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2012 12 275-335 文學觀念流通的現代化進程 : literature literature R. Morrison W. Lobscheid 1908 Nuttall s Standard Dictionary of the English Language An English-Chinese Standard Dictionary *
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The Modernizing Process of the Circulation of Literary Conception: A Study on the Entry Literature in the 19 th and Early 20 th -Century English-Chinese Dictionaries Tsai Chu-ching Abstract This essay discusses how the 19 th and the early 20 th century English- Chinese dictionaries helped standardize and normalize new terminologies of diverse academic disciplines and focuses in particular on the modernization process of the entry word literature. During the Shanghai Settlement in 1860s, the hunger to learn English began to spread, and as a result, the general public s craving for English-Chinese dictionaries increased. Because of this, native Chinese literati gradually took over from foreign missionaries the work of compiling dictionaries to better meet Chinese users needs. After examining three different kinds of English- Chinese dictionaries compiled by missionaries, Japan literati, and China literati, the influence of Morrison and Lobscheid s dictionaries is obvious. In 1908, An English-Chinese Standard Dictionary which was translated from Nuttall s Standard Dictionary of the English Language, and
278 compiled by Yen Hui-ching was published. It wasn t until the publication of this dictionary that the compilation of English-Chinese dictionaries reached a more professional standard. An English-Chinese Standard Dictionary, which was compiled from English, American, Japanese, Chinese dictionaries, and textbooks, hence has given terminologies of diverse academic disciplines such as the word literature a more western standard definition. Keywords: new term, literature, Robert Morrison, Wilhelm Lobscheid, P. Austin Nuttall, Yen Hui-ching (W. W. Yen), An English and Chinese Standard Dictionary
literature 279 文學觀念流通的現代化進程 : literature * * 2011 5 21-22 2011 11 18-20 Literature 2012 11 1-2 2012 6 1
280 colonial modernity John K. Fairbank 1907-1991 1921-2006 1890 1 2 3 1905 4 1 2 3 4 1987 11 xxvi 11 xxv 2008 221-245 319-356 2000
literature 281 5 the type of translatability 6 7 Lydia H. Liu 1933-8 literature 17 1623 5 6 7 8 2002 Lydia H. Liu, Translingual Practice: Literature, National Culture, and Translated Modernity China, 1900-1937. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995), 259. 1900-1937 2002 369 15 1998 2 1 A. B. C. D. E. F. G. 1900-1937 369-463 380 A Federico Masini 1960-1997
282 19 literature bungaku Masini p.204 9 10 bungaku 9 1900-1937380 1623 1635 1843-1852 21 1 2011 3 216-228 10
literature 283 11 1840 1843 12 1860 11 bank president 16 1998 5 1 12 1845 1848 1848 1849 1863 浜 2004 32
284 13 浜 14 浜 Come 个 Go Twenty-four yesno So and so Sit down Potato keep door Brother FatherMother Father law FootShoe Compador 15 13 2009 2 14 浜 浜 浜 1912 浜 2009 93 15 1994 220
literature 285 浜 16 17 1876 18 19 20 1861 浜 16 1864 1865 22 20 91-92 17 19 2003 93-106 18 60 19 20 1991 21
286 21 Robert Morrison 1782-1834 A Dictionary of the Chinese Language 1815 1823 The Honorable East India Company s Press 21 4 9 17 1878 10 12 2008 309
literature 287 22 23 DRAMA DRAMA. The origin of the drama in China, is attributed to Yuen-tsung, an emperor of the Tang Dynasty, about A.D. 740; it 22 23 2006 3612011 17-46
