8 cartographic aggression P. B. Sinha and A. A. Athale History of the Conflict wit

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1 * D /351 A The Question of Maps China-India Negotiation and its Significance Dai Chaowu Abstract Both China and India had been utilized their respective maps as the key evidence and strong proof to claim their rights to the disputed territories. The negotiation between China and India on the different alignments in the maps embodies the different policies of two countries towards the border disputes. The formalization of the customary and traditional lines in China s maps underlines the China s historical rights to the territories which the Central Governments had claimed and administrated. The changes in Indian maps based on the surveys and expeditions during the British Raj had been the result of the strategic frontier policy and Nehru s decision. And more critically given the fundamental connection between the boundary alignment and China s sovereignty over Tibet the negotiation about the question of maps has the extremely profound political significance to China No. 4 October ZH009 Charles Cheney Hyde Maps as Evidence in International Boundary Disputes The American Journal of International Law Vol. 7 No. April 1933 pp Guenter Weissberg Maps as Evidence in International Boundary Disputes A Reappraisal The American Journal of International Law Vol. pp Mary Pedley Map Wars The Role of Maps in the Nova Scotia / Acadia Boundary Disputes of 1750 Imago Mundi Vol. pp Hyung K. Lee Mapping the Law of Legalizing Maps the Implications of the Emerging Rules of Map Evidence in International Law Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal Vol. 14 No. 1 January 005 pp Thomas H. Holdich Geographical Problems in Boundary Making The Geographical Journal * Vol. 47 No. 6 June 1916 pp

2 8 cartographic aggression P. B. Sinha and A. A. Athale History of the Conflict with China 196 New Delhi History Division Ministry of Defense Government of India 199 p

3 Frank Younghusband J. Claude White Disputed International Boundary Disputed John Bartholomew The Imperial Gazetteer of India Vol. XXVI Atlas London Oxford University Press Political Divisions of Indian Empire

4 Johnson-Ardagh Line February 1951 Fund 1993 p Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund See A. G. Noorani 40. The Indo-Tibetan Boundary 0 November 1950 S. Gopal ed. Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru Second Series Volume Fifteen Part II 6 October New Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial SWJN SS G. Parthasarathi ed. Jawaharlal Nehru Letters to Chief Ministers Volume New Delhi Oxford University Press 1986 pp Relations with Tibet and China Remarks at a Press Conference New Delhi 3 November 1951 Relations with Nepal Remarks at a Press Conference New Delhi 8 February 195 S. Gopal ed. SWJN SS Volume Seventeen 1 November March 195 New 1995 pp. 507 India-China Boundary Problem History and Diplomacy New Delhi Oxford University Press 011 p. 4 Srinath Raghavan War and Peace in Modern India A Strategic History of the Nehru Years London Palgrave Macmillan 009 pp

5 Chinese Maps of the Frontier with India Note to V. K. Krishna Menon 6 May 1956 H. Y. Sharada Prasad A. New Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru Memori- September 1954 al Fund 000 pp Office FO India-China Boundary as depicted in Maps published in USSR Dutt to K. P. S. Menon 3 November 1958 Subject Files 56 Subimal Dutt Papers Nehru Memorial Mu pp seum & Library New Delhi Subimal Dutt K. P. S. Menon K. Damodaran and Mushirul Hasan eds. SWJN SS Volume Thirty Three 1 May-0 June 1956 New Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund 004 pp Trade and Frontier with China Note to the Secretary General and the Foreign Secretary 1 July 1954 S. Gopal ed. SWJN SS Volume Twenty Six 1 June Noorani India-China Boundary Problem pp S. J. Whitwell to A. A. Golds July 1955 Frontiers between China India and Burma Maps Showing Chinese Claims to Territory Folder /11504 Foreign Public Record Office PRO London. Countering Chinese Moves on the Frontier Note to S. Dutt Foreign Secretary and T. N. Kaul Joint Secretary MEA 1 May 1956 SWJN SS Volume Thirty Three Reconnaissance of the Sino-Indian Border Note to S. Dutt the Foreign Secretary 4 February Aditya Mukherjee and Mridula Mukherjee eds. SWJN SS Volume Forty One 1 January-31 March 1958 New Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund 010 p A Repetition of Inaccurate Maps Note to Foreign Secretary Subimal Dutt 1 August 1958 Aditya Mukherjee and Mridula Mukherjee eds. SWJN SS Volume Forty Three 1 July-31 August 1958 New Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund 011 p. 536 Inaccurate Maps Issued by the Chinese Government Note to S. Dutt the Foreign Secretary 8 April 1958 Aditya Mukherjee and Mridula Mukherjee eds. SWJN SS Volume Forty Two 1 April-30 June 1958 New Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund 010 p

6 Rajya Sabha Indian Frontier in Ladakh Note to Subimal Dutt 11 November 1958 Madhavan K. Palat ed. SWJN SS Volume Forty Five 1 November-31 December 1958 New Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund 01 p In the Lok Sabha 8 May 1959 Madhavan K. Palat ed. SWJN SS Volume Forty Nine 1 May-30 June 1959 New Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund 013 pp. pp In the Lok Sabha Chinese Occupation of Ladakh Territories 8 August 1959 SWJN SS Volume Fifty One 1-31 August 1959 New Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund 014 pp

