Types of Sentences

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1 GRAMMAR AND WRITING Guidelines

2 (1) 基本詞類 /Parts of Speech noun (n.) 名詞 : 具體的形象, 如人事物或抽象的概念如感覺情緒等, 通常做主詞或受詞 verb (v.) 動詞 : 表現行為動作 adjective (a.) 形容詞 : 用來形容名詞 adverb (adv.) 副詞 : 用來修飾動詞和形容詞, 描述時間地點方式程度等 preposition (prep.) 介系詞 : 其後常接名詞或代名詞, 形成介系詞片語, 可用來表達地點方位時間方式等 * 一字多重詞性

3 Noun( 名詞 ) 背名詞單字較差的方式 : 書 book b-o-o-k 較佳的方法 : 同時學習單複數及冠詞等相關用法 book 可數名詞 a book 或 books the book 或 this/that book (x)book 缺冠詞或單複數變化的單獨出現

4 冠詞 (article) 不定冠詞 a+ 子音開頭單數可數名詞 an+ 母音開頭單數可數名詞定冠詞 the+ 一般名詞

5 名詞的基本分類 : 1. 可數名詞單數搭配不定冠詞 a an a book, an egg 搭配定冠詞 the the book, the egg 複數不使用不定冠詞, 字尾直接加 s book, eggs 搭配定冠詞 the the books, the eggs

6 複數變化 : 規則字尾 +s 字尾 +es 多數的單數名詞字尾母音 +o 字尾為母音 +y (-ay/-ey/-oy/-uy) 字尾為 ch, sh, s, x 字尾為子音 +o chairs, tapes, pens, lines, radios, videos, zoos days, keys, boys, guys lunches, dishes, buses, boxes, tomatoes, heroes 字尾去 y+ies 字尾為子音 +y babies, cities, ladies 字尾去 f/fe+ves 字尾為 f, fe lives, leaves, thieves, wives 不規則單複數同形單複數不同形 aircraft, deer, fish, sheep, species child children, foot feet, mouse mice, woman women, datum data, die dice, man men, tooth teeth

7 名詞的基本分類 :2. 不可數名詞不需搭配不定冠詞, 字尾不加 -s advice, beauty, courage, death, fashion, health, homework, information, knowledge, news 有些可以是可數或不可數, 視意義而定 Example 1. We need two glasses of water. 杯 Be careful! Don t cut yourself on the broken glass. 玻璃 Example 2. Do you care for beef or chicken for dinner? 雞肉 Mom baked a chicken for the Christmas dinner. 一隻雞 Example 3. I like fruit, especially juicy fruits. fruit 指一般水果的總稱, 不可數 juicy fruits 指水果的種類, 多汁的水果, 可數

8 名詞的基本分類 : 3. 集合名詞可搭配單數或複數動詞 1. audience, group, family, fruit, enemy, public, staff My family is/are going to move into a new house. 美式用單數動詞, 將家庭視為一個整體美式英語認為用複數動詞是錯誤的, 而英式英文用兩者都可以因此, 在這種情況下, 建議最好用單數動詞 My family members include my parents, three brothers, two sisters, and me. family members 指家庭中的各個成員 2. police 為集合名詞, 一定要接複數動詞 The police have gathered in front of the train station to prevent any possible conflict.

9 數量限定詞名詞搭配多或少等與數量有關的表達時, 也有其相對應的數量限定詞, 其作用類似形容詞, 置於名詞前用來修飾名詞數量限定詞後接名詞 examples some a lot of lots of any many a few=some few=not many much a little =some little =not much 複數可數 / 不可數名詞可數 / 不可數名詞複數可數名詞不可數名詞 1. There is some food left in the refrigerator. 2. There are a lot of foods left in the refrigerator. 1. Is there any food left in the kitchen? 2. There isn t any food left. 1. There are many people waiting to get on the bus. 2. I like to have a few eggs for breakfast. 3. There are very few people in the theater. 1. There isn t much coffee left. 2. We need a little bread for the party tomorrow. 3. We have very little butter left.

