2001 10 401K 2002 4 Defined Contribution 124 31 5 6 National Pension Fund Association 7 DC 60 401 K 8 IRA 9 International Retirement Account matching

1 1980 36 31 2 1990 5.5 80 1994 11 3 4 Reform Cambridge University 2004 p.3 1 DB DC DB DC Modigliani, Franco and Muralidhar, Arun Rethinking Pension 2 NIPSSR 2002.12 11 3 2001 8 37 247~249 4 Takashi ARAKI 2002 1 60

2001 10 401K 2002 4 Defined Contribution 124 31 5 6 National Pension Fund Association 7 DC 60 401 K 8 IRA 9 International Retirement Account matching 5 6 DC 7 Takayama, Noriyuki 2004 p.204 8 401 K k matching rate 401 K 2002 15000 2001 8 13 劵 2000 8 劵 2000 8 2004/10/13 9 International Retirement Account 1978 Pension Reform Act 2002 209 61

rate 10 DC 60 money purchase plans 11 12 DC 13 68,000 15,000 36,000 18,000 60 70 70 10 60 10 Takayama, Noriyuki 2004 p.204 11 2001 8 13 2000 8 12 Takayama, Noriyuki 2004 p.204 vested 2002 102 13 Takayama, Noriyuki 2004 p.204~5 62

14 15 16 DC Defined Benefit DC DB DC DC 14 15 16 Takayama, Noriyuki 2004 p.205 63

1 2001 http://wwwhakusyo.mhlw.go.jp/mhlw/index.html 2004/11/04 Defined Benefit DB the Fund Type DB Plan 17 DB DB the Contract Type DB Plan 2012 3 17 Takayama, Noriyuki 2004 p.205~206 64

18 19 2001 6 2002 4 DB 123 38 20 21 22 23 18 Cash Balance Plan portability 2000 136 19 Takayama, Noriyuki 2004 p.205~206 20 21 22 23 NIPSSR http://www.ipss.go.jp/index-e.html 2004/11/12 65

Defined Contribution Pension Law Defined Benefit Pension Law 2002/4/1 2002/4/1 DC DB DB DC DB DB DC DB DC DB DC 1 5 2 60 65 3 3 60 20 4 DC 66

10 DC 3 DC DC DC DB DC DB Rengo( ) DC DC DC DB Rengo 401K 67

Public Pension System 2 2 13,300 20 60 17.35 1 65 8.675 0.5 68

13.3 ~19.49 1 2003 National Basic Pension 1959 4 16 2001 10 148 1 1 69 1 5 7 14 15 73 74 75 81 85 98

101 101-2 102 110 111 114 115 148 6 82 84 99 100 2004/7 1 20 60 24 3 3 2001 24 60 64 64 20 64 70

NIPSSR Social Security in Japan 2002-2003 http://www.ipss.go.jp/english/jasos2002/jasos2002.html 2004/07/12 5 2 25 26 27 3 2003 13,300 28 400 25 1996 115 26 1996.2 3~29 27 1991.10 1 28 1994 11,700 1997 12,300 71

1998 21.2 29 1999 13,300 4 1/3 30 25 65 40 31 32 29 30 31 4 1 40 1926.4.2~1927.4.1 25 1931.4.2~1932.4.1 30 1936.4.2~1937.4.1 35 1927.4.2~1928.4.1 26 1932.4.2~1933.4.1 31 1937.4.2~1938.4.1 36 1928.4.2~1929.4.1 27 1933.4.2~1934.4.1 32 1938.4.2~1939.4.1 37 1929.4.2~1930.4.1 28 1934.4.2~1935.4.1 33 1939.4.2~1940.4.1 38 1930.4.2~1931.4.1 29 1935.4.2~1936.4.1 34 1940.4.2~1941.4.1 39 沢 1999 46 32 NIPSSR 2002.12 8 72

804,200 { /3 /480 } 33 1 96 60 2002 67,017 34 804,200 49,000 35 65 60 64 65 65 36 2 2 60 42 58 66 12 112 61 35 65 67 26 126 62 28 72 68 43 143 63 20 80 69 64 164 64 11 89 70 88 188 33 1999 1.031 2000 1 34 35 NIPSSR Social Security in Japan 2002-2003 http://www.ipss.go.jp/english/jasos2002/jasos2002.html 36 1997 67~70 73

65 37 Employee s Pension Insurance 65 65 8.675 17.35 620,000 38 1999 176,000 56 39 25 60 55 0.7125 0.95 0.7125 40 28.5 2004 98,000 620,000 37 OKA, Shinichi 1986 68 38 1999 39 NIPSSR Social Security in Japan 2002-2003 http://www.ipss.go.jp/english/jasos2002/jasos2002.html 74