288 was then called chuen ke; Sung dynasty called the drama he keŭh; the Kin dynasty, Yuen pun tsă Keĭh. The terms now made use for the several performers originated with the emperor Hwuy-tsung (A.D.1120), who on seeing the persons of an embassy from Tswan kwĕ, whose dress and gestures were laughable; he ordered the musicians to imitate them, and get up a play. 24 DRAMA 25 DRAMA 26 27 1844 Samuel Wells Williams 1812-1884A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language 1847-1848 Walter Henry Medhurst 1796-1857 24 Robert Morrison A Dictionary of the Chinese Language 2008 6129 25 11 26 39 Robert Morrison A Dictionary of the Chinese Language 1 746-785 27 2006 78
literature 289 English and Chinese Dictionary 1866-1869 W. Lobscheid 1822-1893 English and Chinese Dictionary, with Punti and Mandarin Pronunciation 19 28 1916 K. Hermeling 1878-1925 29 English-Chinese Dictionary of the Standard Chinese Spoken Language and Handbook for Translation 30 31 32 1868 English and Chinese Lexicon, Compiled in Part from Those of Morrison, Medhurst and Williams 1836 28 29 30 31 32 97 2010 432-433 Part I 90 450
290 1844-?1874 1874 1875 33 34 1868 35 8000 36 1875 37 An English and Chinese Dictionary, Compiled from Different Authors, and Enlarged by the Addition of the Last Four Parts 1887 An English and Chinese Dictionary, the Latest and Best Authorities, and Containing All Words in Use, with Many Examples of These Use 33 117 1868 1881 19 2010 12 134-145 117 2009 1 1-19 111-151 2011 5 29-37 The Irish First Book of Lessons 120 1836 The Irish First Book of Lessons 1868 2012 303 3 114 2 112 34 35 36 37
literature 291 38 1882 11 24 1887 39 Kelly & Walsh 40 1887 38 39 40 Open Library http://www. archive.org/stream/englishchinesedi00kwon#page/n13/mode/2up 2012 8 20 Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh London: Trubner & Co. 57, and 59, Ludgate Hill HongKong: Kelly & Walsh San Francisco: Wing Fung, 746, Sacramento Street 1872 1875
292 1899 Commercial Press s English and Chinese Dictionary 41 1901 1873-1916 42 羣 43 Hartford 2009 54-75 An English and Chinese Standard Dictionary 1908 1895 Alvin Pieson Parker 1992 664 1903 1999 10 41 42 43
literature 293 Nuttall s Standard Dictionary of the English Language English and Chinese Dictionary, with Punti and Mandarin Pronunciation 44 1903 44 1 1 1904 3 1971-1976
294 Nuttall s Standard Dictionary of the English Language P. Austin Nuttall?-1869 45 Based on the labours of the most eminent lexicographers 1886 46 45 46 P. Austin Nuttall?-1869 Open Library The Standard Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language (London: Frederick Warne and co., 1856) Dictionary of Scientific Terms (London: Strahan & Co., Publishers, 1869) LL.D. Open Libraryhttp://www.archive. org/stream/dictionaryscien00nuttgoog#page/n4/mode/2up 2012 10 18 Open Library PDF 1914 James Wood P. Austin Nuttall ed., Nuttall s Standard Dictionary of the English Language 1886, Rev. James Wood (London, New York: Frederick Warne and Co., 1914). Open Library http://ia700305.us.archive.org/19/items/nuttallsstandar d00nuttrich/nuttallsstandar 2011 9 4 1886 1890 1891 1893 1914 James Wood Z. P. Maruya 1901
literature 295 STANDARD DICTIONARY 47 the present usage of literary and well-bred society English literature 48 49 47 48 49 P. Austin Nuttall, Preface to the Original Edition, in Nuttall s Standard dictionary of the English language, Rev. James Wood, viii. English literature literature P. Austin Nuttall, Preface to the Original Edition, in Nuttall s Standard dictionary of the English language, Rev. James Wood, ix.
