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1 ,,,,,, ;,, ;, 10,,,,,,,, :,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20, 1

2 2000 4,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ,, 20,,, 40,, 1899,,, 20,, :, 100,, ( 1995 ), ;,,,,, 2

3 ,,, 1890, 30, 1860,, 1856, 1856,, ;,,, 60,, 48,, 96, ,,,,,,,,,,, 1898, , 1988, ,, ,

4 ,, 12,, ,,,,,, 30%,, 50,,, :,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,, , ( ),,,,,,,,, 5 : (1), ,

5 , ; (2) ; (3), 4 ; (4), 3 ; (5), 2, 20000, ;,, 6000, 3. 5, , 6, ,,, 18000, 25000, 3, ,,,,,,,,, 4,,,,,,,

6 2000 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1898,, ,,,, 6

7 ,,,,,,, 1899,,, , 5, 10000, ; 10000, 60,,, , 30000, 180, 3 ; 40000, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,

8 2000 4,,,,,, 6?,,,,,,,, ;, :,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, :,,,,

9 , :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1898,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

10 2000 4,,,,, , 8,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1898,,,,, ( ),,, 1899?,, ;,,,,, 31,

11 , ( ) ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, 1899,,,,,,,,,,,,

12 2000 4,,,,,,,,, ;,,, :, 10%,, 70%,,,,,,, 10000, 5, 50000, 47500, 10%, 4750,,, 50000, 20,,, :, ;,, 31 12

13 , 20 ;,, 127,,,, ,,,,, , 11000,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 32, , , 31 13

14 2000 4,,,,,, ( 1899 ), 6,, 6?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 14

15 ,,,,,,,,, 6,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ) ;,, :,,,,, 1000, ,,, , 10 : ( ) , 15 10,, , 10000, 5, 10000, 4000,

16 2000 4, 2 50%, 15000, ( ),, , 20000, , , 5, , 12000, ( ),, , 5, 10000, 3000, 1000, 5 26 ( ), , 5 27,,,, , , :,,, ;,, ;,,

17 ( ),,,,, , 30000, 10000, 5000, 7 31, ( ),,,,,,,,, ( 60 ), 30, 16000,,, 12000, 26%,, , 5, 9 24, ( ),,, ,

18 , , 12000, 2 4, 15000, 6000 ( ),,, , 15000, 2, 6000, ( ) ( ),, , 3 28, 12000, 2 ( ),, , 28 1, , 3, 6000, , : 6,, , ( ), 5, , 35 ; ,

19 ,, 1, 420 6,,,,, 4,,,, 4, : 24000, 30000, 36000, , ,, 9 564, 10 10, (, ),,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, ;, 1 12,, , 1,,, ; 4,,

20 2000 4,, ;,,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ) 15 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, 15 20

21 , ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 10,?,,,,,,,, 10,,,,,,,,,, 21

22 2000 4,,,,,, , 6,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 10,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, , 4 21,,

23 :,,,, :,,,, 5,,, 10,,,,,,, :,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, 10,

24 2000 4,,,,, ; :,, 1901, :,,, 50000, 10%, , :,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ,, 12000, 5, 8000, 6 1, , 10000,,,

25 , :,,,,,, 10000,,,,,,, 6,,,, 3,, ;, 3, 6,,,, 5,, : (, ),,,,,,, , : , , , ;, , , ,

26 ,,,,, 6 10,, :,,, :,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 10,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 6 ;,, 6, ,

27 ,, 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : , 4. 5, ; ,,, 1902 : 1882, 27

28 , ,, 8000,, :, ;,,,,, 1902, :,,,,,, :,,,,,,, : (1), (2) (3) 4 (4), 30%,,,,,,,,,,,,,

29 ;, 200,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 55, 55 29

30 2000 4,,,,,,,,, 1902,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,, 1902,,,, , 4, 10000, , 3 7,, , ;,

31 ( ),, 4,, , 5,,,,,,,,,, ,, 1000, 1000,,,, ,,,, , 6, 50000, 4 3,,, 1 800,,, ( ),,,,, :,,, ,

32 2000 4,,,,,, ;,,,, , ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, : 10, 1986, 4893, ,

33 ;,,,,,,, ,,, 13. 2,, 3,, 5% 2% 2%, 1902,,,, ;,,,, ( ), :,,,, , :, ( 1910 ), , ,

34 2000 4,,,,,,, 1904,,,,,,, :, ( ),,, 15, 20%,,, , 6, , ,,,,,,, 1904, 3, 1905, 30000, 4, 40000,,, ,

35 ,,,, , , ,, 1906, 60000, 7, 30000,, 12 84, ( ) 1906, 60000, 10, 10, 3 ;, 30000, 5, 30000, : (1),, (,, ) ;,,,,,, ( ),, (2),,, , , ( ),, 1910 ; , ,

