CIP / ISBN Ⅰ. Ⅱ Ⅲ. Ⅳ. P E mail cug. edu. cn http / /www. cugp. cn

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2 CIP / ISBN Ⅰ. Ⅱ Ⅲ. Ⅳ. P E mail cug. edu. cn http / /www. cugp. cn / ISBN /P

3 20 IGBP WCRP IHDP DIVERSITAS C 4 He 39 Ar 81 Kr 226 Ra 234 U/ 238 U 36 Cl 87 Sr / 86 Sr δ 13 C Mg/Ca /Ca Na /Cl Ⅰ

4 211 No No Ⅱ

5 1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 3 2 7!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 3 16!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4 24!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5 39!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5. 1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Ⅲ

6 5. 3 -!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5. 4!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 6 56!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 7. 3!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 8 87!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Ⅳ

7 !"#$%#$& Part onesummaries 1 Introduction 3!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2 Global changes and environmental problems 7!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2. 1 Global change study 7!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2. 2 Significant global environment problems threatening human being!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Sensitive zones in China to global changes 14!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 3 Status of groundwater environment in northern China 16!!!!!!!! 3. 1 Status of groundwater environment in northern China 16!!!!!!!!! Agricultural activities 16!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Construction of large hydraulic engineering 17!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Effect of wastewater and solid waste of industrial and mining enterprise and domestic garbage!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Heavy exploitation of groundwater and forming of regional pumping cones in cities!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Status of karst water environment in northern China!!!!!!!!!! Continuous falling of karst water level and prevalent decrease of spring discharge!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Continuous deterioration of karst water quality 22!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4 Groundwater and global changes 24!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4. 1 Karsification and global changes 24!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4. 2 Indication of groundwater to global change 26!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Physical indicator 27!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Chemical indicator 28!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4. 3 Effect of global change on groundwater 32!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Effect of climate change on groundwater 32!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Effect of the sun and the moon on groundwater 34!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4. 4 Feedback effect of groundwater change on environment 35!!!!!!!!! Ⅴ

8 Part twoevolution of karst water systems in Shanxi Province 5 Evolution of karst water systems on geological timescale!!!!!!! Preface!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Karst development history in northern China!!!!!!!!!!!!! Evolution of geological ecological environment in China from Late Tertiary!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Evolution from Late Tertiary to Middle Pleistocene 43!!!!!!!!!!! Evolution since Middle Pleistocene 45!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Evolution since Holocene!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Evolution of karst water systems on geological timescalea case study of the Niangziguan springs!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Status of Niangziguan karst water system 49!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Distribution and composition characteristics of travertine 51!!!!!!!!! Evolution process of the Niangziguan springs 52!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 6 Evolution of karst water systems on historical timescale 56!!!!!!! 6. 1 Climate changes in historical periods 56!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Early and middle period of Holocene 56!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! The period prior to Qin Dynasty the western Zhou Dynasty the Spring and Autumn periodand the Warring States Period!!!!!!!!!!! The Qin and Han Dynasty 58!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! The Wei Dynasty the western Jin Dynasty the sixteen states period and the Northern Dynasty!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! The Shui Dynasty the Tang Dynastyand the five Dynasties The Northern Song Dynasty the Jin Dynastyand the Yuan Dynasty 58!!!!!!! 59!!!! The Ming and Qing Dynasty 60!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 6. 2 History of human being activities 61!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 6. 3 Evolution of karst water systems on historical timescale 63!!!!!!!! Fossil lake record in Shanxi Province 63!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Quiescent spring record in Shanxi Province 65!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Potential methods of research on evolution of karst water systems on historical timescale!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 66 7 Evolution of karst water systems on instrumental record timescale 68!! 7. 1 Climate change in instrumental record timescale 68!!!!!!!!!!!! 7. 2 Effect of human being activities on environment 70!!!!!!!!!!!! Ⅵ

9 7. 3 Karst water system evolution on instrumental record timescale a case study of the Shentou springs!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Status of the study area 75!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Hydrogeological conditions in the study area 76!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Analysis of causes of the discharge attenuation of the Shentou springs!!!! 79 8 Conclusions and expectations!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 87 References!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 89 Abstract!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 97 Ⅶ