10 verb 動詞動名詞 : a gerund; a verbal noun 不定詞 : an infinitive 動詞片語 : a verb phrase 情態動詞 : a modal (verb)

11 動名詞與不定詞 : 變化後的動詞形式, 可以作主詞受詞或補語動名詞 : 原型動詞 +ing 不定詞 :to+ 原型動詞功用不定詞 (to+v) 動名詞 (v+ing) 主詞 To cook well is not easy. Cooking is very difficult. 主詞補語動詞 / 受詞形容詞形容詞補語 Mom s job is to cook for us. Mom likes to cook for us. Grandma used to teach me how to cook. My brother usually doesn t have time to cook for us. ( 修飾名詞 time) Mom is glad to cook for us. ( 補充說明形容詞 glad) Mom s job is cooking for us. Rosa enjoys cooking for her family

12 功用不定詞 (to+v) 動名詞 (v+ing) 副詞 ( 表目的 ) 1. I will come home early to help Mom. 修飾動詞 come 2. I am taking classes (in order) to learn to cook. -- 介系詞 / 受詞 -- Ellen is tired of cooking every day. 否定用法 One important thing is not to overcook the meat. Some people complain about not getting the food they like. 同位語 -- Mom s hobby, cooking, benefits all of us. It 為首的句型 It is difficult to learn to cook well. --

13 在上述表格中, 應可注意到動名詞與不定詞在擔任動詞受詞時各有其搭配的動詞或動詞片語, 這屬於有關動詞的固定使用形式可略分為四類 : 1. 其後接動名詞的動詞及片語 Being a teacher involves learning and encouraging students to read for fun. Many teachers look forward to exchanging opinions with other teachers through the Internet. 2. 其後接不定詞的動詞 agree, fail, hope, offer, plan, pretend, wait 3. 可搭配受詞及不定詞 Technological improvements have motivated some teachers to learn more. 4. 其後可接動名詞與不定詞的動詞

14 4. 其後可接動名詞與不定詞的動詞 (1) 意義不變 begin, can t stand, continue, hate, like. Love, prefer, start 意義改變 * stop/quit 其後所接的 to 是表目的不定詞 (in order) to, 因此有意義有所有不同 He stopped (at the store) to have a cup of coffee. 他停下來 ( 為了 ) 喝了咖啡 He stopped drinking coffee. 他戒喝咖啡 He quite smoking. 他戒煙 He quit smoking (in order) to become healthy. 他 ( 為了 ) 要變得健康而戒煙 * remember/forget+ 不定詞 : 強調 remember/forget 這個動作先發生, 不定詞所接的動作後發生 Please remember to pick up the kids after school./don t forget to pick up the kids after school. 小孩還沒接到

15 4. 其後可接動名詞與不定詞的動詞 (2) * remember/forget+ 動名詞 : 強調動名詞的動作先發生,remember/forget 這個動作後發生 Julia remembered asking Todd to the pick up the kids after school. ask 發生在 remember 之前 < 茱莉亞記得告訴過陶德, 小孩放學後要去接他們 > 意義改變 * 比較 : Todd forgot to tell Julia that he had already picked up the kids. 譯 : 陶德忘記告訴茱莉亞他已經接到小孩陶德尚未告訴茱莉亞他已經接到小孩 Todd forgot telling Julia that he had already picked up the kids. 譯 : 陶德忘記告訴過茱莉亞他已經接到小孩的這件事陶德之前告訴過茱莉亞, 只是陶德後來忘記這件事

16 動詞片語 : 有時, 只有動詞單字無法表達一些概念, 因此有動詞片語協助表達更多的意義 Some examples: 1. the president appealed to the public to unite together. 2. The sales woman attached the price tags to each product. 3. The newly elected lawmaker concentrated on her new task. 4. Everyone is entitled to express his or her opinions that may differ from others. 5. Mr. Lee gets angry easily when others disagree with him. 6. All of our managers have to participate in the annual board meeting tomorrow. 7. Many people disapprove of domestic violence.