36 2000 4,,,,,, ( ),, : (1), (2),,, (, ),,, 1905,,,, 6,,, ;,, 5,,,,, 1906, ; 1908, 36

37 ,, 1909,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,, ,,, ;, ;,

38 2000 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3000,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1905,, 50000, 8,,,, , 72, , 181, , ,,,, 38

39 ,,,,,, ( ),,,, 1910,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ; 1900,,,,,,,,, ;,, , ,, 179, ; ,

40 2000 4, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,, 1903 :,, ;,, :,, ;,,,,,, ;,,, ;,, 1899, 1909, 10, :,, :,, ,

41 ,,? :,,,,, ;, ;,,,, :,, :,,,,,,,, 1904,,, 1908,,, :,,,, , , , ;, , !?, ,

42 2000 4,,,,,,,, 1902,,, ,,,,,,,, 1907,,,,,,, :,,, ( ),,, :,,, , , ,

43 ,,,,, 1902,,,,,,, ;, 20000, 6, 50000,, , 125,,,,,,,,,,, 60000,,,,,, ;,,,

44 2000 4,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, ),, ,, 1000, 1, 10, 50000, 1000,, 600,,,, 1000, 1000,,,,,,,, ;, , 14, 1934 ;, , ;, 19,

45 ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10, 1909,,,, ;,, ,,, 4,,,, ,,,,,,,

46 2000 4,,,,,,,, 60% 70%,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1, 1910, 58,, , 76 :,,,, 20 10,,,,, ( ) 46

47 ;,,,?,,,,,,,,, 1909, ( ),,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, , 10 60, ,,,,,,,,,, 6,

48 2000 4,,,, (1901 ),,,,,, :, ;, ;, ;,, , 9 20,,,,,,,,,, 1908, 3, :, , 1958, 5570, ,,, 48

49 ,, ;,,,,,, 1903,,,,, 1906,,,, 1901,,,,, 1902,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,

50 , 1910,, 1g3 1911,,, 10,,,,,,,,, : (1),,,,,, (2),,,, ( ),,, 1910,, 7 : ( ), ; ( ), ;, ;, ; ( ), ;,

51 ,,,,,,,,, (3),, :,, :,,,,,, 1901,,, :, ;,,,,,, , ( ),,,,,, :,, ; :,,, ( ) ; :, :, ;, ;,

52 2000 4,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, :,,, :,,,,

53 M odern Ch inese H istory Stud ies No. 4, 2000 O n L o tteries du ring the L ate Q ing Period M in J ie (1) T h is article exam ines the w ho le p rocess of the establishm ent, sp read and ban of lo tteries during the late Q ing dynasty. T he autho r suggests that lo ttery w as clearly a fo rm of gam bling and unlaw ful under the Q ing governm ent s anti2gam bling law. T herefo re it had been banned since it w as first in troduced in to Ch ina. D u ring the late Q ing, faced w ith a financial crisis and various natural disasters and m an2m ade calam ities, the Q ing governm ent lacked an effective m eans fo r attracting non2governm ental investm enṫ T h is serious situation fo rced it to introduce lo tteries to m eet its various needṡ T he first lo ttery in Ch ina w as established in Shanghai, break ing dow n the anti2lo ttery ban in the nam e of disaster relief. Fo llow ing th is exam p le, local governm ents all over the country issued lo ttery tickets reck lessly as a new m ean of accum ulating w ealth. T he Q ing governm ent w as unable to intervene, and its various regulations governing the sale of lo ttery tickets served p ractically no function. T he w ild sp read of lo tteries during the late Q ing does no t indicate p rogressive and liberal tendencies in econom ic po licy, but rather that the Q ing governm ent w as too w eak to contro l society effectively. It w as the inevitable outcom e of the pow erlessness of law to supervise hum an behavio r, and its ultim ate roo t w as the state s po litical co rrup tion. Idea s and Society: T he A esthet ics of Bound Feet and Tw o W o rlds of M odern Ch ina Y ang X ingm ei (53) P ro2 and anti2foo t2binding ideals competed w ith each o ther fo r a long tim e in m odern Ch ina. Since w om en w ith bound feet w ere discrim inated against mo re than o rdinary w om en, they have been severely silenced in h isto rical docum ents. A pp roach ing th is p roblem from the angle of the evo lution of ideo logy and the conflict of ideas, th is article exam ines the concep ts of foo t2binding in all so rts of persuasive literature from the m odern period on and the changing aesthetics reflected therein. T h is article further analyses the relationsh ip betw een social change and the evo lution of ideo logy and the conflict of ideaṡ T he autho r hopes to further our understanding of the phenom enon of modern foo t2binding and effo rts to figh t foo t2binding. 1

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