10 Contents Preface Part onesummaries 1 Introduction 2 Global changes and environmental problems 2. 1 Global change study 2. 2 Significant global environment problems threatening human being 2. 3 Sensitive zones in China to global changes 3 Status of groundwater environment in northern China 3. 1 Status of groundwater environment in northern China Agricultural activities Construction of large hydraulic engineering Effect of wastewater and solid waste of industrial and mining enterprise and domestic garbage Heavy exploitation of groundwater and forming of regional pumping cones in cities 3. 2 Status of karst water environment in northern China Continuous falling of karst water level and prevalent decrease of spring discharge Continuous deterioration of karst water quality 4 Groundwater and global changes 4. 1 Karsification and global changes 4. 2 Indication of groundwater to global change Physical indicator Chemical indicator 4. 3 Effect of global change on groundwater Effect of climate change on groundwater Effect of the sun and the moon on groundwater 4. 4 Feedback effect of groundwater change on environment Part twoevolution of karst water systems in Shanxi Province 5 Evolution of karst water systems on geological timescale 5. 1 Karst development history in northern China 5. 2 Evolution of geological - ecological environment in China from Late Tertiary Evolution from Late Tertiary to Middle Pleistocene Evolution since Middle Pleistocene Evolution since Holocene 5. 3 Evolution of karst water systems on geological timescalea case study of the Niangziguan springs Status of Niangziguan karst water system Distribution and composition characteristics of travertine Evolution process of the Niangziguan springs 6 Evolution of karst water systems on historical timescale 6. 1 Climate changes in historical periods Early and middle period of Holocene

11 The period prior to Qin Dynasty the western Zhou Dynasty the Spring and Autumn periodand the Warring States Period The Qin and Han Dynasty The Wei Dynasty the western Jin Dynasty the sixteen states periodand the Northern Dynasty The Shui Dynasty the Tang Dynastyand the five Dynasties The Northern Song Dynasty the Jin Dynastyand the Yuan Dynasty The Ming and Qing Dynasty 6. 2 History of human being activities 6. 3 Evolution of karst water systems on historical timescale Fossil lake record in Shanxi Province Quiescent spring record in Shanxi Province Potential methods of research on evolution of karst water systems on historical timescale 7 Evolution of karst water systems on instrumental record timescale 7. 1 Climate change in instrumental record timescale 7. 2 Effect of human being activities on environment 7. 3 Karst water system evolution on instrumental record timescalea case study of the Shentou springs Status of the study area Hydrogeological conditions in the study area Analysis of causes of the discharge attenuation of the Shentou springs 8 Conclusions and expectations References

12 殝 檵檵檵 殝 殝 殝檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵

13 ! 3! 20 IGBP WCRP IHDP DIVERSITAS 21 Ye Duzheng et al / Nemec J et al. 1982Gleick P H 1987Gleick P H 1989Waggoner P E 1990Frederic K D 1993Lal M Kenneth D F 1997Lins H et al Dzhamalov R G 1997Yuan Daoxian 2000William M 2001 J. C Edmunds W M km 2 15% CO ~ g C/a 1 / Horvatin ci c N et al IGCP299 IGCP379 IGCP448 Drew D et al Овчинников Г Иидр. 1999Tyc A km % m 3 /a m 3 /a 1993

14 m 3 /s 10m 3 /s m 3 /s m 3 /s m 3 /s m 3 /s m 3 /s m 3 /s m 3 /s m 3 /s ~ 4. 0 m 3 /s km 2 Fe Mn F - SO 2-4 TDS NO 2 - N NH 4 - N COD Hg Cr 6 + Pb C 6 H 5 OH GFDL GISS NCAR OSU UKMO CO No

15 ! C 18 O 20 PAGES Racovita G et al. 2001COHMAP Members 1988 Sun Donghuai 1995Winograd I C 1992Hulme M et al Brecker C Schwarcz Wang Y X et al ~ IGCP299 IGCP379 IGCP448

16 km 2 65% m 3 /a m 3 /s 86 1 m 3 /s 19 4 m 3 /s 8 1 2

17 " 7 " ".! IGBP IHDP WCRP Word Climate Research Program DIVERSITAS 1. WMO ICSU 1980

