1996 10 Ξ ( ) ( ), 1995 9 :,,, (Nelson, 1995 ) (A. Alchian) (Alchian,1950 ),, (,1995 ),, :,,,,,,?,,,,,,, (, ) Ξ ( ), :Christopher Hall,, ; Yoram barzel,, ( ),,,,,,, 70
,, (J. Locke),,,? ( )?,,,, (, ),,,,,, (Alchian,1965 ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, ),, : ( ) ( [ 1 ]),,, :, ( ) ( Umbeck,1977 ), : (might makes rights), (1989 ) ( ) ( Public domain),,,,,, ( ),, 71
:,,,, ( ), :,,,,, : (1) ( [ 2 ]), (2),, : ( ), ( ),,,,,, ( ),,, ( ),, (types), (games of incomplete information) (games of imperfect informa2 tion),, ( ) ( [ 3 ]) : ( The Over2Choosing Problem) (1985 ) :,,, ( ) ( ),,,, ( 72
),,, (public domain),,,,, (1989 ) ( [ 4 ]),, ( ),,,,,,,, ( [ 5 ]) :,, ( ),,, (transformation cost) ( [ 6 ]), (income transfer) ( ),,,,,,,, ( ),,, (,1995 ) : ( ) : (C,N ), ( H,D ),, P, (12P),S (S,M ),, t,, t ( 2t), t 3t ( t, 3t 73
) 2V, V, O 1 - p p D 1 2 N (x) C(1 - x) S v - 2t,v v - 5t,v - t M v,v - 4t v - 3t,v - t H 1 2 N (x) C(1 - x) S v - 2t,v v - 5t,v - t,,, ( ), (D, H) :, :, S,, M : P < 0175, C, P > 0175, N, P = 0175, ( [ 7 ] [ 8 ]),, ( P > 0175),,,,,,, :4t - 2t = 2t 2t?, ( ),,,,?,,,,,,,?, 74
, (,,, ),,,,,,,,, :, 2V22t,, V22t, V, V - 4t, V23t, V2t ( [ 9 ]), :D222 ( ), H222 ( ) ( ), O p 1 - p S A B D (y) H(1 - y) D (x 1 ) 3,1 2,2 W A B D (y) H(1 - y) D (x 2 ) 2,2 1,3 H(1 - x 1 ) 4,0 1, - 1 H(1 - x 2 ) 3,1 0,0 B, A :s222 B,w222 B B ( ), A S p, w (12p) A B, ( [ 10 ]) : 2, H,, (0,0), H, D, (1,3) (3,1), D,,, A B, B p, A 75
x1 S, A x1 D, (1 - x1) H ; x2 S, A x2 D, (1 - x2) H B y, A, y D, (1 - y) H : max[ 3yx1 + 2 (1 - y) x1 + 4y (1 - x1) + (1 - y) (1 - x1) ], x1, y ; max[ 2yx2 + (1 - y) x2 + 3y (1 - x2) ], x2, y ; max[p (yx1 + 2 (1 - y) x1 - (1 - y) (1 - x1) ) + (1 - p) (2yx2 + y (1 - x2) + 3 (1 - y) x2) ], y, x1, x2 y (x1,x2) : x1 x2, y = 0 ;, y = 1 ;, y, p < 1 p = 1,, : (D,H), ( H,D), (x1 = 015,y = 015) x 2 x 2 = 1 2 (1 - p) - P 1 - p x 1 Y y 0 y 1,, ( ) ( [ 11 ]),,,,,?,,,,,,, ( ), :,,,,, ( Sharpley Value), 76 x 1
(?,,? ),,,, (institutional analysis with historical2specificity),,,,,,, ( [ 12 ]) : (closing the model),,,,, : : (1),,, (2) ( ), (,, ) (3),,,,,,,, (4), ( ) 1994,,,,,, ( ), 77
, ( F. Hayek,1937,1945, 1949,1952,1988 ), (D. Kreps, 1990 a,b) ( K. binmore,1994 ), (A. Schotter,1981 ), (Fudenberg and Tirole,1991 ), ( I. Gilboa,et al,1995 ), (B. Klein,et al, 1978,1991 ), :,,,, : n p (t1,t2 tn), tj Tj,j = 1,2,n, [ j tj,j = 1,2,,n ],, p (t - j tj),j = 1,2,,n : j tj, j,,, ( Gilboa and Schmeidler,1995 ),,,,,,,,,, : [ 1 ] : (,1992 ), ( Y. Barzel) [ 2 ] : (Zweckrational), ( Wertrational) [ 3 ] :,, ( ),,, [ 4 ] : (1996 ) 1985 [ 5 ] :,,?,, 78
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