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1 * McPherson et al Mouw Granovette 1974 Coleman 1988 Lin 1999 Granovette * JSNET 50

2 1973 Bian 1997 Burt 1992 Blau 1977 Feld 1982 McPherson & Smith-Lovin McPherson et al homophily principle Zeng & Xie 2002 Mouw t I ijt = - β 1 X i - X j - β 2 W i - W j + ε ijt 1 I ijt X i X j W i W j β 1 β 2 ε ijt 1 X i X j X j 1 β 1 β 2 X i - X j W i - W j I ijt 51

3 W i W j Mouw Mouw 2006 Monte Carlo Simulation 1 sequential search model extensive search model 1 2 Mouw 2003 The National Longitudinal Surveys NLS 52

4 Mouw

5 Zeng & Xie CGSS Robust cluster 1 http / /www. chinagss. org / 54

6 regression = * = = * R-squared * p < 0. 1 p < p < CGSS logit Preisser & Qaqish stata Huber-white Sandwich Huber 1967 White

7 b Coleman 1988 Burt

8 2 = * * * = * * = * * / * * * * * R-squared * p < 0. 1 p < p < CGSS logit Preisser & Qaqish

9 Kalmijn 1998 Marsden Verbrugge Verbrugge

10 3 4 / CGSS Zeng & Xie Log rate 3 4 saturated loglinear model lnf rc = μ + μ R r + μ C c + μ RC rc Lograte lyucheng@ mail. susy. edu. cn 59

11 f rc r c μ grand mean μ R r r μ C c c μ RC rc r c μ RC rc r c 3 4 Oppoerunity Structure Log rate logit logit Zeng & Xie Log rate L 2 BIC p % RC RC RC RC L 2 BIC Bayesian information criterion BIC % 3. 66% 60

12 Zeng & Xie 2002 PY rc r c lograte lnf rc = lnpy rc + μ + μ R r + μ C c + μ RC rc r c PY rc = n r n c r = c PY rc = n c n r - 1 μ RC rc Goodman 1979 RC RC log - rate 5 1 Log rate LEM Vermunt

13 P P P S rensen 2000 Sparrowe & Popielarz 1995 Burt 2000 Hallinan & Wil- 1 Pichler & Wallace log rate 2 62

14 liams 1989 Tuma & Hallinan 1979 Burt 2000 McPherson et al a Yang JSNET

15 JSNET JS- NET = / = R-squared * p < 0. 1 p < p < JSNET /

16 CGSS logit 1 2 = E = = * / cut1 cut2 cut R-squared * p < 0. 1 p < p < CGSS ordinal logit Preisser & Qaqish

18 X 0 1 X = 0 X = 1 pretreatment heterogeneity baseline difference selecton on observeables selecton on unobserveables Winship & Sobel 2004 Winship & Morgan 1999 Morgan & Harding 2006 Propensity Score Matching Parsons 2001 Brand & Xie 2010 heterogeneity of treatment effect model 67

19 endogeneity switching regression model Maddala 1986 w tie i = β tie X 1i + u tie i w non i = β non X 2i + u non i S = 1 1 S = 0 2 S * = γz i + δ w tie i - w non i + v i 3 w tie w non X u tie i u non i S * S S * > 0 S = 1 S * 0 S = 0 Z X Z w tie - w non self - selection Roy 1951 Gronau 1974 Lewis 1974 Heckman 1974 Maddala Gerber

20 1 2 σ ub v σ ug v u tie u non v v u tie u non Ω = σ 2 v σ utie v σ 2 tie σ unon v σ S * = γz + δ β tie - β non X + δ u tie - u non + v 4 S * = 珘 γ Z + 珓 v 5 OLS Maddala 1983 珘 γ Z E w tie S = 1 = β tie X + σ utie v Φ 珘 γ Z 6a 珘 γ Z E w non S = 0 = β non X - σ unon v 1 - Φ 珘 γ Z 6b 珘 γ Z Φ 珘 γ Z 珘 γ Z + 珘 γ Z Φ 珘 γ Z - 珘 γ Z 1 - Φ 珘 γ Z selection term σ utie v σ unon v σ utie v σ unon v σ utie v σ unon v 4 σ utie v > 0 σ unon v non < 0 69

21 σ utie v > 0 σ unon v > 0 σ utie v < 0 σ unon v < 0 σ utie v < 0 σ unon v > JSNET 2009 logist