20 3 98000 101,000 104,000 101,000 107,000 110,000 107,000 114,000 118,000 114,000 122,000 126,000 122,000 130,000 134,000 130,000 138,000 142,000 138,000 146,000 150,000 146,000 155,000 160,000 155,000 165,000 170,000 165,000 175,000 180,000 175,000 185,000 190,000 185,000 195,000 200,000 195,000 210,000 220,000 210,000 230,000 240,000 230,000 250,000 260,000 250,000 270,000 280,000 270,000 290,000 300,000 290,000 310,000 320,000 310,000 330,000 340,000 330,000 350,000 360,000 350,000 370,000 380,000 370,000 395,000 410,000 395,000 425,000 440,000 425,000 455,000 470,000 455,000 485,000 500,000 485,000 515,000 530,000 515,000 545,000 560,000 545,000 575,000 590,000 575,000 605,000 620,000 605,000 75

40 pay-as-you-go 41 42 2001 劵 43 60 20 80 220,000 220,000 20,000 10,000 44 65 370,000 45 60 220,000 20,000 10,000 Mutual Pension Funds 2002 4 2004 40 1991/10 2 41 Estienne, Jean-Francois and Murakami, Kiyoshi The Japanese experience of review and reform of public pension schemes Social dialogue and pension reform Edited by Emmanuel Reynaud ILO 2000 p.50 42 1999 151 43 Takayama, Noriyuki Pension Arrangements in the Oldest Country The Japanese Case Welfare Policy and Labour Markets published by Stockholm University 2004 p.196 44 p.200 45 p.201 76

46 18.39 16.56 13.3 19.49 100 90 47 1960 1970 5-3 1997 48 89 47.5 20.3 32.2 4 1998 11 47.5 32.2 20.3 89 46 2001/10 22 47 1994 17 48 77

NIPSSR Social Security in Japan 2002-2003 http://www.ipss.go.jp/english/jasos2002/jasos2002.html 2004/9/22 49 50 10 51 52 1990 4 53 1988 23 1991 53 54 p.203 49 Takayama, Noriyuki Pension Arrangements in the Oldest Country The Japanese Case Welfare Policy and Labour Markets published by Stockholm University 2004 50 1993 19 51 2001/08 246~247 52 1999 100 53 2000 105 54 1999 143 78

1991 4 national pension fund 20 60 68,000 2001 2000 55 56 劵 劵 2001 4 57 内 内 産 68% 2004 (±8%) 12% (±6%) 7% (±5%) 8% (±5%) 5% 2008 79% (±2%) 7% (-2%) 3% (-2%) 5% (-2%) 6% 55 http://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/nenkin/zaisei/tsumitate/hoshin/unyo-hoshin.html 2004/9/25 56 57 http://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/nenkin/zaisei/tsumitate/hoho/index.html 2004/9/25 79

内 2008 http://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/nenkin/zaisei/tsumitate/hoho/index.html 2004/9/25 内 産 産 3 58 5 5 2003 2002 2001 145 6,311 141 5,415 144 3,315 4.90% 0.17% 1.94% 6 8,714 2,360 2 7,787 http://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/nenkin/zaisei/tsumitate/kekka/index.html 2004/9/25 59 58 http://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/nenkin/zaisei/tsumitate/kekka/index.html 2004/9/25 59 80

1999 NIPSSR 2004 16 14 60 2002 61 7,046 29 0.4 6 2002 1 2 3 7,046 2,237 3,214 471 1,124 3,584 1,116 2,148 313 7 3,462 1,121 1,066 158 1,117 http://www.sia.go.jp/infom/tokei/gaikyo2002/sanko/dl/ga01.pdf 2004/10/23 1450 2002 2,237 9 0.2 9 0.2 2002 3,686 3,214 471 9 0.8 2002 60 http://www.sia.go.jp/infom/tokei/gaikyo2002/sanko/dl/ga01.pdf 2004/10/23 61 81

1,124 2002 163 2 3 1.4 2002 6 7 6 9.2 25~34 50~54 25~29 50~54 5 5 http://www.sia.go.jp/infom/tokei/gaikyo2002/sanko/dl/ga01.pdf 2004/10/23 2002 3 5 3 6 400 82

2003 9 9 62 900 3 2003 137 7 63 1 2000 42 2002 29 1 28 7 3 7 2002 2002 35,453 35,834-382 14 290,775 287,686 3,089 2004/10/2 http://www.sia.go.jp/infom/tokei/gaikyo2002/sanko/dl/ga01.pdf 2002 4,487 202 4.7 2002 42 3 1 5 3.8 2002 130 6.9 2,032 957 2002 17 4 62 http://www.sia.go.jp/infom/tokei/gaikyo2002/sanko/dl/ga01.pdf 2004/9/29 63 http://www.sia.go.jp/infom/tokei/index.htm 2004/9/29 83

2002 5 2 2002 31 4 35 9 22 4 1995 3 1842 1,205 384,260 92,356 1,073 169,574 94,198 2,278 553,834 64 1995 47 25 72 1995 84 70 14 40 60 71.1 65 64 1993 335 65 1997 58~59 84