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1 Articles from FreeSandal W!o+ 的小伶鼬工坊演義.. 小樹林系統之舒適感 :03:56 懸鉤子在 M o 之 T inyiot 起承轉合之未來鳥瞰!! 文本中, 我們談及自生自成 autopoesis 系統之幾方觀點, 歸結到當然終究有人落在生命之意義的起源的探討.. 生命的自创生 : 认知科学家弗朗西斯科瓦雷拉陈巍, 郭本禹南京师范大学心理学系, 南京, ant [email protected]; ant [email protected] 摘要 : 弗朗西斯科瓦雷拉是智利著名认知科学家 20 世纪 70 年代初他与亨伯特马图拉纳提出了著名的自创生理论通过回溯并分析自创生理论的由来内涵与证据, 揭示了该理论的精髓 : 生命系统是自创生的活着即是认知与活着即是意义的生成, 并考察了其在认识生命本质与运作规律区分生命系统与非生命系统推动认知科学发展等方面的意义关键词 : 瓦雷拉 ; 生命系统 ; 自创生 ; 活着即是认知 ; 活着即是意义的生成 Lif e s Autopoiesis: Cognitive Scientist Francisco Varela Wei Chen, Benyu Guo Psychology Depart ment, Nanjing Normal Universit y, Nanjing ant [email protected]; ant [email protected] Abstract: Francisco Varela is a famous Chilean cognitive scientist. In the early 1970 s, Varela and Humberto R. Maturana cosponsored t he f amous theory of autopoiesis. T his paper, based on t he ret rospect ion and analyzing of the origin, connotation and relevant evidence of the theory of aut opoiesis, revealed it s essence: living system is autopoietic, living is cognition and living is sense- making, and also appreciat ed t he significance of theory of autopoiesis on realizing the essence of life, division of living system and non-living system, as well as driving the development of cognit ive science. Keywords: Varela; Living Syst em; Aut opoiesis; Living is Cognit ion; Living is Sense-making 該文作者引用瓦雷拉之細菌

. 生命的自创生 : 认知科学家弗朗西斯科瓦雷拉陈巍, 郭本禹南京师范大学心理学系, 南京,210097 Email:ant i-monist@163.com; ant imonist@yahoo.

4 會努力朝向糖最密集之處, 說明生命的感知視角, 意義升起的激活情境, 價值創造的整體環境!! 在這種詮釋下, 生命體之感測器並不只以理化量測為依歸, 而是生命意義的認知度量耶?? 由是絕對溫度之物理實質, 與冷熱感覺的生命效用, 就成了不同的層面, 因而人們也就自然地談著原理體感溫度空氣對熱的吸收會受到相對濕度及其密度影響 ; 而風速會影響到與人體表面可以接觸到的空氣的分量, 當風速增加時, 與人體所接觸的空氣會增加, 所以其所帶走或帶來的熱量亦相應地增加, 這現象便是風寒指數因此, 在天氣報告裡, 會把這兩個變數帶來的影響計算進酷熱指數裡一般來說, 當空氣密度及濕度增加, 都會使酷熱指數增加人體等於浸泡在空氣的水分子中, 所以比體溫高溫的水分子會阻礙人體散熱, 而比體溫低溫的水分子會加速人體散熱, 濕度愈高空氣中的水分子濃度愈高, 水分子所造成的效應也愈明顯 THW 指數由於體感溫度可以受到溫度濕度及風速的影響, 這個數值又名 T HW 指數 (T emperature-humidity-wind Index) 1958 年, 美國的 Paul Siple 曾就風對人體的熱流失成正比例 [1] 根據這說法和當時計算風寒指數的公式, 簡化出以下的一條算式 : 體感溫度 ( C)= 溫度 ( C)-2 風速 ( 公尺 / 每秒 ) 由於和地面的距離所影響的是用溫度計可以量度出來的溫度差異, 其差異不計算進體感溫度

與人體所接觸的空氣會增加, 所以其所帶走或帶來的熱量亦相應地增加, 這現象便是風寒指數因此, 在天氣報告裡, 會把這兩個變數帶來的影響計算進酷熱指數裡一般來說, 當空氣密度及濕度增加, 都會使酷熱指數增加人體等於浸泡在

