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1 Chinese Journal of Zoology ~ 53 * hm Alcippe morrisonia Aegithalos concinnus Parus major Hemixos castanonotus Pycnonotus sinensis Sorensen Spearman Diospyros glaucifolia Vaccinium trichocladum Schoepfia jasminodora Eurya muricata Q958 A Observation on Feeding Habit of Dominant Birds and Forage Sites in an Evergreen Broadleaved ForestTiantong Forest ParkZhejiang CHEN Yu WANG Jun-Fu ZHANG Hang DING Hu-Lin TANG Si-Xian * School of Life Science East China Normal University Shanghai China Abstract Based on observation of food habit of common birds was observed at a 20 hm 2 plot from October 2010 to September 2011 in Tiantong Forest ParkZhejiangwe analyzed the relation between birds and tree species. Among the birds of 32 species observed that belong to 5 families and 12 orders 5 species Alcippe morrisoniaaegithalos concinnusparus majorhemixos castanonotus and Pycnonotus sinensis were dominant. The species of trees perched by birds were correspondingly related to bird species by similarity index and Spearman correlation analysis. Birds Parus major and Aegithalos concinnus more likely foraged on or near trees of Diospyros glaucifoliabird Pycnonotus sinensis was near trees of Vaccinium trichocladum and Schoepfia jasminodora in autumnwhile birds Hemixos castanonotus selected their forage site near trees of Eurya muricata in summer and autumn. Key words Birds Tiantong Plot Dominant Feeding Plants 1 dispersers 2-3 pollinator 4-5 No. TT * sxtang@ bio. ecnu. edu. cn chenyu861217@ 163. com

2 5 47 Theaceae Lauraceae Fagaceae hm hm d A B C m ~ OLYMPUS 1 EXWPI m m 20 m ~ hm ' ~ 29 48' N ' ~ ' E m 500 m ~ m m 20 hm 2 The Centre for Tropical Forest Science CTFS Howes 22 10% i = i / diameter at breast heightdbh 1 cm Bibby 20 Shannon- Wiener Pielou

48 Chinese Journal of Zoology 47 1 Fig. 1 10 m The sketched contour map of the study area 10 m intervals A B C AB and C for the investigation of route.

3 48 Chinese Journal of Zoology 47 1 Fig m The sketched contour map of the study area 10 m intervals A B C AB and C for the investigation of route. Aegithalos concinnus Parus major I = D + Hemixos castanonotus P i D = i / Pycnonotus sinensis 5 100% i % % P = i / % % % 100% Sorensen 1 Cs = 2C / A + B Cs 1 - C A B A B Species Cs 0. 5 A B ~ ~ m 20 m Matlab % 4 10% 5 Alcippe morrisonia Table 1 Birds diversity by season Quantity Diversity ind index Spring Summer Autumn Winter Evenness index feeding location Spearman P Vaccinium bracteatum 24 P % Eurya muricata % SPSS Diospyros glaucifolia

4 Table 2 The frequency of dominant birds observed at or near available plants in the study plot Plant species Importance value % Alcippe morrisonia Aegithalos concinnus Parus major Hemixos castanonotus Pycnonotus sinensis Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency % Types % Types % Types % Types % Types Choerospondias axillaris G I B G I B F G B F G I Schima superba B G I B F G B F G Rhododendron ovatum F G I I F I G G Machilus leptophylla I I B G B F G Daphniphyllum oldhami B G I I I G G Lindera rubronervia I I G I G B G Vernicia fordii G I B G I B G I B G B G Photinia glabra I G I F I B F G B G Laurocerasus phaeosticta F G I F G I F G I F G I B F G I Eurya muricata G I F G I F G I F G I B F G I Diospyros glaucifolia G I G I B G I B G I Sapindus mukorossi I I B G B G Syzygium buxifolium B I I I B G B G Styrax confusus G I F G I B G I F G I G I Phoebe sheareri B G I B I I B G B G I Ilex latifolia I B I B G I B F G Schoepfia jasminodora F I I I B F G B G Cyclocarya paliurus B I B G B G Acer acutum B B I B G B G Myrica rubra F G I F G I F G I B F G Ulmus changii G I B G B G Celtis biondii I I B G B G Vaccinium bracteatum G I B G I G I G I Ilex kengii I B I I B F G B G Cerasus discoidea G I G I F G I F B F Vaccinium trichocladum I F G I G I F G B F G Zelkova schneideriana I I B G B G Others B F G I B F G I The available forage parts for birds B bud & tender leaf F flowerg fruiti insect % 7. 40% 7. 98% 6. 66% % 7. 70% % % Sorensen 0. 5 Spearman 0. 3 P