18 8 WCRP WCRP WCRP 1993 TOGA CLIVAR 2. ICSU IGBPInternational Geosphere Biosphere Program IGBP 1 IGAC 2 JGOFS 3 PAGES IGBP PAGES GCTE 5 BAHC 6 LOICZ 7 GLOBEC 8 / LUCC IGBP IHDP / 1996 LUCC IGBP 1 GAIM

19 " 9 2 IGBP DIS 3 START IGBP 1998 Synthesis IGBP IGBP IGBP IGBP 3. IHDPInternational Human Dimension of Global Environmental Change Program 1995 IHDP 1 LUCC IGBP / LUCC IHDP GECHS IDGEC IT GOES ISCU SCOPE 1991 DIVERSITAS IPCC Intergovemental Panel on Climate Change IPCC IPCC 10 1 ~ 10 2

20 ". " ~ cm

21 " IPCC ~ ~ N 2 O CH 4 CO N

22 % 2% Bojkov ph ph %

23 " ph EI Nino 180 La Nino southern oscillation ' W 17 33' S ' E 12 26' S 1960 ENSO

24 14 2 ~ ~ ~ km 2 1 / ~ 49 N 73 ~ 123 E km % km 2 80% 27. 3% m m 3 3% 77. 2% 22. 4% 0. 4% m m % ". #

25 " E

26 16 # m 3 78% m hm hm 2 30% m 3 60% m 3 72% m m m 3 87% #.! ~ hm 2 130

27 # t 3% ~ hm 2 1 /10 1 / hm hm 2 #! 10 4 hm 2 % % % ~ 80% m m 3 / a 300km m 1 ~ 3km

28 m m km km km km km 2 52% 45% km 2 62m 1 ~ km 2 70m 72 10km t hm hm t t t t

29 # 19 58% /3 Ⅲ 2. 7% Ⅳ Ⅴ 63. 1% 37% 37% 26% t t m m t t t t t 18. 5t 92. 4t 9. 8t 4. 8t m 10m 80 7m 10m 20m 7 000km m 10m 17 20m 9 000km m 4. 79m5. 25m m m m m 20m km 2 1 /5 30m 10m m % km 2 1 ~ 3m 8 200mm km m m m 2. 9m 2. 8m mm 1. 3m 1m km cm

30 hm m 10 ~ 20m 40% 10% #. " 15% km km 2 1 / km 2 1 / km m 3 /a m 3 /a

31 # m 3 /s 10m 3 /s m 3 /s m 3 /s m 3 /s m 3 /s m 3 /s m 3 /s

32 m 3 /s m 3 /s ~ 4. 0 m 3 /s km 2 1. Mn F - SO % SO 2-4 F % SO 2-4 TDS F - C1 - NO 2 N NH 4 N COD TFe HBMn F - NO 2 N NO 3 Cl - TDS NH 4 N Hg Cr 6 + Pb Zn Hg C 6 H 5 OH HB NH 4 N TFe C 6 H 5 OH F - HB Hg Mn 3. SO % HB SO 2-4 TFe C 6 H 5 OH TDS F - CN - Cr 6 + COD NO 2 N NO 3 HB TDS 2 CN - C 6 H 5 OH Cr 6 + Pb Hg N 1 COD 3 DDT 4. 7% Cl - TDS SO 2-4 NO 3 N GFDL GISS NCAR OSU UKMO CO 2 4

33 # ~ m 3 /a m 3 /a ~ m 3

34 24 $ $.! km 2 15% 10 CO IGCP IGCP CO 2 2 CO 2 3 CO IGCP

35 $ 25 CO t % CO 2 CO tc/a tc/ajiang Zhongcheng et al /3 CO km 2 CO tc LezCO 2 10% Guadalantin 85% CO CO Kerrick CO 2 Kerrick CO mol /Ma Caldeira 1993 CO CO t /a mol /Ma CO 2 Kerrick 50 CO 2 CO CO m t CO 2 CO t Winograd 1988 Science Devils 14cm DH2 51 ± 2. 8ka ~ 308 ± 10. 2ka BP ± 3ka 1992 Winograd Devils 36cm DH11 60 ~ 566ka BP SPECMAP 7 δ 18 O DH C