5 的氣象報導想要深入它的物理化學生理基礎.. Temperature, Humidity, Winds, and Human Comfort Within the human body, energy is produced by the metabolism of foods. Approximat ely 1800 kilocalories of energy per day is met abolized by t he average person while rest ing, more if doing st renuous act ivit ies. Over half of this energy is converted to heat. Without some way to remove this internallyproduced heat energy, t he body t emperat ure would increase indef init ely. Under cert ain at mospheric condit ions (high t emperat ure and high humidit y), it becomes difficult for the body to remove this excess heat. In the other extreme, problems also arise when the body loses heat too rapidly under conditions of cold temperatures and strong winds. T hermoregulation refers to the processes by which the human body regulates internal heat generation and external heat exchange so that its core temperature varies by no more than 2 C from its average of 37 C. Core refers to vital organs such as the brain, heart, kidneys, etc. If the body s core temperature moves outside of this range, essential life functions do not work properly. Surprising to many, exposure to extreme heat and cold are responsible for more human deaths per year than all other weather disasters (e.g., t hunderst orms, t ornadoes, hurricanes, blizzards) combined. T he ideal conditions for a resting human body fall into a range called the thermalneutral z one, where t he air t emperat ure is bet ween 20 C and 25 C, or (68-77) F, with little wind and moderate relative humidity. Under these conditions, a resting body can easily maintain its core temperature. Outside of t his narrow range, t he body s t hermoregulat ion responses t ake over. Biological Control Systems Living t hings, like mechanical engines, need regulat ors f or ef f ect ive operat ion. T he regulat ors of living t hings are called biological control systems. Many homeost at ic biological cont rol syst ems are at work in t he body. Homeostasis is t he st able operat ion of physiological act ivit ies. Cont rol syst ems maint ain a balance in t he biophysical and biochemical functioning of the body. An important system is thermoregulation, which keeps the internal body temperature at a stable level in all kinds of weather. Over half of all energy from food and other sources leaves the body as heat. T hus, the body needs a well-functioning homeostatic control system for t hermal regulat ion. Enzyme-cont rolled biochemical react ions in t he body are usually most efficient at around 98 F (37 C). T his temperature is the average set point for

Without some way to remove this internallyproduced heat energy, t he body t emperat ure would increase indef init ely.

the inner body temperature of mammals. T he flow diagram below shows how the body reacts to heat-related stresses. T his heat stress, or load, is a disturbance of the thermoregulatory system.

6 the inner body temperature of mammals. T he flow diagram below shows how the body reacts to heat-related stresses. T his heat stress, or load, is a disturbance of the thermoregulatory system. T he disturbance can be (a) internal temperature too high or (b) internal temperature too low. T he body compensates for it in the following ways: Response to cold core temperature 1. Increase int ernal heat product ion by shivering (involunt ary muscle cont ract ions) 2. Reduce heat loss by vasoconstriction (const rict blood vessels). Vasoconstriction reduces blood (and heat) flow to extremities. T hus, ext remet ies (f orearms, lower legs) cool down. T his reduces heat loss since temperature difference between extremities and outside world is less. It also reduces the surface area of warm blood that is in contact with the outside air. In severe cases this can lead to frostbite of extremities (freezing of skin). Response to warm core temperature 1. Sweating body cooled by evaporation. Important to drink enough water in hot weather. T his is by far the best way to lose heat. In fact, sweating is the only means by which humans can survive for long periods when the air temperature exceeds body temperature. 2. Increase heat loss by vasodilation (widening of blood vessels). Vasodilation increases blood (and heat) flow to extremities allowing more rapid heat transfer away from body. T his exposes warm blood to the outiside air over a larger surface area. NOT E: this only works if the

Increase int ernal heat product ion by shivering (involunt ary muscle cont ract ions) 2. Reduce heat loss by vasoconstriction (const rict blood vessels).