17 情態動詞 : 協助表達不同語氣及意義 (1) 助動詞意義例句 1. would 2. could 3. can 4. will 5. may 1. 提及要求 (would/could 雖為過去式, 但是沒有過去式的意義, 表示更客氣地請求 ) 2. 請求允許 1. Would you help me? 2. Could you fill out the form? 3. Can I borrow your car? 4. Will you lend me your book? 5. May I sit here? 6. can 7. could( 過去式 ) 8. be able to 表示能力 1. Can he speak English? 2. Last year I couldn t speak English. 3. He was not able to find a job. 9. ought to 10. should 1. 表示期望 2. 提供建議 1. You ought to attend the class regularly. 2. You should not be absent. 11. must 12. have 表示義務或必要 1. You much study hard. 2. You have to take the test.

18 情態動詞 : 協助表達不同語氣及意義 (2) 助動詞意義例句 13. may 14. might 15. could 1. 表達可能性 2. might/could 不代表過去式, 而表示可能性較小 1. He may not arrive on time. 2. She might have to borrow money. 3. It could rain tomorrow. 16. dare 17. need 1. 敢 2. 需要做情態動詞時通常用於否定句和疑問句中也可兼做一般動詞 1. I dare not go out alone at night. modal 2. She doesn t dare to climb Jade Mountain. general 3. She needn t prove her courage. modal 4. She doesn t need to approve anything. general

19 Adjective 形容詞位置 : 1. 通常置於名詞前, 用來修飾名詞, 以提供更多有關名詞的訊息 Linda has a very beautiful smile. 2. 接在連綴動詞之後, 作為主詞補語 Linda s smile is very beautiful. 一般來說, 形容詞屬於英文文法中的重要詞類, 分類既多又廣, 建議從閱讀中來不斷累積以下是基本的概括性介紹

20 一般形容詞用來描述人或物的特性 athletic, attractive, bald, charming, chilly, elegant 顏色 colored 著色的, white, purple 方位 east, west 強調 complete 徹底的, absolute 絕對的, total 完全的

21 分詞形容詞 1. 有些形容詞借用了動詞變化中的現在分詞 (v+ing) 及過去分詞 (v+ed) 來作為形容詞因此這類形容詞在意見上就帶有主動 (ing) 與被動 (ed) 意味例句 : The teacher is boring. 那個老師令人覺得無聊 The teacher is bored. 那個老師感到無聊 2. Traveling is very tiring but exciting. 旅遊令人很疲累, 但也很刺激 People usually become very tired after an exciting trip. 人們在刺激的旅行後, 通常非常累

22 複合形容詞表示兩個以上的形容詞用連字號 (hyphen: -) 連接或不同連字號連接, 當作一個形容詞常用組合 : 名詞 + 現在分詞過去分詞形容詞 attention-getting 引人注意的 heartbreaking 令人心碎的 left-handed 左撇子的 home-made (homemade) 自製的名詞 -ed 形容詞 + 名詞現在分詞過去分詞 baby-faced 娃娃臉的 part-time 兼職的 easygoing 脾氣隨和的 good-looking 長得好看的 open-minded 心胸寬廣的 short-sighted 近視的 short-tempered 脾氣壞的副詞 + 現在分詞過去分詞 hardworking 努力工作的 never-ending 永不結束的 above-mentioned 上述的 well-dressed 穿得體面的數字 + 過去分詞 one-sided 偏於一方的 two-faced 雨面的三個字的複合形容詞 five-year-old 五歲的 around-the-clock 日夜不斷的 around-the-world 環球的註 : -way: comb.form( 構成形容詞或副詞 ) 1. 表示 " 沿... 方向 ( 的 )"( 如 :sideway) 2. 表示 "... 向 ( 的 )"( 如 :a two-way radio 雙向無線電 )

23 補語形容詞這類形容詞只能用來作為補語, 必須接在連綴動詞之後, 不可以置於名詞前 alike 相像的 alive 活躍的 alone 孤獨的 afraid 害怕的 apart 分開的 asleep 睡著的 aware 知道的 unable 不能的例 : That little girl is afraid of being home alone. (x) the afraid girl The frightened girl doesn t want to be at home alone.

