1, ( ),182 444 :15, 1976,4202 4203 5
2004 2,,,?,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,41,12539 12540 6
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,,,, :,,, :,,,,, :,,1907 8 2, :,, (,:,1986,1 ) :,,1979, 10,1907 7 18,1907 7 21,1907 8 2 7
2004 2,,,,,,,, :,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,1907 7 21 25 1907 7 23 27,1907 7 22 8
,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :!! :,, :,1907 8 10 9
2004 2,,,? :, ;,!,,,,,?,,,? :,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, :? :,1907 7 23,1907 7 19,1907 7 21 10
,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,1907 7 21 :,1916,19 :,,,1907 7 22 :,,50 :,,102,1907 8 5 11
2004 2,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, :??,, ;,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,1907 8 13,1907 7 22,1907 7 27,1907 7 28,1907 7 31,1907 8 5 ( ),,,182 418 12
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,??,,,,,,,,,,?,,, (),187 188 189 13
2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,?,,,,?,,,, :,, :,1907 7 27 8 1,1907 9 1 2 4,1907 7 25,1907 8 7 14
,,,,,,?,,,,,, :(),,,, :,, ;,,,,, :,,,,;,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1907 7 31 15
2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1907 8 1,1907 8 5, 1907 8 6 16
,, (, ),,,:,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, :,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,1907 7 25,1907 8 16 17 18 ;,1907 8 17 18,1907 7 24,1907 8 15 17
2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, : ; ;, ; ;,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,, :,,, ;,;,,,,:,,, 18
,,,,,? ;,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,1906 9 1,,, :,1907 8 26 27 :32, 1996,128,1907 8 6 19
2004 2,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,[],,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,1907 7 24,1907 8 25 20
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,!,,,, ;,,,,, :,,, :,,,,1907 8 2 :,1907 8 11 21
2004 2,,,,,, ;,,:,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,!,,,, :, :,,,,,,!,,,,,,,1907 7 24,1907 7 21,1907 7 27 33,96 :,1050 22
, :() ; () ; () ; (),, ; () :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1907 7 28,1907 7 30,1907 8 2,1907 7 30 23
2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, :,,,,, :,,, () () (),,,,,,, (), (),,1907 8 5,1907 8 6,1907 8 25,1907 7 23,1907 7 17 24
,,,, :,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,!,,, :,,, ;,, :,1055,1907 8 6 33,133 :,1059 25
2004 2,,,??,?,,,?,,,,,?,,,;,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,1907 8 10,1907 7 19,1907 8 6,1907 8 10 26
,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, ;, ;, ;,,,,,, :,,,,,,, :,1907 7 19 :,1907 7 23 27
2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,, :, ;,,, 1906 9 1,,,,,,,,1907 7 19,1907 7 27,1907 8 25 28
,,,,,, :,,,, : :,? :,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, :,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,1907 8 6,1907 7 26,,,F99,1907 7 25 29
2004 2,,, ( ),,,,,,, 1907 9 20, 9 30,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 10 19,,,,,,,1907 8 8,1907 9 6,1907 9 17 : 5, 1984, 5742 :,,, (,1907 10 8 ) 30
,,,,,,, (1842 1920),( ),, (1868),,, 1905 10,63,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,41,12538 12540 ;:, :, 1991,667 668,,15,,192 14 31
2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 700,,,, 1906, 1907,,,,,,,,,15,,192 14,,15,,192 14,,15,,192 14,1907 7 27,,15,,192 14 32
,,,, :,,,,,,,, ;1200,,, : :,,,,,,,,,,,, : ;,,:,,,,,,,,,,,, :( ),,,,, 85,,182 187,1907 7 23,1907 7 27,,15,,192 14 33
2004 2, ;,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,667,,15,,192 14,3,,182 446,1907 8 16 34
,,, :,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,1907 8 6,1907 8 25,1907 8 27,1907 8 29,1907 9 2 35
2004 2, 1907 9 5, :,, :,???,?,,?,?,,,,,,,?,?,,,,,?,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 33,177,1907 9 6,1907 9 8 36
,,,,,,,,,, :,, :,,,,,,, :,,,,,,( ),,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,1907 9 29,,, 182 418,,15,,192 14,1907 9 10,1907 9 11 37
2004 2,,,, 10 5,,, (),,,,,,,:,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ( ),,?,,,,1907 9 11,1907 9 17,1907 10 5 33,202,1 3,,192,1 3,,192 38
,,,10 14, (1903), 5,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, :,,,,,,,,,,1 3,,192,1907 10 5,10,,192 9,1907 10 8,1907 9 8 39
2004 2, :,,?,,,,?,,,,,,1907 12 3 1908 1 23,,,,,65, :,,,, : ; ; ; ;, ;,, ;, ;, ;,,, 1 3,,192,1 3,,192 ; 33,322 40
, :,,,, :,,,,,,,,, ( ), :,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1906 10 13,1906 10 14, 1995 3 41
2004 2,, () ;,,,,,,,,!,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,? :,,102 103 : (),1907 7 26 :2, 1993,1099 42
,,,,,,,,,,,!,,, ;,,,,,, :,;?,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,, :,1907 7 27 :,1907 7 23,1907 8 17 43
2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,, 100006 :,1907 8 16 44
Modern Chinese History Studies No. 2, 2004 Interaction between Public Opinion and Official Action in t he Late Qing Period : The Example of Zhang Zengyang and Qiu Jin L i Xiz hu (1) Against the background of the Qing court s preparation for constitutional government, the governor of Zhejiang province, Zhang Zengyang, summarily ex2 ecuted Qiu Jin, a member of the revolutionary faction who had not participated in an uprising. This sparked a public outcry in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Pub2 lic opinion insisted on using the constitutional spirit as a weapon to criticize the Zhejiang authoritieshandling of the Qiu Jin case. The authorities were at a loss to respond and faced an extremely awkward situation. This case sped up the con2 stitutional reform of the Qing government to an extent, and indicated that the public opinion gradually developed during the period of preparation for constitu2 tional government had become an important political power. Examining this case, we see that the public opinion reflected by S hi B ao, S hen B ao and other Shang2 hai media mainly spoke for the constitutional faction, especially the constitutional faction s branches in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. The interaction between the public opinion formed around the Qiu Jin case and official action also indicates that although the constitutional faction and the Qing government were sometimes apparently in harmony in the beginning of preparations for constitutional govern2 ment, at heart they were at odds. Therefore, it is not difficult to understand how the constitutional faction could suddenly change their position and cooperate with the revolutionary faction. On Changes in the Qing Government s Policy of Adhering to Treaties L i Y um i n (45) Conscientious adherence to treaties was a diplomatic policy adopted by the Qing government to deal with the new treaty relations between China and foreign countries. The policy had different meanings and manifest itself in different ways in different periods. Between the two Opium Wars, in order to bolster the Impe2 rial system and maintain its closed society, the Qing government mainly demand2 ed that other parties to stick to the treaties, while clearly intending to secretly cast off the yoke of treaty restrictions itself. After the Second Opium War, this policy changed, and the Qing government began to demand that its own side ad2 here to the treaties. In the early years of the Tongzhi period, with the Chaozhou Incident as a turning point, the government gradually became conscious of the 1