7 air temperature is lower than the body temperature. If air temperature is warmer t han body t emperat ure, vasodilat ion would act ually result in heat flow from air to blood. T hese reactions are programmed by the brain s hypothalamus via information fed back from its own thermoreceptors and from thermoreceptors in the skin. T hermoregulat ion has a high set point, about 98 F, an indicat ion t hat it is easier for the body to heat itself than to cool itself. T hermoregulation and other forms of homeostasis do not maintain a condit ion at an unvarying level, but wit hin an accept able range. For example, most people experience a slight daily t emperat ure variat ion during which body temperature dips nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from an early evening peak t o an early morning low. T he Control systems by which the brain directs the body s automatic responses to elevated or lowered core temperature are illustrated in this figure. 試圖打造人體舒適度指數研究表明, 影響人體舒適程度的氣象因素, 首先是氣溫, 其次是濕度, 再其次就是風向風速等能反映氣溫濕度風速等綜合作用的生物氣象指標, 人體感受各不相同人體舒適度指數就是建立在氣象要素預報的基礎上, 較好地反映多數人群的身體感受綜合氣象指標或參數人體舒適度指數預報, 一般分為 10 個等級對外發布 10 級, 稍冷 9 級, 偏冷, 舒適 8 級, 涼爽, 舒適 7 級, 舒適 6 級, 較舒適 5 級, 較熱 4 級, 早晚舒適, 中午悶熱 3 級, 中午炎熱, 夜間悶熱 2 級, 悶熱, 謹防中暑 1 級, 非常悶熱, 嚴防中暑人體舒適度指數 (ssd)=(1.818t+18.18)( f)+(t-32)/(45-t)-3.2v+18.2 其中 t 為平均氣溫,f 為相對濕度,v 為風速人體舒適度指數分級 86 88,4 級人體感覺很熱, 極不適應, 希注意防暑降溫, 以防中暑 ;

T hermoregulat ion has a high set point, about 98 F, an indicat ion t hat it is easier for the body to heat itself than to cool itself.

8 80 85,3 級人體感覺炎熱, 很不舒適, 希注意防暑降溫 ; 76 79,2 級人體感覺偏熱, 不舒適, 可適當降溫 ; 71 75,1 級人體感覺偏暖, 較為舒適 ; 59 70,0 級人體感覺最為舒適, 最可接受 ; 51 58,-1 級人體感覺略偏涼, 較為舒適 ; 39 50,-2 級人體感覺較冷 ( 清涼 ), 不舒適, 請注意保暖 ; 26 38,-3 級人體感覺很冷, 很不舒適, 希注意保暖防寒 ; <25,-4 級人體感覺寒冷, 極不適應, 希注意保暖防寒, 防止凍傷的了或應更深入的探究 Thermal comfort T hermal comf ort is the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with t he t hermal environment and is assessed by subject ive evaluat ion (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55). [1] Maintaining this standard of thermal comfort

級人體感覺寒冷, 極不適應, 希注意保暖防寒, 防止凍傷的了或應更深入的探究 Thermal comfort T hermal comf ort is the condition of mind that expresses

9 for occupants of buildings or other enclosures is one of the important goals of HVAC (heat ing, vent ilat ion, and air condit ioning) design engineers. T hermal neutrality is maintained when the heat generated by human metabolism is allowed to dissipate, thus maintaining thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. T he main factors that influence thermal comfort are those t hat det ermine heat gain and loss, namely met abolic rat e, clot hing insulat ion, air t emperat ure, mean radiant t emperat ure, air speed and relat ive humidit y. Psychological paramet ers such as individual expect at ions also af f ect t hermal comfort. [2] T he Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) model stands among the most recognized t hermal comf ort models. It was developed using principles of heat balance and experimental data collected in a controlled climate chamber under steady state conditions. [3] T he adaptive model, on the other hand, was developed based on hundreds of field studies with the idea that occupants dynamically int eract wit h t heir environment. Occupant s cont rol t heir t hermal environment by means of clot hing, operable windows, f ans, personal heat ers, and sun shades. [2][4] T he PMV model can be applied to air conditioned buildings, while the adaptive model can be generally applied only t o buildings where no mechanical syst ems have been installed. [1] T here is no consensus about which comfort model should be applied for buildings that are partially air conditioned spatially or t emporally. T hermal comfort calculations according to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55 [1] can be freely performed with the CBE T hermal Comfort T ool for ASHRAE 55., 好好玩玩柏克萊加大之線上工具 CBE T hermal Comfort T ool

T he main factors that influence thermal comfort are those t hat det ermine heat gain and loss, namely met abolic rat e, clot hing insulat ion, air t emperat ure, mean radiant t emperat ure, air

residents demand for residential space. Then, in order to improve the comfort of living environment for the elderly, a new technical system is propose

residents demand for residential space. Then, in order to improve the comfort of living environment for the elderly, a new technical system is propose 新型熱泵系統改善室內環境之效益分析 - 以老人之家為例宋文沛 (Wen-Pei Sung) 國立勤益科技大學特聘教授 * 陳淑容 (Shu-Jung Chen) 國立勤益科技大學景觀研究所碩士生科技部計畫編號 :MOST 103-2625-M-167-001 摘要根據統計,