. 1 1992-2013 2 1992-2006 1992 1958 12 50% 12 2003 1965 / 12 30 50% 50% 1979 50% GI Bill 911 1992 50% 12 19

20 1 2014 2 Open Education Research Vol. 20 No. 1 Feb. 2014 510630 G640 A 1007-2179 2014 01-0018 - 11 2011 2011 GAO Allen et al. 2011 2002 2010 160 614 9. 6% 31. 3% 2010-2011 10% 2002 1% 2007-2008 35. 2% 34. 7% triad 18. 4% 11. 6% Radford 2011 1992 2013 2013-10 - 24 2013-12 - 26 2010 10YJC880160 zhangxiumei2@ 126. com 18

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. 25% Dillon 2006 Government 85% 85 /15 Accountability Office GAO 2004 50% 14 1998 1998 85% 90% 50% 2002 1992 12 United States General Ac- counting Office 2004 2004-2010 77% 1. 36 Harkin 2012a 2008-2009 90 /10 1 2010 50% 50% 1998-2005 63% 50% 5% 23% 20 90 50% 12 50% 2001 10 10 2001 12 50% 2002 50% 12 50% 1998 Distance Education Demonstration Program DEDP Sally L. Stroup Blumenstyk 2006 50% 13 2003 5 7 1 50% 2000-2001 18 NTU 2004 2 50% 2005 50% 2010-2012 Tom Harkin 3 50% 2006 30 4 20

. Senator HELP committee 2012 141 2012 7 Senate HELP Committee 2012 2008-2009 11 1. 43. 5 30 2011-2012 320 24% 30 2010 79% 19 2006 69% 1. 2. 5 2. 1610 5-6 16 3. 30 2008-2009 109. 6 / 2010 54. 4% 63% 4. 4 19% 5 5. 2008 6 UMUC 96% 2013 10 33% 6. 911 37% 50% Harkin 2012b 3933 70% 90% 21

. OER. 2014 20 1 the Senate HELP Committee 2012 2. 2004 2 2011 50% GAO 2004 Interregional Guidelines for the Evaluation of Distance Education Online 7 瑏 瑢 Learning 8 Commission on the Regulation of Postsecondary Distance Education - SHEEO 2013 2010 80% 2011 50% 4. 25% 50% Harkin 1 2 9 3. ACCSCT ACCET ASHA ATS DETC 10 19 2006 3 瑣 瑏 3 瑡 瑏 2011 4 5 the Accrediting Council 22

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. 1 /4 36 Ozdemir et al. 2013 2000 瑏 瑧 41% the Commission on the Regulatory Reform 500 11 Poulin et al. 2013 / 2. Gainful Employment 2013 4 Rule 2011 6 Commission on the Regulation of Postsecondary Distance Education - SHEEO 2013 2013 4 16-17 瑨 瑏 WICHE SREB NEBHE MHEC 47 瑏 瑩 30% 40% 35% 35% 30% 12% 2013 9 1 /3 State Authorization Reciprocity Agreements NC - SARA 22 Mar- Hill shall 700 30% MOOC 瑏 瑦 The Presidents Forum Council of State Governments CSG State Higher Education Executive Officers Association 24 National Council for 2013 SHEEO

. OER. 2014 20 1 MOOC 50% NCSL 20 2012 44 California Watch 20 AASCU State Relations and Policy Analysis Team 2013 2010 2012 50% 25% 25% 2 1992 Get Educated 12 50% 85 / 15 25% 12 50% 2010-2012 1998 90 /10 2002 12 2006 50% 2010 2011 30% C - RAC 1 2006-2010 2013 8 WCET 2013 25

. Nelson 2013 1. 1 90% 90% 2010 88. 7% 87. 9% Bridgepoint 93. 7% 2 14 22. 5 8 3 2009-2015 Wikipedia 2013 Harkin 2013 4 1972 2. 5 3. 6 the Middle States Association Of Colleges and Schools MSACS the New England Association Of Schools and Colleges NEASC the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools NCASC Northwest Association of Schools and Colleges NWCCU the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools SACS the Western Association of Schools and Colleges WASC 4. WASC Junior 1. 2. 68 WASC Senior 7 8 / 9 10ACCSCT Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Col- ACCET Accrediting Council for Continuing Education and Training ASHA American Speech - Language - Hearing Association Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Speech ATS 570 4 leges of Technology 3. - Language Pathology 26