36 26 δ 18 O 1986 δd δd Craig C aBP 1992 ESR 78 ± 8 ~ 440 ± 100 kabp Craig O' Neil m ~ PAGES PEPⅡ 1. 2 m AMS 14 C 37kaBP 0. 1 ~ 3mm/ 10a 830a BP 30 PDB 1995 AMS 14 C 1995 δ 18 O δ 18 O 75cm cm TIMS 210 Pb Mg/Sr 1560 AD 1880 AD 1780 δ 13 C ka BP 1999 δ 13 C δ 18 O Dongge 230 Th 18 O/ 16 O insolation 2005 Si /Ca δ 18 O Ca /Mg $. " 2005 Edmunds1995

37 $ 27 continental paleoclimatic archives Fontes et al Mazor active aquifers 2 passive aquifers Mazor1993Mazor and Nativ 1994 Edmunds1995 natural baseline chemistry 50 ~ 100 Zuppia et al Chen 2004 Manitoba 4 1 Jorgensen 2003 Al Ain 4 500

38 28 CO Chen et al a 17 b Ma et al Jorgensen Dansgaard1964

39 $ A B 2005 Rozanski et al. 1992

40 30 1 Hoffmann et al Merlivat and Jouzel 1979Gasse2000Jouzel et al late glacial depletion Fontes and Gasse 1991 Weyhenmeyer et al aqueous carbon 14 C Clark and Fritz C Clark and Fritz 1997 δ 13 δ 13 C mixing model Pearson and Hanshaw C calendar ages Stuiver et al He 39 Ar 81 Kr 226 Ra 234 U/ 238 U 36 Cl 87 Sr / 86 Sr Clark and Fritz1997 He Stute and Schlosser1993Aeschbach Hertig et al ~ 6 CEdmunds et al. 1993Balderer et al. 1997Dray et al. 1997a Ballentine and Hall1999 Stute and Schlosser 1993 Edmunds 2000 East Midlands Triassic δ 18 O δ 2 H 36 Cl Cl Br F I δ 13 CMg/Ca Sr /Ca Na /Cl Li 5 Li Rb Sr Mn Mo chemical timescale 100ka Devensian REEs

41 $ 31 Henderson1984Taylor and McLenan 1985 Am 3 + Cm 3 + REEs Wood1990Johannesson et al Lee 2003 REEs Samkwang δ 18 O 14 C 25ka 25ka δ 18 O 14 C ka δ 18 O ~ 14ka 18 ~ 20ka δ 18 O 14 C 4 4 δ 18 O 4 δ 18 O 4 3 δ 18 O 14 C 2000

42 $. # Frederick K D1993 Missouri Iowa Nebraska KansasMINK Bowes M D Crosson P R MINK Frederick K D1997 Riebsame W E William 2001 Allen 2003 British Columbia Grand Forks

43 $ 33 Bouraoui 1999 CO 2 local weather generator Brouyère 2004 Geer 1 6 ~ Dzhamalov R G1995 HCO - 3 > SO 2-4 > NO - 3 > NH + 4 > Cl - > Na + > Ca 2 + > Mg 2 + Cl - > Na + > SO 2-4 > NO - 3 > NH + 4 > HCO - 3 > Ca 2 + > Mg 2 + > PO mg/L 800mg/L Pb 2 + Zn 2 + Mn 2 + Al 3 + NO - 3 SO 2-4 ph HCO - 3 Ca 2 + ph HCO mg/L SO 2-4 NO - 3 NH + 4 Cl - Al 3 + Mn 2 + Cd 2 + Cu 2 + Al ~ 7 Wilkliam M Alley2001

44 Lean J et al Frill Christensen ZKl h h

45 $ Tsw. Ts. Tgw Ts. Tgw. $. $ 1999 Namias % 35% Walker1978

46

47 檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵殝殝殝殝

48 % 39 % %.! Ma Teng et al km 2 65% m 3 /a 0. 1 m 3 /s 86 1 m 3 /s m 3 /s 8

49 a. b. c %. " 1. Z 2 Z 3 2.

