18 2008 19, freedom(liberty),,, 1880,,, 1894,,,,,,,,,,,,,, liberty freedom,,,,,,, liberty freedom,,, 3 2007 10,, (, ) ; ;,,,, ( ),,,,,
19, Freedom (Liberty) (1807 9 ), ( Robert Morrison, 1782 1834),,,,,,, Freedom (Liberty) Freedom (Liberty),,,,,Freedom (Liber2 ty),,,,, :,,,,,,,,, (1838 ),, 1996 ;, 2004 ;?,,2000(11) ;,,1999(1) ;,,2007(3) 1815 1922, (The Dictionary of Chinese Language, ), ( 1815 ; 1822 ; 1823 ), ( 1819, 1820 ), (,, 1822 ), 2006 ;,,2005 (3) ;,, 2007 4 5 ; 19 20,,2005(4) Freedom, Lib2 erty Freedom Liberty Freedom,,,, 87, ( ), 1997, 186,,1837,,,,,
20 2008 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?? 19 30 liberalism,, liberalism,,,, 1844, (Samuel Wells Williams,1812 1884), Liberty,1847, (Walter Henry Medhurst,1796 1857),,,, Liberty Liberty, 1866 1869, (Wilhelm Lobscheid,1822 1893), Liberty,,,,, Freedom Liberty,?,,,, (1855 1 ),,,,? ; (1862 8 ), :,,,, (1866 8 ),, ( ), 339-340 :, 2001, 74, liberalism Liberty,,1999(1),,2007(3), ( ), 1979, 367 ( ) (1862 8 ) 9, 1, 1957, 188-189
21,,,?,,,,,, 1867, (Jose Martins2Marquez) :,,,,,, 1878, (Joseph Edkins,1823 1905),,,,?,,, 19 60, 1868 ( ) :,,,,,,,,,,,, freedom,,, freedom,,, 1958 50 :,,,,,,,, 1866 10 50 :,,,, ;, 1, 254 [ ] 3 (1867), 1, 1991, 242 249 259,, 2001, 458 ( ) 5, 1, 262 [ ],, 1997, 272,,, (freedom) (independence), 64,,2007(3)
22 2008,,,,,,,, 1850, 1858 6 :,,,, 1860,, independence, liberty,, 1871 :,, 1876 :,,,, 1880,,,,, 1860, independence, freedom liberty,,, 1850,,,,, 1855 1858 vrijheid ;1862, liberty ;1864 liberte,, 1940, 49 ( ) (1858 6 ), 1, 98 1871 9, 1, 317 :,,,,,, ( ) (1876 ), 1, 351 352, 93
23 freedom liberty,,1866 1869 (Wilhelm Lobscheid), Liberty,,,,,, 1870, (1866 1870) : liberty,,,,, 1872,,,,,,,,, 1884, freedom liberty, liberty freedom, 19 70,,,,, (1877 ), :,, liberal,, (1877 ), :,,, ;,, :, :, ;,,2000 (11) ;, 555 ;, 99 139, freedom,,,, 2007, 358 ;, 1810,, 99, 99,, 358,,2000 (11) ;,,1994(1),,1994(1) [ ], 1986, 453 [ ], : 1998, 139
24 2008, (1890 ), :,,,,,,, 1877,,,, 1878 :,!, 1884, :,,,,,,,, 1879, :,,, :,,,,,,,,, 1886 12 15, :,,, :,,,,,, liberty [ ], 201 [ ], 285, 1988, 89-90,,,1980(3), : (1890 ) ;,,, 1971, 86-87, 2001, 393,,, [ ], 23, 2004, 81-94 1897 11 5,,,,
25,, the Liberal Party, 1884, 1885, :,, 1886, :,,,,, liberty,, 1887, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (Joseph Edkins, 1823 1905), : :,,,?,,,, :,,,!,,1999(1),,, : 1958, 182,,, 184, 1887 10 2,,, 1887, 1890,1890,, ( ),2000(4) 54, (1878 ),,, 34
26 2008 :,,,,, 1882 (D. Z. Sheffield,1841 1913) : ( ), ; (, ),,,,,,,,,,,, 1880,,,,, (John Fryer,1839 1928) freedom liberty, :,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, freedom liberty 1884 :,, :,,,, the Liberal Par2 ty,,, 1886 10 31 ( ), :,,,,,, 8 18 4,, 60-61 : ( ), 2002, 327, [ ],[ ],,, 5,,, 2 liberal liberty,, liberty, 2004, 71
27,,, 1893, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 180,,,,, :,,,,,,,,! :,!,,,,!,? ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1895,,, 1997 4, 132 139,,,,,,,,, : 1954, 66,, 85,, 66
28 2008, :,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,, freedom liberty,, :,,,,,,, : :, :,, ;,,,,,,, : ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, 1996, 4 5, 1, 1986, 17,, 1981, 34,,, 2007, 383,, 1983, 236 :,,,, 1996, 44-45, 1, 11 ( ), 1, 31
29,, 1898 8,,,, 1899 11, :,,, :,,,, :,,, 1900,,,,,1902 3 30, :,,,, 1902 7 3 : ( ),,,! 1902 7 6 :,,,,, 1898 4, :,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, ( 1983, 158 ),,,,,,, ( ),, 2001, 1827 (1899 10 21 ) 33,,, ( ), 1996, 331 ( ), 344 ( ), 3348
30 2008,,,,,!, :,,,,,, 20,,, :,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 1899, : (7 8 ),,,,,,,,,,, 1900 4 1, :,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 12, 1998, 9722-9723 4, 1981, 99,, (1904 1 13 ),, 1987, 87-88 [ ],,, 2002, 345-346,,2000(1) ( ), 3348,, 234,, 236
31,,,,, :,?, 20,, 20,, ;, ;,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, ( : 100872) ( ),, 237