296 50 1866-1869 50 Rheinische Mission Gesellschat1848 1850 1853 1857 1856 1857 J. Legge 1864 1869 China Missionary Conference 9 99-100
literature 297 51 畧 52 English and Chinese Dictionary Open Library 51 52 W. Lobscheid, Preface, in English and Chinese Dictionary, Ed. W. Lobscheid (Hongkong: Daily Press, 1866) W. Lobscheid ed., English and Chinese Dictionary
298 53 literature F. Kingsell 54 F. Kingsell 1897 F. Kingsell A Dictionary of the English and Chinese Language 1899 55 F. Kinsell 1899 56 53 50 54 55 1 1998 1 56 W. Lobscheid F. Kingsell A Dictionary of the English and Chinese languages, with the Merchant and Mandarin PronunciationYokohama Kingsell & Co. 1899 1999 7-8
literature 299 1899 F. Kingsell 1844?-1913 1851 1878 Kingsell & Co. F. Kingsell 57 1895 57 総 2010 164F Fung Kingsell geng3 jyu4 Kingsell http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/lexis/lexi-can/ 2012 10 22
300 58 1897 1869-1934 59 60 61 62 58 59 60 61 62 2005 322 1888 1890 1895 2007 1387 2005 1322 1956 21 21 22
literature 301 1898 1899 4 1 1897 1899 7 28 1900 5 19 1900 7 17 1901 2 19 1905 1908
302 1901 2 19 1908 1904 63 63 1972 73
literature 303 1905 An English and Chinese Standard Dictionary Yen Hui-ching W. W. Yen 1877-1950 St. John s College 64 Tung Wen College 1900 1906 65 64 65 1879 1905 2003 1-58
304 1905 F. L. Hawks Pott 1864-1947 66 66 F. L. Hawks Pott Preface i-ii
literature 305 67 terminology 68 69 67 68 69 1902 F. L. Hawks Pott Preface i F. L. Hawks Pott Preface ii
306 羣 70 Queen s College Hongkong 71 72 70 Queen s College 1862 The Government Central School Central School for Boys 1884 Victoria College 1894 Queen's College) General Intelligence http://www.qc.edu.hk/ 2012 3 12 Webster s International Dictionary of the English Language Noah Webster 1758-18431828 Noah Porter1864 1879 1884 1890 1898 1900 1890 175,000 1900 25,000 Open Library Noah Porter, Webster s International Dictionary of the English Language (Springfield, Mass: G. & C. Merriam Company, 1898) http://archive.org/stream/webstersinternat00port #page/n1/mode/2up 2012 3 14 71 72
literature 307 73 definition 74 75 73 74 75 F. L. Hawks Pott Preface ii
308 76 1908 K. Hemeling English-Chinese Dictionary of the Standard Chinese Spoken Language 1920 10 1921 8 77 literature literature 76 77 1921
literature 309 1815-1823 literature 1. literature Fond of attacking (i. e. studying) ancient literatureliterature literature Fond of attacking ancient literature literary degrees literary man literati literature literature literature a man of literature a man of letters 78 literature literature 78 Raymond Williams Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society 2003 215
310 polite do. ancient do. 褏褏 79 learning polite literature ancient literature 辞 80 1866-1872 learning 1874-1892 81 J. C. Hepburn 1815-1911 1867 literature Gakumonbunbundō bundō n. Literature learing military science alone, without a knowledge of literature, can never be successful. 82 learning to read, pursuing literary studies, especially the Chinese classics. 79 80 惣郷 辞 1998 512-514 81 82 辞 3.0 SHARP 辞 Papyrus PW- LT220
literature 311 literature 2. 1866-1869 China Missionary Conference 83 literature literature ancient literature ancient literature literature literature 蛯 J. C. HepburnJapanese and English Dictionary 83 100-101
312 Tetsuziro Inoue 1855-1944 84 1881 85 Bun-Gaku literaturegakumon bun bundō Keiu Nakamura 1832-1891 86 A Dictionary of the English, Chinese and Japanese Language 1879 literature n. bun bungaku mon-ji ancient literature kobun modern literature kon-bun literature 84 1884-1890 1890-1923 85 学 2011 101-133 86 1866 1870 Self Help1871 On Liberty1873 1877 1879 2008 6 61-111