50 % 41 O 1 f O 1 f

51 m 1 25 ~ 30m

52 % 43 %. # Artemisia Chenopodiaceae Betala Ulmus Ephedra Tsuga Artemisia Chenopodiaceae Abies Picea Artemisia Betula 35 N M/G Betula Artemisia ~ ~ 1 000mm 6 ~ ~ 1 600mm 16 ~ ~ 1 600mm 6 ~ ~ 1 500mm - 4 ~ ~ 700mm Nihewan f. Yangguo f. Liucheng f.

53 δ 13 C CO ~ Ailuropoda Stegodon Leptobos Artemisia Gramineae Ephedra Tamavix

54 % N mm m Struthio camelus Equus hemionus E. prgewaiskyi Coelodonta antiquitatis 3 000m 5 ~ 7m 2 ~ 3 S 1

55 46 a b c d e 0. 23mm/a ~ ~ 6 50 ~ 60m 4 5 ~ 150m mm/a 1 / ~ 6 50 ~ 60m Ⅰ ±

56 % 47 5 ~ m 8 ~ Ⅱ 14 C ± ~ megathermal hypsithermal ~ 5 Myrica Aphananthe 2 ~ 4 Elaphurus clavidim Rhinoceros sumatranensis Pavomutiaes 33 N 40 10' N Rhinoceros sandaicus Lampratala ~ 900m 25m ± 65 5m 1 ~ ~ 700m ~ 5 5 4

57 ka BP 8. 5 ~ δ 18 O 1. 0% 7. 2 ~ 6 6 ~ ± ~ 3 2 ~ m ± ~ ± ± ± ~ 3 000m 7 ~ 8 40 N ~

58 % ~ 300m ka BP ~ ~ 3m 1 ~ %. $

59 km ~ 390m m 3 /s % & m m 3 /s h Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ

60 % km km mm ~ ~ 628m SO 4 HCO 3 Ca Mg mg/L mg/L 19 ~ m 3 /s 10 m 3 /s m 3 /s km 2 40m ⅡⅢ Ⅲ 2 Ⅱ

61 Ⅰ 2. Ⅱ 3. Ⅲ km 3 Ⅱ ⅡⅢ Ⅱ δ 13 C a BP PDB NR2 NR1 NR5 NR7 NR15 NR11 NR17 PDB δ 18 O0 SMOW Ⅲ ± Ⅲ ± Ⅱ9. 05 ± Ⅱ6. 22 ± Ⅱ5. 29 ± Ⅱ4. 11 ± Ⅱ3. 62 ±

62 % 53 Ⅱ I O 1 O 1 O 2 5 5a 5 2 Ⅲ δ 13 C δ 18 O O l b 15

63 ~ 7m Ⅱ ~ 60m Ⅱ ~ m 4. Q 3 I Q 3 I 5 5c d 1 2Q 4 1

64 %

65 56 & &.! a BP 5 ~ a BP 2

66 & 57 3 ~ ~ 200mm a BP a BP ~

67 ~

68 & l

69 / a BP 5 ~ a BP a BP ~ 200mm a BP a BP

70 & ~ ~ &. "

71 /

72 & &. # ! 9

73 64 B. C

74 & hm 2

75 " Wang Y X et al km

76 &

77 ! ~ ~ a b 2000

78 N /a /a ~ N ~ 35 N 100 E E 35 N 35 N mm mm/a l E 20 80

79 mm mm E mm/a " 20 50

80 71

81 % % 50 / % % 90. 2% hm 2 1 / ~ hm hm hm hm hm % 75% hm hm hm % % hm 2 11% hm hm 2

82 km km / km km 2 1 / t t t D. H. Perkins % 10 1% ~ 2% mm cm cm cm ~ 20cm % 30% 70% ~ 80% 15% 30% t t 60 kg 240 kg hm hm 2 1 / % ~ 50% hm hm % 60% m m m hm

83 % 2. 4 m 3 3 m 3 1 / % % % 11% m % hm hm % 61. 2% 35. 1% m % 71% % m 3 32% 38% hm hm km hm km 90% % km km % 50%

