Feed efficiency: Measuring, Genetic Trends, and Current State of the Industry 饲料效率 : 测量, 遗传趋势和行业 现状 Pedro E. Urriola Department of Animal Sciences University of Minnesota
Feed efficiency 饲料效率 Unit of output divided by unit of input 产出占投入的比率 Feed 饲料 Animal 动物 How to express this efficiency? 如何表达这种效率? Input 投入 Output 产出 What it measures 衡 量什么 Mass, kg of feed 饲料质量 Mass, kg of feed 饲料质量 Energy, kcal of NE 能量 Mass, kg live weight 活体重 Mass, kg of carcass 胴体质量 Mass, kg of carcass 胴体质量 Efficiency of growth 生长效率 Efficiency of pork 猪肉效率 Nutritional efficiency 营养效率
Different ways of expressing and looking at efficiency 不同的方法表述 Item 项目 Final BW 最终体重 CSB 玉米大豆料 和看待效率 WM 麦麸 DDGS 带可溶物的干酒糟 122 122 121 119 HCW 热胴体重 90.2 89.6 87.1 85.9 Efficiencies 效率 Gain:feed 增重 : 饲料 HCW:feed 屠宰热胴体重 : 饲料 0.346 0.350 0.352 0.347 0.336 0.337 0.333 0.331 WM+DDGS Wu et al. (2016)
Efficiency Different ways of expressing and looking at efficiency 不同的方法表述和看待效率 0.355 0.350 0.345 0.340 0.335 0.330 0.325 0.320 CSB WM DDGS WM+DDGS Diets 饲料 Gain:feed HCW:feed Linear (Gain:feed) Linear (HCW:feed) Wu et al. (2016)
Feed efficiency 饲料效率 Feed efficiency is a good thing to measure, but terrible driver of decision making quoting Steve Pollmann 引用 Steve Pollmann: 饲料效率对检测的好事, 但是对于做决策是不好的驱动力
Feed efficiency: Measuring, Genetic Trends, and Current State of the Industry 饲料效率 : 测量, 遗传趋势和行业现状 GENETIC TRENDS AND INDUSTRY DATA 遗传趋势和行 业数据
Pushing Biological Limits 推动生物极限 Based upon actual boar feed intake records at PIC North American nucleus farms 根据 PIC 公司在北美核心农场的实际的公猪饲料摄入量记录 Most recent 12 months of data 大多数是近 12 个月的数据 Sources of future sires of commercial pigs 未来商业猪公畜的来源 Feed Conversion 饲料转化率 Average Daily Gain kg/d 平均日增重 Product 产品 Average 平均 Top 10% 最高的 10% Average 平均 Top 10% 最高的 10% 280 2.15 1.75 0.97 1.14 327 1.98 1.62 0.96 1.13 8.0 2.13 1.74 0.87 1.06 337 1.95 1.55 1.01 1.22
Accelerating Progress 加快进度 Trait 特性 Past Year Genetic Index 遗传指数 19.5 Feed Conversion 饲料转换率 -0.02 Pigs weaned/sow/year 每年断奶猪和母猪 1.10 Pounds weaned/sow/year 每年断奶猪和母猪重量 17.70 Pigs marketed/sow/year 每年断奶猪和母猪上市量 1.00 Total Pounds marketed/sow/year 每年断奶猪和母猪总上市重量 410.7 PROFIT PER PIG, $ / pig 每头猪的收益, 美元 3.89 Source: William Herring, PIC
Feed Efficiency by Month 按月记录的饲料转化率 PIC 337 x Camborough 3 2.9 129.00 2.8 127.00 2.7 125.00 2.6 2.5 123.00 2.4 121.00 2.3 119.00 2.2 2.1 117.00 2 115.00 Jan-11 Mar-11 May-11 Jul-11 Sep-11 Nov-11 Jan-12 Mar-12 May-12 Jul-12 Sep-12 Nov-12 Jan-13 Mar-13 May-13 Jul-13 Sep-13 Nov-13 Jan-14 Mar-14 May-14 Jul-14 Sep-14 Nov-14 Jan-15 Mar-15 Source: William Herring, PIC CA PESO AL MERCADO Linear (CA)