literature 313 Tetsuziro Inoue 1855-1944 1883-1885 1899 1906 1897 F. Kingsell 1899 87 88 89 literature 87 Tokio J. Fujimoto 1883 1988 88 2010 131 101-102 89 Morrison, Medhurst and Williams 111 1897 F. Kingsell 5 2011 10 33
314 ancient literature 90 1902 91 literature n. ancient literaturemodern literature F. Kingsell 1897 literature 1902 92 90 literature 91 92 1903 Second Edition
literature 315 literature modern literature literature comedy drama fictionist literate literati literature narrative novelist poem poet poetic tragedy literary poetry Webster s International Dictionary of the English Language fiction literal narration prose narrate narrator novel literature Literaturelit -er-á-tewr n. 1.Acquaintance with books 2. The collective body of literary
316 productions of a country or an age, in general or in some special department 3. In a special sense, that body of literary compositions which, to the exclusion of merely philosophical scientific, and technical works, are occupied mainly with that which is spiritual in its nature and imaginative in its form, whether in the world of fact or the world of fiction 4. The profession of lettersbelles lettres Literature literature 93 94 95 93 literary 216 1. 2. 3. 4. 2002 1704 国 94 95
literature 317 literature literature poetry prose literature poetry 96 96 SHARP 辞 Papyrus PW-LT220 218-219
318 97 nature 98 form The profession of letters 99 belles letters literature belles letters literature 100 literature 97 1795 1903 Literature Science 6 1903 8 98 99 216 100 219
literature 319 literal literary literate literati literature literature literature 1870 1820 1870 羣 literature literature
320 literature
literature 321 2004 1971-1976 1994 2002 2005 21 1 2011 3 1868 2012 1992 2006 2010 2011
322 2008 2002 15 1998 2 2009 1956 2002 1967 1972 73 1954 16 1998 5 2008 2009 1987 11 1991 19 2003 2009 3 2011 5
literature 323 2006 2011 2009 2000 An English and Chinese Standard Dictionary 1908 2003 1983 1-10 29 1903 1-12 2006 2006 1992 Federico Masini 1997 Eliza Morrison Memoirs of the life and labours of Robert Morrison 2004 Robert Morrison A Dictionary of the Chinese Language 2008 Raymond Williams
324 Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society2003 215 Lydia H. Liu 1900-1937 2002 1879 19 2010 12 1 1998 1 辞 総 19 2010 2011 117 2009 1 惣郷 辞 1998 Hepburn, J. C. ed. Japanese and English Dictionary. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, 1867. in 1988 1 Kwong, Ki Chiu ed. English and Chinese Dictionary. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh; London: Ludgate Hill; Hong Kong: Kelly &Walsh; San Francisco: Wing Fung, 1887. Open Library, http://www.archive.org/stream/englishchinesedi00kwon#pag e/n13/mode/2up. 2012 8 20
literature 325 Liu, Lydia H. Translingual Practice: Literature, National Culture, and Translated Modernity China, 1900-1937. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995. Lobscheid, W. ed. English and Chinese dictionary, with the Punti and Mandarin Pronunciation. Hongkong: Daily Press, 1866. Lobscheid, W. F. Kingsell A Dictionary of the English and Chinese languages, with the Merchant and Mandarin PronunciationYokohama Kingsell & Co. 1897 1999 14-15 Lobscheid, W. An English and Chinese DictionaryTokio J. Fujimoto 1883 1988 1 Lobscheid, W. An English and Chinese Pronouncing Dictionary 1903 1999 10-13 Lobscheid, W. A Dictionary of the English, Chinese, and Japanese languages with the Japanese Pronounciation 1879 1998 1-6 Lu, David J. Missionary from Central Pennsylvania to Japan. http://www.laijohn.com/loas/lou,khi/article/ Hepburn/2011.htm 2012 9 5 Medhurst, W. H. English and Chinese Dictionary. Shanghai: The Mission