84 75. # km ~ 1 053m 6. 86m 3 /s m 3 /s m 3 /s ~ mm 662mm mm % ~ 70% ~ 2 000mm 2 596mm 7 5 m 3 /s

85 m 2 147m 2 252m ~ 1 150m 1 000m km km km km m 3 /m 2 301km m 3 /m km 2 7 6

86 m 3 /m m 3 /s m ~ 300m 1 098km 2 792km ~ g/L SO ~ 34mg/L Cl - 16 ~ 21mg/L ~ 0. 37g/L SO ~ 38mg/L Cl - 11 ~ 14mg/L g/L SO mg/L Cl - 14mg/L

87 Ca 2 + Mg 2 + SO 2-4 HCO - 3 K + Na + Cl - Ca 2 + /Mg %! ph Ca 2 + Mg 2 + K + Na Cl - SO 2-4 HCO - 3 NO - 3 Ca 2 + /Mg ph g/l Ca 2 + /Mg 2 + mg/l CaCO 3 MgCO 3 Ca 2 + Mg 2 + HCO - 80% 14 ~ mg/L 500mg/L " ph K Na Ca Mg mg/l Cl HCO SO NO ~ ~ TU 1. 5 TU 1. 5 TU ~ TU δd δ 18 O ~ ~

88 δd δ 18 O # CP 3 HTU < 1. 5 < 1. 5 < 1. 5 < 1. 5 < 1. 5 < 1. 5 < 1. 5 δd δ 18 O HTU < < 1. 5 < 1. 5 < 1. 5 δd0 δ 18 O m 3 /s m 3 /s 7 7 "

89 mm mm

90 mm ~ ~ R = { - Q t = P t P 2 t P t 10 if if P t - 10 < 416mm P t mm

91 Q t t m 3 /s

92 83 P t - 10 t 10 mm 390 ~ 450mm 450mm 390 ~ 450mm 418mm

93 m m m Q spring Q pore water m 3 /a Q spring = Q pore water m 3 /a Q spring = Q pore water Q 2 pore water Q spring m 3 /s Q pore water 10 4 m 3 /a m 3 /a

94 m 3 /a 1976

95 m 3 /a

96 ( 87 ( ~

97

98 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ D ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 282. δ 13 C δ 18 O ~ 24

99 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 83.. B ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ suppl 14 ~ ~ ~

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105 96 Kar st Water System Evolution and Global Envir onmental ChangeA Case Study in Shanxi Province Teng Ma 1 Yanxin Wang 1 Anli Deng 2 & Qinghai Guo 1 1. School of Environmental Studies & Biogeology and Environmental Geology LaboratoryChina University of GeosciencesWuhan 2. Department of Water Resources of Shanxi ProvinceTaiyuan Abstr act Since the 20th centurythe global environment has been degraded rapidlyand the global change study with a focus on environmental change has become a hot topic for geosciences and environmental science studies. Several international programs such as IGBPWCRPIHDPand DI- VERSITAS had been carried out to investigate the role of environmental evolution on different timescalesdiscover the causes of environmental changediscern the natural evolution process of environment and the effect of human activities on itevaluate accurately the effect of environmental changeand to forecast the environmental state of this century and the future. In the light of the deficiency of global water resource the research on the response of water resources to global changeespecially to global environment change has become a major concern worldwide. Groundwater is not only an important source of water supply for human beingbut also the essential factor to support the ecosystem. Thusthe studies on groundwater and global change are both urgent and significant. The total population living in karst regions is up to one billion. But the ecosystems in karst regions are very vulnerable the effect of climate changes and human activities on it being very markedly and the damage in different degrees of karst water systems being detectable. In view of above situations the research on karst water system evolution and global change is urgently needed. In this book the indication and response of karst water system to global change have been elaborated based on the research on karst water system evolution and global change. The scientific basis of this book is that karst waters are both the information carrier and receiver of global change. The reason why karst water can be used as indicator of global changeespecially climate change comes from the flowability of groundwater and the water-rock interaction. In view of its function of palaeoclimate record karst water has become a new type of information carrier of climate change after ice coresloessmarine sedimentsporopollenand treeringwhich changes the view of groundwater studies significantlynamely groundwater had been regarded as the information reservoirnot just fluid. The existing study results were summarized in this bookwhich show that physical indexessuch as groundwater level and spring dischargeand chemical indexessuch as the storage of 14 C 4 He 39 Ar 81 Kr 226 Ra the disequilibrium of 234 U/ 238 U and 36 Cl 87 Sr / 86 Sr noble gas δ