. Commission on Accrediting of the Association of Theological Schools DETC Distance Education and Training Council 瑏 瑡 Western Cooperative for Educational Telecommunications WCET 3 Blumenstyk G. 2006. Company offers to help colleges cap- italize on end of 50 - Percent Rule EB /OL. 2013-10 - 02. http / /chronicle. com /article /Company - Offers - to - Help /9716. 瑏 瑢 4 Commission on the Regulation of Postsecondary Distance Education - SHEEO 2013. Advancing access through regulatory reform Finding principle and recommendations for the state authorization reciprocity agreement SARA EB/OL. 2013-10 - 02. http / /www. sheeo. org /sites / default / files / publications / Commission% 20on% 20Regulation% 20of% 20Postsecondary% 20Distance% 20Education% 20Draft% 20Recommendations% 20FINAL% 20April% 20_0. pdf. 5 Dillon S. 2006. Online colleges receive a boost from congress N. the New York Times EB /OL. 2013-10 - 02. http / / the CRAC 2013 www. nytimes. com /2006 /03 /01 /national /01educ. html pagewanted 瑏 瑣 Walden Argosy 6 2003. = all. Argosy 2001 J. 3 11-14. 7 Harkin T. 2012a. A 2 - year investigation of for - profit colleges by the Senate Committee on Health Education Labor and Pensions SACS 瑏 瑤 executive summary EB /OL. 2013-10 - 02. http / /www. help. senate. gov / imo / media / for_profit_report / ExecutiveSummary. pdf. 瑏 瑥 8 Harkin T. 2012b. Report reveals troubling realities of for - profit schools EB /OL. 2013-10 - 02. http / /www. help. senate. gov /newsroom /press /release / id = 45c8ca2a - b290-47ab - b452 瑏 瑦 - 74d6e6bdb9dd. 9 Harkin T. 2013. Tom Harkin s official website EB /OL. 瑏 瑧 Commission on the Regulation of Postsecondary Distance Education 2012 5 State Higher Ed Executive Officers and the Association of Public and Land - grant Universities organizations SHEEO 21 tp / /www. aascu. org/policy/publications/policy - matters/topten2013. pdf. 2 Allen I. E & Seaman J. 2011. Going the distance Online education in the United States EB/OL. 2013-10 - 02. http / /www. babson. edu/academics/centers/blank... /going - the - distance. pdf. 2013-10 - 02. http / /www. harkin. senate. gov /. 10 Nelson L. A. 2013. Trying again on 'Gainful' EB /OL. 2013-10 - 02. http / /www. insidehighered. com /news /2013 /04 / 16 / us - announces - rulemaking - gainful - employment - state - authorization - and - long - term - agenda. 瑏 瑨 the 11 Ozdemir D. & McDaniel J. G. 2013. Evaluation of the Midwestern Higher Education Compact MHEC state authorization processes for distance education J /OL. Online Jour- of Distance Learning Administration 16 4. 2013-10 - 02. ht- New England Board of Higher Education NEBHE nal Southern Regional Education Board SREB tp / /www. westga. edu / ~ distance /ojdla /spring161 /mcdaniel _ozdemir. Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education html. WICHE 12 2010. 瑏 瑩 D.. 13 Poulin R. Chaloux B. & Fong J 2013. UPCEA. Colleges moving slowly toward state authorization compliance or opting out of states EB /OL. 2013-10 - 02. http / /wcet. wiche. edu /wcet /docs / state - approval / UPCEA / WCET - UPCEA - SloanC_StateAuthorization- SurveyPressReleaseMarch2013. pdf. 1 AASCU State Relations and Policy Analysis Team 2013. Top 10 14 Radford A. W. 2011. Learning at a distance Undergraduate enrollment in distance education courses and degree programs EB higher education state policy issues for 2013 EB/OL. 2013-10 - 02. ht- / 27

. OL. 2013-10 - 02. http / /nces. ed. gov /pubs2012 /2012154. pdf. 15 The Council of Regional Accrediting Commissions 2011. Interregional guidelines for the evaluation of distance education online learning EB /OL. 2013-10 - 02. http / /www. msche. org /publications / Guidelines - for - the - Evaluation - of - Distance - Education - Programs. pdf. 16 UMUC 2013. Accreditation frequently asked questions EB / OL. 2013-10 - 02. http / /www. umuc. edu /accreditation /index. cfm. 17 United States Senate Committee on Health Education Labor and Pensions 2012. For profit higher education The failure to safeguard the federal investment and ensure student success EB /OL. 2013-10 - 02. http / /www. help. senate. gov /imo /media /for_profit_ report / Contents. pdf. 18 WCET 2013. State authorization Updates on SARA the Military and the USDOE Regulation EB /OL. 2013-10 - 02. http / /wcetblog. wordpress. com /2013 /09 /13 /state - authorization - updates. 19 Wikipedia 2013. Tom Harkin EB /OL. 2013-10 - 02. http / /en. wikipedia. org /wiki /Tom_Harkin. The Evolution of Post - secondary Distance Education Rules and Policies in the United States Analysis of Mechanism and Issues about the TRIAD Regulation System ZHANG Xium ei School of Educational Information Technology South China Normal University Guangzhou 510630 China Abstract The quality monitoring system for online education practice in the United States consists of three pillars federal government and congress local state governments and accreditation associations which is called TRIAD. By using the method of policy analysis the author has identified the interaction process between the practice of distance education and its external changing monitoring policies in the last two decades. The wrestle between the TRIAD and distance education institutions especially for - profit distance education has been outlined. Considering the gradual e- rosion environment for sustainable online education development and the decreasing power and effectiveness of the TRI- AD monitoring function in this decade the author proposes that the correction of online education s going awry nowadays should rely heavily on whether the federal government especially the Department of Education could continue to come out with more stringent policies for online learning as well as for - profit higher education. Key words online distance higher education triad regulation system higher education act federal student Aid and grants the US Department of Education policies 28