Comparative trends in quarterly reports 季报的趋势比较 Item 项目 Q2 2015 Q2 2016 % Change Av. Start Weight 平均起始体重 55.93 54.25-3.00 Mortality, % 死亡率 4.30 4.37 1.67 Av. Weight Out 平均出栏体重 Lb Feed/head 每头饲料量 279.1 278.9-0.06 627.8 628.8 0.16 ADG 平均日增重 1.89 1.90 0.42 FCR 饲料转化率 2.85 2.83-0.53 ADFI 日饲料摄入量 5.39 5.38-0.11% Source: MetaFarms
Factors affecting feed efficiency 影响饲料效率的因素 Environmental factors 环境因素 Feed composition/ Processing 饲料成分 / 加工 Pig 猪
What factors affect feed efficiency? 影响饲料效率的因素 Animal side: 动物方面 Age 年龄 Sex 性别 Genetics (Lean growth) 遗传 ( 瘦肉生长量 ) Health 健康 Feeder and waterers 料槽和饮水器 Feed form (pellet vs. mash) 饲料形式 ( 颗粒与糊状 ) Environment: 环境因素 Environmental temperature 环境温度
Feed efficiency: Measuring, Genetic Trends, and Current State of the Industry 饲料效率 : 测量, 遗传趋势和行业现状 FEED COMPONENTS 饲料成分
Classes of Nutrients 营养分类 Carbohydrates 碳水化合物 Lipids 脂类 Amino acids 氨基酸 Mineral 矿物质 Vitamins 维生素 Water 水 Energy is not a nutrient 能量不是一种营养 Boisen, 2007
How do we know what nutrient levels do we feed? 我们如何知道我们饲喂的营 Empirical 凭经验的 养水平? Mechanistic 机制性的 Traditional method Used for vitamins and trace minerals 传统的用于维生素和微量元矿物元素的
Nutrition and feeding programs in pork 猪的营养和饲喂项目 ENERGY SYSTEMS AND EVALUATION 能量系统和评估
Classification of systems for evaluation of dietary energy 评价膳食能量的系统分类 Common in US 在美国常用 NE NE Maintenance NE Production Protein Lipid ME Heat increment GE DE Feces Gas Urine Common in EU and Australia 在欧洲和澳大利亚常用
Phase feeding 阶段饲喂 Requirement of nutrients as % of diet is reduced because feed intake (appetite) increases faster 因为饲料摄入 ( 食欲 ) 增加很快, 需要的营养占日粮的比率下降
Split-sex feeding 分性别饲喂 Barrows and gilts have different 公猪和母猪有不同 Daily feed intake 日采食量 Growth rate 增长率 Percentage of carcass lean 胴体瘦肉率 Differences begin to become nutritionally significant around 40 kg body weight 约 40 公斤体重时营养对个体差异开始变得重要
Ractopamine and other metabolic modifiers 莱克多巴胺和其他代谢调节剂 Doses: 5-7.5 ppm 21-28 days
Other modifiers 其他代谢调节剂 Porcine somatotropin (pst) 猪生长激素 (pst) Immunocastration (IMPROVEST) 免疫去势 Until second injection animals grow as entire males 直到第二次注射, 动物长势未处理的公猪一致 Then, ADFI and ADG would be 18% and 13% greater than in boars 然后平均干物质和日增重比种公猪增高 18% 和 13% Protein accretion is reduced by immunocastration 免疫去势减少蛋白合成
Effect of diet particle size and feeding pigs 日粮颗粒形状对饲喂猪 的影响 Can we feed this corn to pigs? to chickens? Why? 我们能喂这些玉米给猪吗? 或是鸡? 为什么?