106 )*+,-./, C Mg/Ca Sr /Ca Na /Cl and some trace elementsof groundwater and karst sedimentssuch as stalagmite travertineand calcite veincan indicate the environmental changes on different timescales effectively. In this book the evolution of karst water systems of Shanxi Province on geologicalhistorical and instrumental record timescale was analyzed based on two case studies at Niangziguan spring and Shentou spring that are famous big karst springs in northern Chinausing methods of karst sediment analysishistorical literature searchcomparison analysis and time series analysiswhich can discover the driving mechanism of geologicalclimate and human activities factors on karst water evolution on different timescalesdiscern the natural evolution and human activity affecting process of karst water systemand forecast future climate change and evolution trend of karst water system under the effect of human activities. The results of our work are important for improving the living environment in karst regions of northern Chinaenhancing the adaptability of human being to environmental changeand realizing the sustainable development of regional economies. 1 Intr oduction Part One General Theories and Methods Since the 20th centurythe global environment has been degraded rapidlyand the global change study with a focus on environmental change has become a hot topic for geosciences and environmental science studies. Several international programs such as IGBPWCRPIHDPand DI- VERSITAS had been carried out to investigate the role of environmental evolution on different timescalesdiscover the causes of environmental changediscern the natural evolution processes of environment and the effect of human activities on itevaluate accurately the effect of environmental changeand to forecast the environmental state of this century and the futureye Duzheng et al. 1995Lin Hai2001NSFC1998. In the light of the deficiency of global water resource the research on the response of water resources to global changeespecially to global environment change has become a major concern worldwide. The systematic study work on climate changeincluding past climate change the effect of land use /land coverage on river runoffwater balance in flow domainswater requirementwater resource vulnerabilitywater resource managementand hydrological extreme affairs have been developednemec J et al. 1982Gleick P H 1987Gleick P H 1989Waggoner P E 1990Frederic K D 1993Lal M1994Shi Y 1995Kenneth D F 1997Lins H et al. 1999Deng H et al Compared with surface waterwork on groundwater in this research area is not enough but some researchers have found that climate changeespecially precipitationand land use have marked effect on the quality and quantity of groundwaterdzhamalov R G1997Yuan Daoxian 2000William M2001. Furthermoresome studies indicate that groundwater is a good information carrier of global changefontes et al. 1991Edmunds W M 1994Zhang Z et al

107 98 Therefore studying groundwater and global change is both urgent and significant. The total area of the karst regions on the earth is about km 2 up to 15% of the global terrestrial area. Karst systems are actively involved in global carbon cycle the CO 2 flux from atmosphere to global karst regions being2. 2 ~ g C/a up to 1 /3 of unknown sink in present carbon cycle modelyuan D The total population living in karst regions is a- bout one billion. But the ecosystems in karst regions are vulnerablethe effect of climate changes and human activities intensive. So the karst regions are very noticeable for global change researchers Yuan D1995Horvatin ci c N et al and three international geological correlation programsigcp299igcp379 and IGCP448had been developed. Groundwater in carbonate rock is not only the important water supply for industry and agriculture developmentresident livingand ecological demandbut also the significant karstification agent. Howeverkarst water systems were damaged in different extents by the action of global environment changeso studies on the evolution and comparison of global karst water systems are extraordinarily importantdrew D et al Овчинников Г И и др. 1999Tyc A In northern China the area of carbonate rock is about km 2 up to 60. 6% of the total area of the whole region where there are the important bases of industryagricultureand energy source. It is one of the largest distribution areas of carbonate rock just second to the southern China. In this region the total volume of natural karst water resources is estimated to be m 3 /ali Z2000 and the volume of exploited karst water is nearly m 3 /ainstitute for Karstic Geological Research of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral the First Team of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology of the Office of Geology and Mineral in Henan province Karst water is the water supply of high quality for local urban development and industrial and agricultural production. Howeverunder the effects of climate change and human activities the water supply potential of karst water systems in northern China has been reducingwhich appears as territorial fall of groundwater level and prevalent deterioration of water qualityand results in springs exhaustion lakes and rivers dryingvegetation deathoasis area reductionand agricultural lands desolation. It restricted the economy development seriously and deteriorated the living environment of human being. For example the discharge of the Niangziguan springsthe biggest karst spring in northern Chinahas been reducing since the 1970s from 16 m 3 /s of the 1960s to below 10 m 3 /s at present. After 1995 its discharge was less than 9 m 3 /sand Shuiliandong spring and Chengjia spring of the Niangziguan Springs have been ceasedsun L et al For another example the discharge of the Xin an springs the second biggest karst spring in northern China whose mean annual discharge is m 3 /sdecreased from the m 3 /s of 1976 to 5. 40m 3 /s of 1993 Wang Z et al Moreover the discharge of the Shentou springs decreased from m 3 /s of 1964 to m 3 /s of 1993Ma T et al the discharge of the Jinci springs decreased from m 3 /s of 1958 to m 3 /s of 1991and it had been ceased in 1992He Y et al The total discharge of Baotu springheihu springzhenzhu spring and Wulong spring in the end 1950s is between 3. 5 ~ 4. 0 m 3 /sbut in recent yearsit decreased obviously and creased in dry seasonthe landscape in the spring vent area had been damagedxi D et al The karst water level in