326 Press, 1847-1848. Vol. II. Open Library, http://www.archive. org/stream/englishandchine00medhgoog#page/n4/mode/2up. 2012 8 18 Nuttall, P. Austin, ed. Nuttall s Standard dictionary of the English language 1886. Rev. James Wood. London, New York: Frederick Warne and Co., 1914. Open Library, http://www.archive.org/stream/ nuttallsstandard00nuttrich#page/n7/mode/2up. 2011 9 4 Porter, Noah. Webster s International Dictionary of the English Language. Springfield, Mass: G. & C. Merriam Company, 1898. Open Library, http://archive.org/stream/webstersinternat00port#page/n1/mode/2up. 2012 3 14
literature 327 literature Kingsell 101 A Dictionary of the Chinese Language. Part III. English and Chinese Dictionary. English and Chinese Dictionary. Japanese and English Dictionary A Dictionary of the English, Chinese and Japanese Language, with the Japanese Pronunciation An English and Chinese Dictionary An English and Chinese Dictionary A Dictionary of the English and Chinese Language, with the Merchant and Mandarin Pronunciation Commercial Press English and Chinese Pronouncing Dictionary An English-Chinese Standard Dictionary 101 F. Kingsell
328 Robert Morrison. W. H. Medhurst W. Lobscheid. J. C. Hepburn, A.M., D. W. Lobscheid W. Lobscheid Kwong Ki Chiu W. Lobscheid Nuttall s Standard Dictionary of the English Language F. Kingsell ) Macao, China Shanghai Hong Kong Shanghai 102 Tokio Shanghai; London; Hong Kong; San Francisco Yokohama 102 1867 1869 2002 34 William Gamble, 1830-1886 1869 2011 374 James Curtis Hepburn Lu, David J. Missionary from Central Pennsylvania to Japan http://www.laijohn.com/loas/lou,khi/article/hepburn/2011.htm
literature 329 The Honorable East India Company s Press The Mission Press 103 The Daily Press American Presbyterian Mission Press J. FUJIMOTO Kelly Walsh ; Ludgate Hill; Kelly &Walsh; Wing Fung. HongKong Tsun Wan Yat Po Kingsell & Co. 1815-23 1822 1847-48 1866-69 1867 12 1879 16 1883 1887 1868 1875 1897 1903 1908 2012 9 5 1869 1867 103 London Missionary Society Press Walter Henry Medhurst, 1796-1857 1846 4 10 English and Chinese DictionaryHistorical Classic of Ancient China The Mission Press 2006 10
330 2008. Open Library Vol. II 1866-69 Tokyo: Toyo Bunko, 1970 1998 辞 1-6 1988 Open Library 1887 1998 辞 7-8 1999 10-13 1908 literatrure Fond of attacking(i. e. studying) ancient literature polite do. ancient do. 褏褏 learning ancient literature, Gakumon; bun; bund n. bun bungaku monji ancient literature kobun modern lierature kon-bun n. ancient literature modern literature ancient literature n. ancient literature modern literature n. ancient literature modern literature n. 1.Acquaintance with books 2. The collective body of literary productions of a country or an age, in general or in some special department 3. In a special sense, that body of literary compositions which, to the exclusion of merely philosophical scientific, and technical works, are occupied mainly with that which is spiritual in its nature and imaginative in its form, whether in the world of fact or the world of fiction 4. The profession of letters belles lettres
literature 331 Bun- D n. Literature learing.,military science alone, without a knowledge of literature, can never be successful. Bun- Gaku learning to read, pursuing literary studies, especially the Chinese classics. 104 102 2011 129
332 25.2.21 1899.4.1 25.6.21 1899.7.28
literature 333 26.4.21 1900.5.19 26.6.21 1900.7.17
334 26.7.11 1900.8.5 26.7.21 1900.8.15
literature 335 27..1 1901.2.19 27.4.21 1901.6.7 27.5.11 1901.6.26 27.9.21 1901.11.1