22 8 1 8 logit = * = * R / Granovet

23 ter σ utie v rho_ σ utie v rho_1 > σ utie v rho_ 1 < σ unon v rho_2 0 rho_

24 73

27 σ utie v rho_1 <

28 77

29 = * * * 11 σ utie v rho_1 0 σ unon v rho_

30 JSNET

31 a b Bian Yanjie 1997 Bringing Strong Ties Back In Indirect Connection Bridges and Job Search in China. American Sociological Review 62. Bian Yanjie & Soon Ang 1997 Guanxi Networks and Job Mobility in China and Singapore. Social Forces 75. Blau P. M Inequality and Heterogeneity A Primitive Theory of Social Structure. New York Free Press. Brand Jennie & Yu Xie 2010 Who Benefits Most from College Evidence for Negative Selection in Heterogeneous Economic Returns to Higher Education. American Sociological Review 75. Burt Ronald S Structural Holes. Cambridge MA Harvard University Press Decay Functions. Social Networks 22. Coleman J. S Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. American Journal of Soci- 80

32 ology 94 Supplement Evidence and Implications. Social Science Research 30 4 December. Feld S Social Structural Determinants of Similarity Among Associates. American Sociological Review 47. Gerber Theodore P The Selection Theory of Persisting Party Advantages in Russia More Evidence and Implication. Social Science Research 30. Goodman L. A Simple Models for the Analysis of Association in Cross-classifications Having Ordered Categories. Journal of the American Statistical Association 74. Granovetter Mark 1973 The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology Getting a Job A Study of Contacts and Careers. Cambridge MA Harvard Univ. Press Afterword 1994 Reconsiderations and a New Agenda. In Mark Granovetter Getting A Job A Study of Contacts and Careers Second Edition. Chicago and London University of Chicago Press. Gronau R Wage Comparisons-A Selectivity Bias. Journal of Political Economy 82. Hallinan M. T. & R. A. Williams 1989 Interracial Friendship Choice in Secondary Schools. American Sociological Review 54. Heckman J Shadow Prices Market Wages and Labor Supply. Econometrica Huber P. J The Behavior of Maximum Likelihood Estimates Under Nonstandard Conditions. In LeCam L. M. & J. Neyman eds. Proceedings of the Fifth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability 1 1. Berkeley CA University of California Press. Kalmijn M Intermarriage and Homogamy Causes Patterns and Trends. Annual Review of Sociology 24. Lewis H. G Comments on Selectivity Bias in Wage Comparisons. Journal of Political E- conomy 82. Lin Nan 1999 Social Networks and Status Attainment. Annual Review of Sociology 25. Lokshin M. & Z. Sajaia 2004 Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Endogeneity Switching Regression Models. Stata Journal Maddala G. S Disequilibrium Self-selection and Switching Models. In Griliches Z. & M. D. Intriligator eds. Handbook of Econometrics Vol Ⅲ. Elsevier Science Publishers Amsterdam. Marsden P. V Core Discussion Networks of Americans. American Sociological Review Homogeneity in Confiding Relation. Sociological Networks 10. McPherson J. M. & L. Smith-Lovin 1987 Homophily in Voluntary Organizations Status Distance and the Composition of Face-to-face Groups. American Sociological Review 52. MePherson Miller Lynn Smith-Lovin & James Cook 2001 Birds of a Feather Homophily in Social Networks. Annual Review of Sociology 27. Morgan S. L. & D. J. Harding 2006 Matching Estimators of Causal Effects Prospects and Pitfalls in Theory and Practice. Sociological Methods and Research Mouw T Social Capital and Finding a Job Do Contacts Matter American Sociological 81

33 Review Estimating the Causal Effect of Social Capital A Review of Recent Research. Annual Review of Sociology 32. Parsons L. S Reducing Bias in a Propensity Score Matched-pair Sample Using Greedy Matching Techniques. Paper Presented at the Proceedings of the 26th Annual SAS Users Group International Conference. Long Beach CA. Pichler Florian & Claire Wallace 2009 Social Capital and Social Class in Europe. European Sociological Review with Florian Pichler Preisser John S. & F. Bahjat Qaqish 1999 Robust Regression for Clustered Data with Application to Binary Responses. Biometrics Roy A. D Some Thoughts on the Distribution of Earnings. Oxford Economic Papers 3. Rubin D. B Comment on Randomization Analysis of Experimental Data The Fisher Randomization Test by D. Basu. Journal of the American Statistical Association 75. S rensen J. B The Longitudinal Effects of Group Tenure Composition on Turnover. American Sociological Review 65. Sparrowe R. T. & P. A. Popielarz 1995 Weak Ties and Structural Holes The Effects of Network Structure on Careers. Unpublished Paper Department of Management University of Illinois- Chicago. Tuma N. B. & M. Z. Hallinan 1979 The Effects of Sex Race and Achievement on Schoolchildren s Friendships. Sociological Forces 57. Verbrugge L. M The Structure of Adult Friendship Choices. Sociological Forces A Research Note on Adult Friendship Contact A Dyadic Perspective. Sociological Forces 62. Vermunt J. K LEM A General Program for the Analysis of Categorical Data. Tilburg University Department of Methodology. White H A Heteroskedasticity-consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity. Econometrica 48. Winship C. & S. L. Morgan 1999 The Estimation of Causal Effects from Observational Data. Annual Review of Sociology 25. Winship C. & M. Sobel 2004 Causal Inference in Sociological Studies. In M. Hardy ed. The Handbook of Data Analysis. Thousand Oaks CA Sage. Yang Mayfair Mei-hui 1994 Gifts Favors and Banquets The Art of Social Relationships in China. lthaca NY Cornell University Press. Zeng Zhen & Yu Xie 2002 Statistical Models for Studying Inter-Group Friendship. Annual Winter /Spring Meeting of Sociological Methodology Section American Sociological Association in Princeton NJ March. 82