108 )*+,-./, 99 Jiaozuo district has been decreasing since the 1950s resulting in the cease of many springsinstitute for Karstic Geological Research of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral the First Team of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology of the Office of Geology and Mineral in Henan province According to another studyguan B et al the total area of karst water regions that had been polluted by natural contaminant industrial and domestic pollutant is up to km 2 the major pollutants being FeMnF - SO 2-4 TDSNO 2 -NNH 4 -NCODHgCr 6 + PbC 6 H 5 OH etc. FurthermoreSome regions on the Earth are extraordinary sensitive to global changesnorthern China located in middle latitude zone being one of them. According to the previous studiesunder the effect of global warming the frequency of aridity would increaseye D1986. Results of five widely applied models for global atmosphere and ocean cyclegfdlgissncarosu and UK- MOused by Zhao Z1990indicated that global mean surface atmosphere temperature will increase 4 resulted from the increase of CO 2 content of atmosphere. It is noticeable that in the middle latitude areas the soil humidity will decrease and the area of the desert will be enlarged. Ye Duzheng1986pointed out that it is the most important effect of climate changes that environments of the regions where climate is changeful will be deterioratedof courseclimate changes may have positive effects on environment too. North China and northwestern China that lie in middle latitude area are serious in defect of water. In view of it the karst water systems in northern China may deteriorate more seriously under the effect of the future climate change. Thus it has significant sense for improving the living environment in karst regions of northern Chinaenhancing the adaptability of human being to environmental changeand realizing the sustainable development of regional economies to analyze the karst water system evolution in different timescalesdiscover the driving mechanism of karst water system evolutiondiscern the natural evolution and human activity affecting process of karst water systemsevaluate the state of karst water environmentforecast future climate change and evolution trend of karst water system under the effect of human activitiesand put forward feasible remediation technologies for karst water systems using global change analytic method with existent study results of karst water systems. The factors affecting the degradation of karst water systems in northern China have been the focus for researchers. But limited by the differences in scalesdata and study areas it is still in discussion whether climate change or human activity is the major factor for karst water system degradation. In factkarst water system evolves continuously under the control of geologicalclimatic and anthropognic factors. On different timescalesboth the evolution pattern of karst water systems and its major factors are different. The attenuation of spring discharge in a timescale may be just a little fluctuation in a larger timescale. So it is the only way to discover the cause of the degradation of karst water systems in northern China in the view of karst water system evolution. In recent yearssome useful attempts for karst water system evolution were made by Chinese scholars. Lu Y1999studied the effect of tectonic and climatic factors on karst development and the evolution of the hydrogeological environmentand contrasted the karstic hydrogeological features in karst regions among Chinese MainlandChinese TaiwanHongkongand some countries in Eu-