24 含有比較意味的形容詞片語 (1) 注意 : 在英文中, 有比較意味的表達皆有固定的片語來搭配, 屬於制式片語, 所以句子結構要依照規定的文法結構 1. 比較級 Jake is taller than I (am). 正確用法 Jake is taller than me. 口語用法 Susan is a better teacher than Sam. We feel more comfortable in an RV than in a hotel. The red coat is less expensive than the green one. This customer wants to try on a bigger dress (than this one). 2. 最高級 Bob is the tallest student in the class. Sally is the most intelligent of all the girls at the party. This vacuum cleaner is the least expensive one in the store. I need to find the cheapest machine in the market.

25 含有比較意味的形容詞片語 (2) 3. The+ 比較級 + 對等結構, the + 比較級 + 對等結構 The harder you work, the more you earn. 4. too to 太以至於不 There were too few guests to start the ceremony. 5. (not) enough to ( 不 ) 夠, 所以 There were not enough guests to start the ceremony. 6. as as 和一樣 Kevin is as handsome as his father. His father is not as ambitious as Kevin. =His father is less ambitious than Kevin. 7. the same as 和一樣 These apartments look the same as the ones in downtown.

26 (2) 英文句子中的基本要素 : 主詞 (s): 說明句子的主體, 多為名詞或代名詞 ( 也可以代換成不定詞動名詞名詞子句 ) 動詞 (v.): 表現有關主詞的一切受詞 (o) 補語 (c) 例句 : Jack loves his daughter. Jack bought her a dog. Jack wants her to be happy.

27 動詞 (v.) 及物動詞 : 一定要接受詞 Mary loves her mother. 不及物動詞 : 不需要接受詞 Jack works very hard. ( 有許多動詞同時兼具及物與不及物的特性 ) David eats fast. David eats his meal fast. 連綴動詞 : 連接主詞與主詞補語, 如 be 動詞 appear become seem 等 Tom seems very jumpy today. 湯姆今天似乎很緊張不安

28 連綴動詞 (linking verb)[1] 什麼是連綴動詞? 1. 連綴動詞是用來連接點綴主詞與主詞補語的關係 2. 連綴動詞屬不及物動詞, 需要主詞補語而不需要受詞 3. 連綴動詞後接形容詞, 當作主詞補語, 用來描述主詞的狀態 ( 補充說明或修飾主詞 ); 不可接副詞來修飾連綴動詞的動作連綴動詞常用之句型為 : S + V( 連綴動詞 )+ 形容詞連綴動詞使用時的特別注意事項 : 連綴動詞只有下列情形可使用進行式 1.feel 可以使用於進行式, 意思為現在的感覺 ex: I m feeling good now. ( 我現在覺得比較好了 ) 2.get ; become ; grow 可以使用於進行式, 但其意義為越來越 ; 漸漸 ex: I m getting hungry now. ( 我現在越來越餓了 )

29 常見連綴動詞 (linking verb)[2] be 動詞 1. She is beautiful. 2. She is a student. 3. The pencil is on the desk. 五類感官動詞其他 look, smell, sound, feel, taste 1. He feels happy. 2. He is feeling better now. [O] 3. It looks like a small cat. 4. She looks beautiful. 5. She looks happy. [O] 6. She looks happily. [X] 7. She looks happily at me. [O] 8. She looks happy at me. [X] Appear, become, come fall, get, go, grow, keep, make, prove, remain, seem, stay, turn 狀態動詞 :become; get; grow 1. She becomes a scientist. 2. She becomes weak.

30 受詞 (o) 直接受詞 : 受到動詞動作影響的人事物, 搭配及物動詞 Jack bought a house. 間接受詞 : 通常指人, 為間接受到動詞動作影響的人, 可直接放在動詞或介系詞之後, 需搭配及物動詞 Jack bought his wife a car. = Jack bought a car for his wife.