Effect of diet particle size and feeding pigs 日粮颗粒形状对饲喂猪 的影响
Grinding particle size reduction 研磨 - 颗粒变小 More smaller particles = greater surface area 更小的颗粒 = 更大的表面积 Greater surface area 更大的表面积
Grinding particle size reduction 研磨 - 颗粒变小 Greater surface area 更大的表面积
Effect of diet grinding on productivity and health 日粮研 磨对生产力和健康的影响 Particle size, μ 颗粒大小微 米 1000 800 600 400 ADG, kg/d 平均日增重 0.96 0.94 0.95 0.98 ADFI, kg/d 平均干物质摄入 3.25 3.21 3.26 3.16 Conversion G:F 饲料转换率 295 293 291 310 Stomach health 1 胃肠健康 95 85 75 50 1 Percent of normal stomachs or without macroscopic lesions 正常胃或没有大体病变胃的比率
Feed flow and feeder adjustment 进食量和食槽的调整
Restrict feed intake 限制饲料摄入 Feed waste, excess nutrients in manure 饲料废物, 粪便中的养分过多 http://www.asi.k-state.edu/species/swine/research-and-extension/feeder-adjustment-cards.html
Decision tree for troubleshooting feed efficiency 解决饲料效率的决策树 Low energy density 低能量 Disease 疾病 High disappearance Feed waste 饲料浪费 Genetics 品种 Feed delivery 给料 Nutrient deficiency 营养缺乏 Mortality 死亡率 Temperature Low weight gain 生长慢 Genetics 品种 Feed availability 饲料可给性 Water availability 水可给性 Diet deficiency 饮食缺乏 Temperature 温度 Feed processing Pelleting 颗粒 Diet grinding 粉碎 Swine feed efficiency group
Seven recommendations for practical approaches to improve feed efficiency 七个提高饲料效率的实用方法建议 1. Manage the pigs and the barn to minimize maintenance energy requirements 管理猪和猪栏, 减少维护能量需求 2. Increase the portion of the GE of the diet that is digested 增加日粮中可消化能量部分 3. Determine actual energy content of diets used on the farm 确定猪场中使用的日粮真实的能量含量 4. Feeding diets with low heat increment during hot weather to minimize heat stress 在炎热的天气中, 饲喂低热量的饮食, 以尽量减少热应激 5. Minimize health demands placed on the pig 尽量减少对猪的健康需求 6. Selection of pigs that use dietary energy more efficiently for maintenance 选择能更高效利用日粮能量的猪只用于维持 7. Put a high priority on feed intake 优先考虑采食量 Patience (2012)
Increase the proportion of GE in the diet that is digested 增加日粮中可消化能量部分 Item 项目 Corn 玉米 DDGS 玉米干酒糟 WM 麦麸 SBH 豆壳 WS 麦秸 GE, kcal/kg 3,933 4,710 3,901 4,210 4,036 日粮能量 NE, kcal/kg 2,672 2,343 2,113 989 239 日粮 GE:NE 0.68 0.50 0.54 0.23 0.06 Corn-soybean 玉米大豆 Corn DDGS 玉米干酒糟
The proportion of GE that is digested is low and variable 日粮中可消化能量的含量低及变化 Nutrient 营养 Min Mean Max SD CV DM 干物质 60.1 62.7 68.6 2.5 4.0 CP 粗蛋白 23.3 24.9 26.8 1.0 4.0 Ether extract 醚提取物 3.2 6.0 9.1 1.7 28.3 NDF 中性洗涤纤维 14.5 18.8 23.5 3.1 16.3 ADF 酸性洗涤纤维 5.5 7.9 10.4 1.8 22.9 dhemi 8.4 10.9 13.9 1.8 16.9 Kerr et al. (2013)
Alternative feed ingredients have high content of poorly digestible nutrients 替代饲料含有大量的难消化的营养成分 Water 水 CP 粗蛋白 Fat 脂肪 Sugars 糖 Starch 淀粉 Fiber 纤维 Other 其它 Corn 玉米 DDGS 干酒糟及其可溶物 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Epithelial self-renewal in the small intestinal epithelium 小肠上皮的自我更新 Barker (2014)
Effect of fiber sources on differentiated secretory cells (histology of goblet cells) 纤维源对分化分泌细胞的影响 ( 杯状细胞的组织学 ) Control WS DDGS SBH
The digestibility of fiber can be predicted using laboratory procedures 利用实验室程序可以预测纤维的消化率 ATTD of TDF, % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Wheat straw y = 0.1643x + 2.8959 R² = 0.819 Corn DDGS Soybean hulls 0 100 200 300 400 500 Asymptotic gas production (A), ml/g DM Huang (2016)
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