34 SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES Bimonthly Vol September 2010 PAPER Rationalization without Tradition A Chinese perspective on Weber Li Meng 1 Abstract Rationalization is according to Max Weber of the universal historical significance. It leads to the modern reformation of Lebensfürung and social order by virtue of its systematic subversion of tradition. This antithesis between rationalization and tradition distinguishes the modern West from other culture worlds. This systematic subversion of tradition Weber detects in the Western Rationalization results from the doubt or even denial of the natural ethical relations in various philiai and the prophetic zeal for the so-called objektlose Liebeakosmismus. The prospect of the modern Chinese way of life depends on the possibility to revitalize her own ethos in the struggle with the universal history of rationalization. People's Perception of Distributive Justice in Urban China Ma Lei & Liu Xin 31 Abstract Based on self-interest theory the structural explanation argues that people's perception on distributive justice is determined by their objective socioeconomic status. The higher their socio-economic statuses the more distributive justice they perceive. On the contrary relative comparison explanation based on relative deprived theory debates that an individual's comparison with others within the same social context or with his / her own life experiences plays much more important role than his / her objective status. This paper develops two competing hypotheses on people's perception of distributive justice in urban China. Statistical findings from Chinese General Social Survey CGSS2005 data show that the perception of distributive justice is mainly explained by comparison no matter comparing with life experiences or with other people around. The relative comparison argument is strongly supported while the structural explanation works poorly. Is Social Capital and Social Networks Useless Liang Yucheng

35 Abstract The review on the social network of homogeneity published by M. McPherson et al. has raised deep academic thinking leading to criticism given by T. Mouw who proposed that social networks have the characteristics of homogeneity and endogeneity and social networks may be un-significant in job search. This study reexamined the homogeneity and endogeneity of social networks. The article explains from the source of homogeneity although the preferences of actors are to build a large number of heterogeneous relationship the cost to maintain it is higher and it is hard to respond to the interaction request which leads to the short term life cycle of the heterogeneous relationship therefore long-term cumulative effect leads to the researchers observation that most actors have more homogeneous networks than heterogeneous ones. The author found when the social network has positive functions social network user are the actors with good relations which is Endogenous Type I mentioned by T. Mouw but when the network shows a negative function the capable actors tend not to use the network which is a special Endogenous Type II this research found. Therefore endogeneity proposed by T. Mouw does not have universal application. Stimulation and Extension Relationship between law and society of Homeowners Rights Protection Movement in B city Liu Zixi 83 Abstract This article describes and analyzes homeowners rights protection movement in B city and tries to answer two questions why trajectories of the movement are diversified and how they reflects relationship between law and society. The author argues that in the social transformation of China due to the lack of appropriate social space the law simultaneously plays as rights weapons and rights bottleneck. The tension in such dual properties expands the rights protection movement into social action along three dimensions i. e. organization system and status. Social action in expansion reconstructs the relationship between law and society involved in the movement and accelerates the growth of civil society. Qi and Social Action with Rural Chinese Characteristics A study based on proverbs and traditional operas Ying Xing 111 Abstract Qi is a special notion about social action with rural Chinese characteristics. This article analyses the notion in rural China where the connotation of qi is expressed through proverbs and traditional operas. The author argues that qi is both a motive force of guarding the dignity and molding the personality and some kind of passion that fuses instinct and reason morality and interest. The connotation of qi forms a continuum of passion from a sort of restrained passion to an erupting passion and to the code of brotherhood. In the Chinese traditional culture the principal aspect of its connotation is controlling qi with tolerance the second is 244

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