31 動詞的受詞動詞的受詞除了名詞外, 包括不定詞動名詞子句等, 也都可以當受詞 George and Mary intend to marry. 喬治和瑪麗打算要結婚了 Shirley should avoid having an argument with her boss. 雪莉應該避免和她的老闆爭辯 My father hopes that James will take over the business. 我爸爸希望讓詹姆士接管生意

32 補語 (complement) 受詞補語 : 補充說明有關受詞的一切, 可以是名詞形容詞不定詞等 David wants his son to be happy. 主詞補語 : 用在連綴動詞之後, 補充說明有關主詞的一切 ( 可以是名詞形容詞副詞不定詞或動名詞等 ) Jack s goal is to buy a house.

33 (3) 六大基本句型一主詞 + 動詞 ( 不及物 ) 六大句型二三四五六主詞 +( 及物 ) 動詞 + 受詞主詞 + 動詞 + 間接受詞 + 直接受詞主詞 + 連綴動詞 + 主詞補語主詞 + 動詞 + 直接受詞 + 受詞補語以 there 或 it 為首

34 ( 句型一 ) 主詞 + 動詞 ( 不及物 ) 這是英文句型中最基本的句型因為動詞為不及物, 所以不需接受詞, 即可表達完整概念本句型常用副詞來修飾動詞例 : 他跑得快 He runs fast. 搶劫犯逃跑了 The robber ran away.

35 ( 句型二 ) 主詞 +( 及物 ) 動詞 + 受詞句子中的動詞或動詞片語為及物, 所以一定要接受詞例 : 我找到了這本書 I found the book. 瑪麗愛她的父母 Mary loves her parents. 傑克用完了錢 Jack has run out of money.

36 ( 句型三 ) 主詞 + 動詞 + 間接受詞 + 直接受詞間接動詞通常指人, 直接受詞通常指物有時也可以在間接受詞前加介系詞 (for), 置於直接受詞之後例 : 數學老師每天分配作業給我們 Our math teacher gives us assignments every day. 湯姆買禮物給他女朋友 Tom bought her girlfriend a present. Tom bought a present for her girlfriend.

37 ( 句型四 ) 主詞 + 連綴動詞 + 主詞補語主詞補語是補充說明有關主詞的一切, 可以是名詞形容詞副詞不定詞或動名詞等運用在本句型的連綴動詞可分為 : be 動詞五類感官動詞 :look, smell, sound, feel, taste 其他 :appear, become, come fall, get, go, grow, keep, make, prove, remain, seem, stay, turn 例 : 桌子在庭院裡 The table is in the garden. 你看起來很累 You look tired. 這類句型的主詞也可以代換成不定詞動名詞名詞子句等你做什麼都不關我的事 What you do is none of my business.

38 ( 句型五 ) 主詞 + 動詞 + 直接受詞 + 受詞補語受詞補語是補充說明有關受詞的一切, 可以是名詞形容詞不定詞等, 此類句型中的動詞通常包括 call, elect, make, name, paint, find, declare 等例 : 他說他要在 80 天之內環遊世界 He declared his intention to travel around the world within 80 days. 不定詞片語 ( to travel around the world within 80 days ) 可有兩種文法解釋 : 1. 受詞補語, 修飾直接受詞 his intention 2. 形容詞, 修飾名詞 his intention

39 ( 句型六 ) 以 there 或 it 為首此句型很好用, 與前五類句型搭配使用, 可增加文章的變化 There + be 動詞以 there 為首的句型, 後接 be 動詞, 真正的主詞是接在 be 動詞後的名詞詞組, 因此 be 動詞的單複數變化必須配合接在動詞之後的主詞 It + 動詞以 it 為首的句型一定接單數動詞, 此句型帶有強調的語氣

40 句型套句型六大句型可以彼此套用在同一個句子中, 形成複雜的句型

41 英文句的連接瞭解常用句型後, 接下來就是學習如何將兩句英文結合成一句英文句連接後可以達到的效果包括 : 不會重複某些字, 較精簡可以表達兩句之間的關係, 如時間先後語氣轉折因果關係等, 因此可以傳遞較為複雜的思考邏輯不同的連接方式可以增加句型變化, 讓文章不單調而連接句子的方式可分為兩部份 : 對等連接與附屬連接

