- Pollutant is a substance present in greater than natural concentration as a result of human activity, and which has a net detrimental effect upon its environment or upon something of value in that environment. Contaminant is something, which causes a deviation from the normal composition of an environment. Contaminants are not classified as pollutants unless they have some detrimental effect. 1 2 Table 1. The Source, Transport and Fate of Toxicants Source Transport & Fate Exposure Natural Media Human Man made Air, Water, Land Other species Health Effect products Bioconcentration Residues Accidents Toxicology Toxicology Basic science of poisons Poisons Paracelsus (1493-1541)All substances are poisons; there is none, which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy. (acceptable hazard) Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. 3 4
Toxicology is a Multidisciplinary Field of Study Pharmacology Pathology Physiology Chemistry Public Health Biology Immunology Toxicology Environmental Economic Forensic Pollution Development of Diagnosis Residues Drugs Therapy Industrial Hygiene Food Additives Medicolegal Aspects Pesticides Insecticides 5 6 7 8
1. <24 2 4 >3 6 2. 3. 9 10 - - - ; - 11 12
- - Ciguatoxin, ichthyosarcotoxin water-soluble 7% Dinoflagellate ( ) unicellular algae ( ) Saxitoxin ( ) 13 14 - - tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin Solanine 15 16
- - 1.5-2hr Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) 17 18 - (Alfatoxin) 1960 turkey disease X disease 19-20
- Half of bangladesh population at risk of arsenic poisoning Arsenic in Groundwater Aquricultrual Pumping link to arsenic (Arsenic) 21 Mudur. BMJ.320822, 2000. Stokstad. Science.2981535-1537, 2002. 22 High Arsenic Containing Coal Liu et al. Environ Health Perspect.110119-22, 2002. 23 ( ) 24
25 26 (Mercury) 1950 1960 27 28
(Insecticides) (Fungicides) (Herbicides) (Rodenticides) (Chlorinated hydrocarbon) (Chlorophenoxy acides (Organophosphates) (Cabamates) 29 30 DDT 1930 1940 Gerhard Schrader DDT 1874 1939 Dr. Paul Mueller 1948 DDT DDT 1962 Rachel Carson 1972 DDT 31 32
酶 33 34 2.4-D 2.4.5.T 2.4-D 2.4.5-T (Agent Orange) (TCDD) 35 36
(warfarin ) (red squill ) ( food-borne intoxication) (Salmonella spp.) (Staphylococcus aureus) (Clostridium perfringens) 37 38 6-48 hr 1-3 39 40
41 42 methemoglobin 43 44
H 2 O 2 cheese H 2 O 2 0.85-6.78g/Kg 45 46 Glucose 300 Saccharin DM 47 ( ) Malachite Green 48
(love canal) 1976 Seveso 1984 12 2 2500 1978 24 ; 49 50 51 17 20 52
1978 (thalidomide) 02-27361661 ext.6513 ymhsueh@tmu.edu.tw 53 54