5 50 Chinese Journal of Zoology 47 Table 3 3 Correlation between plants distribution and birds distribution The corresponding relationship Spearman Spearman's rank correlation Sorensen analysis Sorenson index Correlation coefficient P P-value Pycnonotus sinensis and Vaccinium trichocladum in summer * P. sinensis and Schoepfia jasminodora in summer * Parus major and Diospyros glaucifolia in autumn * Aegithalos concinnus and Diospyros glaucifolia in autumn * Hemixos castanonotus and Eurya muricata in autumn * H. castanonotus and E. muricata in summer * * * Significant at the level. 2a 2b 0. 18% % 2c d 2e f

6 Fig. 2 Position overlap of plants and birds DBH 1 ~ 10 cm DBH 10 ~ 30 cm DBH + 30 cm DBH a b c d e f DBH of tree 1-10 cm DBH of tree cm + DBH of tree 30 cmthe colored patch representing birds distribution. a Position of Pycnonotus sinensis and Vaccinium trichocladum in summer b Pycnonotus sinensis and Schoepfia jasminodora in summer c Parus major and Diospyros glaucifolia in autumn d Aegithalos concinnus and Diospyros glaucifolia in autumn e Hemixos castanonotus and Eurya muricata in autumn f Hemixos castanonotus and Eurya muricata in summer Sorensen Sorensen

7 52 Chinese Journal of Zoology Bruneau A. of Botany % 9. 77% Brochet A LDessborn LLegagneux Pet al. - marshes. Wetlands Zettler J ASpira T PAllen C R. Yellow jackets Vespula spp. disperse Trillium spp. seeds in eastern North America. American Midland Naturalist van Ommeren R JWhitham T G. Changes in interactions between juniper and mistletoe mediated by shared avian frugivores parasitism to potential mutualism. Oecologia Evolution and homology of bird pollination syndromes in Erythrina Leguminosae. American Journal 5 Nicolson S W. Pollination by passerine birds why are the nectars so dilute Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Is diet segregation between dabbling ducks due to food partitioning A review of seasonal patterns in the Western Palearctic. Journal of Zoology Durán S MKattan G H. A test of the utility of exotic tree plantations for understory birds and food resources in the Colombian Andes. Biotropica Benoit L KAskins R A. Impact of the spread of Phragmites on the distribution of birds in Connecticut tidal 13Huhta EJokimaki JRahko P. Distribution and reproductive success of the Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca in relation to forest patch size and vegetation characteristics the effect of scale. Ibis ha ha

8 Taiwan. Ornithological Science Herrera C M. Plant-vertebrate seed dispersal systems in the Mediterranean ecologicalevolutionaryand historical 20Bibby C JBurgess N DHill D Aet al. Bird Census determinants Fautin D G. Annual Review of Ecology Techniques. London Academic Press2000. and Systematics. Seville Annual Reviews Inc DB / OL http / / db. kib. ac. 29Wenny D G. Seed dispersalseed predationand seedling cn / eflora / view / plant / Default. aspx. recruitment of a Neotropical montane tree. Ecological 22Howes JBakewell D. Shorebird Studies Manual. Kuala Monographs Lumpur AWB Publication SPSS Marchand P J. Life in the Cold An Introduction to Winter Ecology. Hanover University Press of New England Lee P YWang L JHsu H Cet al. Habitat selection among nestingforagingand singing sites of the Graycheeked Fulvetta Alcippe morrisonia in northeastern

% GIS / / Fig. 1 Characteristics of flood disaster variation in suburbs of Shang

% GIS / / Fig. 1 Characteristics of flood disaster variation in suburbs of Shang 20 6 2011 12 JOURNAL OF NATURAL DISASTERS Vol. 20 No. 6 Dec. 2011 1004-4574 2011 06-0094 - 05 200062 1949-1990 1949 1977 0. 8 0. 03345 0. 01243 30 100 P426. 616 A Risk analysis of flood disaster in Shanghai