42 對等連接對等連接詞 and, but, for, so, or, nor 關聯連詞 / 成對連詞 both and not only but also either or neither nor and 與 both and 的比較 : and 用於連接兩組以上的句子或詞組 both and 片語則用在連接兩組詞組, 甚少用於連接句子, 若需連接句子使用連接詞 and 即可

43 對等連接詞 Susan is my best friend, and she is my classmate, too. Susan lives in the dormitory, but she wants to move out. Susan has to stay there, for she doesn t have enough money. Susan wants to save money, so she has a part-time job at the school cafeteria. Susan can stay in the dormitory, or she can share an apartment with other friends. Susan is not rich, nor is she making much money.

44 關聯連詞 / 成對連詞 Both Susan and I major in history. Not only does Susan have a part-time job, but I also have a part-time job. After work, either I go to the school cafeteria to meet Susan, or I meet her in the bookstore. Neither has Susan arrived at work, nor has she called any of her coworkers. =Susan has neither arrived at work nor called any of her coworkers.

45 對等連接上述的對等連接詞以及成對連接詞可用於連接句子, 也可用於連接詞組, 詞組包括名詞形容詞動詞副詞等所謂對等或成對表示前後要對等或要平衡, 子句對子句名詞對名詞片語對片語等 Examples: Not only Susan but also I am living in the dormitory. Both Susan and I are poor but happy. We will either have dinner together or talk over the phone. I will can either Susan or her boyfriend. I will meet Susan either at work or in class. I will let Susan know where I am and what I m doing.

46 附屬連接副詞子句形容詞子句名詞子句

47 1: 副詞子句作用 : 與副詞類似, 用來修飾動詞 I will meet you at 6 p.m. I will meet you after I get off from work. 位置 : 句首 : When Mom goes to work, Mrs. Wang will baby-sit the children. 句尾 : Tommy had been a professor before he was elected to be a lawmaker. 句中 : Sarah has an appointment with the eye doctor after she gets off from work.

48 副詞子句連接詞根據意義可以分為七種 : 時間子句地方子句原因子句讓步 / 對比子句目的 / 結果子句條件 / 假設子句方式子句

49 時間子句 when: Her father died when she was young. whenever: Rose would drink chicken soup whenever she had a cold. as: The concert started as I got there. while: I look after the children while my sister is at work. before: the director wants to see you before you leave. after: After I return home, I will relax for a while. Since: I haven t seen him since he arrived. until: I stayed there talking to them until I saw the teacher coming. as soon as: As soon as I finished talking with the principal, I was sent back to the classroom.

50 地方子句 where: I like to live where the transportation is convenient. wherever: Wherever I travel, I need to eat Chinese food.

51 原因子句 because: I like this restaurant very much, because they use only organic ingredients. since: I didn t know that she had been married, since she seldom talked about herself.

52 讓步 / 對比子句 although: I have a dream to travel around the world, although I know that I can t afford it. thought: Though the weather is hot and humid, he still wears a long-sleeved shirt. even though: I love to listen to native speakers talking in English, even though I can understand only about half of what they say. while: While I studied hard, I still didn t pass the exam.

53 目的 / 結果子句 in order that: Dan is learning English in order that he can study. so that: We had better hurry so that we can get to the airport on time. so that: Dan was so surprised that he dropped the glass. such that: This accident was such a shock that she burst into tears.

54 條件 / 假設子句 if: If you come before 10a.m., I will be at the library. unless (=if not): She won t marry him, unless he gives her a diamond ring. as long as: As long as you make a clear and rational explanation, Mom will forgive you. 條件 / 假設子句的表達方式要配合動詞時態變化 (1) 與事實相反的假設,(2) 可能出現的情況, 搭配陳述語氣

55 方式子句 1. 方式子句說明某人的行為態度或做事方式, 或某事真的有可能發生, 子句的時態需搭配句子的意義及主句的時態變化 2. 若描述非事實, 子句需搭配假設語氣的動詞變化, 使用 be 動詞時,were 最代 was as: I carefully answered all the questions as the instructor had taught me. as if: The examiner looked at me as if I were trying to cheat on the exam. as though: I felt as though I had been wronged.