7 G. Parthasarathi In the Rajya Sabha Chinese Road Construction in Lada- 1 kh September 1959 Memorial Fund 014 p One pp August 1959 SWJN SS Volume Fifty One pp In the Rajya Sabha China at Sikkim Border and in Ladakh Reply to question 4 September 1959 Madhavan K. Palat ed. SWJN SS Volume Fifty Two New Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru In the Lok Sabha Chinese Statement on Ladakh Sikkim and Bhutan 13 August 1959 SWJN SS Volume Fifty To Parthasarathi China Policy Telegram 10 May 1959 SWJN SS Volume Forty Nine p Shri S. Dutt Foreign Secretary Addressing the Conference of Governors 8 October 1959 Subject File 109 Subimal Dutt Papers Nehru Memorial Museum & Library. 80

8 All India Congress Committee Papers Nehru Memorial Museum & Library See SWJN SS Volume Fifty Five p. 49. To Subimal Dutt Han Suyin s Letter to The Times Lon don Han Suyin To Secretaries to All Departments of the Government of In- dia 18 December 1959 Subject File 58 Subimal Dutt Han Suyin to the Editor The Times 30 November 1959 Francis Watson to Han Suyin The Times 1 December 1959 Han Suyin to the Editor The Times 16 December 1959 SWJN SS Volume Fifty Five 1-31 December New Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund 014 pp AICC Resolution on Invasion of Tibet December December 1959 To Han Suyin A Many- Splendoured Thing 1 December 1959 SWJN SS Volume Fifty Five pp

9 To the Consultative Committee on External Affairs New Map and Goa SWJN SS Volume Fifty Five p Note from Dutt to Nehru 5 October 1959 Note from Dutt to Nehru 4 November 1959 Subject File 39 Note from Dutt to Nehru 4 March 1960 Subject File 41 Subimal Dutt Papers Nehru Memorial Museum & Library

10 Escott Reid Press 1981 pp Escott Reid Envoy to Nehru Delhi Oxford University

12 X X

14 Foreign Policies of America and China Minutes of Talks with Chou En-lai Beijing 0 October 1954 Ravinder Kumar and H. Y. Sharada Prasad eds. Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru Second Series Volume Twenty Seven 1 October January 1955 New Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund 000 pp Implications of China Visit Note 14 November 1954 SWJN SS Volume Twenty Seven pp

15 Volume Forty Seven 1-31 March To Subimal Dutt Inaccurate Chinese Maps Note 0 March 1959 Madhavan K. Palat ed. SWJN SS Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund 013 p New Delhi Nehru-Chou Talks I 0 April 1960 Nehru-Chou Talks II April Nehru- Chou Talks III 1 April 1960 Nehru-Chou Talks IV April 1960 Nehru-Chou Talks V April Nehru-Chou Talks VI April 4 Nehru-Chou Talks VII April 5 Madhavan K. Palat ed. SWJN SS Volume Sixty 15 April-31 May 1960 New Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund 015 pp

16 demarca delimitation tion delimitation definition demarcation 1 John W. Donaldson and Alison J. Williams Delimita- tion and Demarcation Analyzing the Legacy of Stephen B. Jones s Boundary-Making Geopolitics Volume 13 Issue pp

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18 I. A. Benediktov T. N. Kaul T. K. Kaul to Jawaharlal Nehru November Subject File 15 T. N. Kaul Papers Nehru Memorial Museum and Library Publications Division Chinese Aggression in Maps Nine Maps with Introduction and Explanary Notes New Delhi Government of India Press

19 No Israel C. Russell Thomas Hungerford Holdich 1916 the foot of hills Israel C. Russell Geography and International Bounda- ries Bulletin of the American Geographical Society Vol. p. 154 Thomas H. Holdich Geographical Problems in Boundary Making The Geographical Journal Vol. 47 No. 6 June 1916 pp Thomas Hungerford Holdich Political Frontiers and Boundary Making London Macmillan and Co. Limited Publication 1916 Alastair Lamb The McMahon Line A Study in the Relations between India China and Tibet Volume II Hardinge McMahon and the Simla Conference London Routledge & Kegan Paul Toronto University of Toronto Press 1966 pp Paul F. Diehl ed. A Road Map to War pp Territorial Dimensions of International Conflict Nashville and London Vanderbilt University Press See Dibyesh Anand Strategic Hypocrisy The British Imperial Scripting of Tibet s Geopolitical Identity Journal of Asian Studies Vol. 68 No. 1 February 009 9

瑏瑠 2 Henry Agard Wallace 瑏瑠

瑏瑠 2 Henry Agard Wallace 瑏瑠 201 8 1949 190 1949 1 190 10 D232 K27 A 1003-381 201-08 - 0104-13 A Brief Study on the International Factors in the Process of Chinese Liberation 1949 190 Zhang Hao & Dong Ying Abstract The period from