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33 4 2014 467 478 Studies in the History of Natural Sciences Vol. 33 No. 4 2014 030006 20 20 N092 O6-092 A 1000-1224 2014 04-0467-12 200 13 Roger Bacon 1214 ~ 1292 14 Berthold Schwarz 20 Luther Carrington Goodrich 1894 ~ 1986 Joseph Needham 1900 ~ 1995 2006 2014-04-15 2014-07-23 1981 1964 1958

468 33 550 1 1900 ~ 1975 1904 ~ 1970 1919 1921 1905 30 1 1926 1 1 1921 20 1939 8 1 1 54 25 1 ~ 5 30 1938 5 6 6 1 1 1938 7 1938 8 1939 7 1 1938 6 28 1 7

4 469 1 ~ 8 1 1 1888 ~ 1952 2 1 2 1941 2 1942 2 7 1 2 6 8 1946 1 1 2 1941 20 3 1 2 3 1938 3 9 1943 1921

470 33 2 20 3 4 5 1928 3 1489 1925 1940 1946 ISIS The Early Development of Firearms in China 6 1947 5 1950 6 1955 1954 7 8 7 453 1917 ~ 1994 9 1947 ISIS On the Invention and Use of Gunpowder and Firearms in China 6 9 177 1946 1948 Science and Civilization in China 1 ~ 4 5 7 10 20 11 12 13 14 1 15 16 17 18 7 19 20 21 21 22 Nathan Sivin 1.. 1986 1 1. 2. 3.

4 471 15 1942 23 24 1 1 1919 1921 1938 5 6 1942 6 1941 1941 1939 The Early 1946 Development of Firearms in China 1944 25 1940 10 On the 1947 170 1 Invention and Use of Gunpowder and Firearms in China 1944 3 1940 2 1 1 2 3 1947 ISIS On the Invention and Use of Gunpowder and Firearms in China 1944 5 16 7 Wang Ling On the Invention and Use of Gunpowder and Firearms in China. ISIS 1947 37 160 ~ 178. George Sarton 1884 1956 1944 8 25 1945 2 23

472 33 23 30 ~ 31 Greek fire Sea fire 26 23 30 19 19 19 23 32 23 35 23 32 23 37 1941 1942

4 473 3 1981 16 1 1044 1412 1628 1643 759 962 1606 19 1 42 1939 47 23 32 23 32 23 32 23 33 1 1982 2

474 33 23 32 ~ 33 21 188 ~ 189 27 23 33 1 23 34 ~ 35 23 34 499 ~ 563 1 19 23 34 23 34 536 577 23 33 577 581 682

4 475 9 164 23 34 27 13 11 129 20 108 ~ 110 7 449 ~ 450 15 20 108 23 34 28 - - 1225 ~ 1248 1225 1258 27 46 ~ 48 1218 ~ 1258 1258 ~ 1304 86 27 50 ~ 51 27 64 13 14 27 64 ~ 74 29

476 33-23 35 ~ 36 4 1919 1921 1939 30 1938 1941 1941 1942

4 477 1. M.. 2010. 36 ~ 38. 2. J. 1946 1 1. 3. J. 1928 5 1 1489 ~ 1499. 4. M. 1925. 5. M. 1940. 6 Goodrich L C Feng C S. The Early Development of Firearms in China J. ISIS 1946 36 114 ~ 123. 7. M. 1998. 449. 8. J. 1986 1 55. 9 Wang L. On the Invention and Use of Gunpowder and Firearms in China J. ISIS 1947 37 160 ~ 178. 10. M. 2008. 169. 11. M. 1964. 125. 12. J. 1982 1 57. 13. J. 1982 1 2 115 ~ 126. 14. J. 1982 1 2 127 ~ 131. 15. J. 1986 7 1 30. 16. M.. 1986. 351. 17. J. 1989 8 2 147. 18. M.. 1995. 1. 19. J. 1982 2 1 ~ 4. 20. M. 5.. 7.. 2005. 21. J. 2009 2 188 ~ 189. 22. M. 1960. 23. J. 1942 6 8. 24. D. 2011. 25. J. 1980 3 30. 26. M. 1937. 27. M. 1954. 28. M. 2004. 244. 29. J. 1950 6 1 ~ 71.

478 33 Cao Huanwen and His Research on the Gunpowder of China WANG Jian YANG Xiaoming GAO Ce Institute for History of Science and Technology Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China Abstract Gunpowder is regarded as one of the greatest inventions in the history of mankind. Due mainly to the studies from Chinese scholars since the 20th century the name of China has been gradually connected with the invention of gunpowder. Among these Chinese scholars Feng Chiasheng and Wang Ling have been generally accepted as the pioneers in the field of the history of gunpowder in ancient China. In view of the newly discovered firsthand historical materials however this paper deems that Cao Huanwen began his research earlier than the study of Feng and Wang whether about the publication or the reading off of papers. What matters most is that Cao firstly and independently developed the idea which was generally accepted as the basic thesis of the following research since Feng and Wang. The paper states clearly that it was the ancient Chinese medico-alchemists who invented gunpowder. For this conclusion Cao had made a more justifiable and convincing job. In addition one of Cao's manuscript works Materials of the Complete History of Gunpowder in Ancient China which it took nearly 20 years to work on is so far the only discovered writings assembling the research data of the Chinese history of gunpowder. Meanwhile Cao's many other ideas could also be the academic works of independent thought for example gunpowder was invented during the times of Wei and Jin and was well-known in the Northern and Southern Dynasties and it was used firstly among the people and then to military purpose and the dissemination of gunpowder from China to the West via Arabia was due to Mongolia's active imparting. Keywords history of gunpowder research history Cao Huanwen China alchemist