56 形容詞子句作用 : 與形容詞一樣, 用來修詞名詞, 又稱關係子句寫出形容詞子句的五步驟 : 1 找出兩個完整句子中重複的名詞, 這就是兩句之間的關係 My uncle works in a computer company. He is an engineer. my uncle 及 he 指的是同一人 2 選出一句變化為形容詞子句決定將第二句 He is an engineer. 變為子句 3 確定形容詞子句中重複名詞的文法詞性 He is an engineer. He 在此句為主詞 4 再決定所應使用的關係代名詞使用 who 取代 he 5 將兩句合為一句時, 需將形容詞子句直接接在所修飾的名詞之後 who is an engineer My uncle who is an engineer works in a computer company.

57 關係代名詞 (examples) 主詞關代 who= 人 which= 物 / 事 / 想法 that= who/whic h 受詞關代 who(m) 現代英文口語常以 who 取代 whom which that 所有格關代 whose 後須接名詞, 才形成完整的主詞或受詞 whose+n. 做主詞 ( 可指人 / 事 / 物 ) whose+n. 做受詞

58 時間地點原因等連接詞也可以帶出形容詞子句 1. This is the time of year. There are good sales now. This is the time of year when there are good sales. 2. This is the restaurant. My friend works there. This is the restaurant where my friend works. 3. My friend didn t tell me the reason. He quit his job. My friend didn t tell me the reason why he quit his job.

59 限定及未限定形容詞子句與標點符號 (1) 限定及未限定形容詞子句的區分影響了兩條文法規則 : 1. that 只能在限定子句中取代主詞及受詞 who/whom/which 2. 受詞關代 whom/which 的省略, 只能在限定子句中進行

60 限定及未限定形容詞子句與標點符號 (2) 限定子句不加逗號 All students who (=that) do not study will fail this course. 沒有唸書的學生這門課會被當掉劃線的子句限定了所有學生中沒有唸書的那一群, 屬於必要子句, 故不可省略若省略, 整句意義變為 All students will fail this course. 未限定子句需加逗號 Joanna s sister, who lives in Taipei, works in a hi-tech company. Joanna has only one sister. John s sister who lives in Taipei works in a hi-tech company. John probably has several sisters. Note: 一般情況下, 有關專有名詞 ( 人名地名建築物等 ) 的形容詞子句可視為未限定子句, 前後需加逗號

61 名詞子句只用一個名詞難以表達一種概念或說清楚某事時, 就需要用到名詞子句來說明名詞子句的用法與名詞相同, 可做主詞受詞及補語等以下是名詞子句常見的連接詞 : what/whatever when/whenever where/wherever who/whoever whom/whomever which/whose why that how/however how much/many how long/often/soon if/whether (or not)

62 名詞子句例句 : 1. 作為主詞 Why she was late was unacceptable. 2. 作為動詞的受詞 I don t know him. I don t know who he is. 3. 作為介系詞受詞 The teacher was looking at my report. The teacher was looking at what I had written. 4. 作為形容詞補語 (that 是最常用的連接詞 ) Bob will succeed. I am sure. I m sure (that) Bob will succeed.

63 that 名詞子句的注意事項 1. that 名詞子句做受詞或形容詞補語,that 可省略 I could not believe (that) Mark had lied to us. I hope (that) Mark will tell the truth soon. Do you imagine (that) Mark knows our feelings? 2. that 名詞子句做主詞,that 不可省略 That he had lied to us was unbelievable. That we accepted his apology made him feel better. That little boys sometimes lie should not surprise anyone. 3. that 名詞子句可與 it 為首句型替換, 增加文章變化, 屬於美式英語中自然且常見的表達 That the world is facing a food shortage is a fact. = It is a fact that the world is facing a food shortage.

Unit 3 Unit 2 43

Unit 3 Unit 2 43 and or but so for after before when since because although though even though and My name is Avery, and her name is Phoenix. Avery Phoenix My name is Avery. And her name is Phoenix. 44