中國的科學與中國的公民：大陸研究在台灣的困境\\

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1 * presence Carroll (1992) 1 Chou, Clark, and Clark (1990) * 1 Norris 1986; Norris Norris and Thomas 1996; Thomas 1991; Thomas and Welch 1991

2 136 2 counter-socialization who was present what the legislators represented Chou, Clark, and Clark (1990) gender-neutral Chou, Clark, and Clark

3 Squires, Dahl pluralism consociation identity groups

4 138 Bryson, 1992 malestream Bryson, impartiality Young 1990, 104 Galligan 1982 speak in a different voice ethic of responsibility or care ethic of rights Galligan Duerst-Lahti and Kelly (1995) The liberal individual is an abstract person without context an individual with rights but without sex, race, age, or disabilities and situated outside geographical and social boundaries. The ideal liberal society is color-blind and sex-blind (p. 31)

5 Sapiro Alison Jaggar, Nel Noddings, Susan Okin, Mary Obrien, and Sra Ruddick Rhode, 1990 Kelly, M.A., and Horn, 1991 Phillips 1991 Iris Young social group Young 1990, 47 7 Charles Taylor 1994 Politics of Recognition gender-blind Taylor Politics of presence 7 differences Rhode, 1990 Iris Young Social justice...requires not the melting ay awof difference, but institutions that promote reproduction of and respect for group difference without oppression (Young, 1990: 47)

6 140 group representation Hanna Pitkin 1967 descriptive symbolic active Perkins and Fowler (1980) Pitikin social representation opinion representation /

7 Phillips (1995) politics of idea politics of presence Pitkin; Perkins and Fowler Phillips accountability authenticity Phillips Phillips who is present what the legislators represent

8 142 matched sample 11 (12) 6 ( 6) 4 ( 4) 0 21 ( 22) 9 (72) 7 (48) 3 (17) 0 (4) 19 (141) 20 (84) 13 (54) 7 (21) 0 (4) 40 (163) % (12) (16) (28)

9 Johnson and Joslyn, 1991 Johnson Joslyn (1991) descriptive representation substantive representation Pitkin, 1967 descriptive representation substantive representation

10 144 Young, 1990 Freeman and Richardson, 1995; Reingold, 1992; Thomas, 1992; Dodson et al ?

11 N 21 N * n n group identity ( the silent majority

12 146 the focal minority say no yes learn how to say no learn how to say yes silent majority focal minority under pressure sacrifice silent majority Young, 1990 political recognition Taylor, 1994

16 / Tamerius (1992)

17 Gehlen, 1977; Kirkpatrick, 1974; Mezey, 1978; Muller, 1982 women s candidates Boles, 1991; Dodson, 1991; Flammang, 1985; Havens and Healy, 1991; Kathlene, 1989; Leader, 1977; Saint-Germain, 1989; Tamerius, 1993; Thomas, 1994 Bystydzienski, 1995; Havvio-Manilla, 1985; Skjeie, / 9 9

18 N=21*3=63 N=19*3=57 F M N

20 yes or no push 98026

22 Chou, Clark and Clark,

23 dichotomous a+b1 +b2 +b3 +b4 +b5 +b6 +b7

24 158 yes=1 no=0 B (S. E) Exp (B) (3.1240) (1.4113) (1.7552) (.9001) (.8079) (1.5037) ( ) **(1.5436) log Likelihood Chi-Square Model chi-square (.0030) Correctly predicted 87.5% dummy variable Carroll (Carroll, 1992)

25 women s network Carroll, 1992:

30 164 Carroll (1992) separated and alternative politics of idea politics of presence group representation

31 presence Reference Boles, Janet K Advancing the Women's Agenda Within Local Legislatures: The Role of Female Elected Officials. In Gender and Policymaking: Studies of Women in Office, edited by D.L. Dodson. New Brunswick, N.J.: Center for the

32 166 American Woman and Politics. Bryson, Valerie Feminist Political Theory. New York: Paragon House. Bystydzienski, Jill M Women in Electoral Politics: Lessons from Norway. Westport: Praeger. Carroll, Susan J Women State Legislators, Women's Organizations, and the Representation of Women's Culture in the United States. In Women Transforming Politics, edited by J.M. Bystydzienski. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. Chou, Bih-er, Cal Clark, and Janet Clark Women in Taiwan Politics: Overcoming Barriers to Women's Participation in a Modernizing Society: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. Dodson, Debra L Gender and Policymaking: Studies of Women in Office. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for the American Woman and Politics. Duerst-Lahti, Georgia, and Rita Mae Kelly The Study of Gender Power and Its Link to Governance and Leadership. In Gender Power, Leadership, and Governance, edited by G. Duerst-Lahti and R. M. Kelly. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. Flammang, Jannet A Female Officials in the Feminist Capital:The Case of Santa Clara County. Western Political Quarterly 38 (94-118). Freeman, Patricia K., and Lilliard E. Richardson Gender Differences in Constituency Service Among State Legislators. Political Research Quarterly 48 (1): Galligan, Carol In a Different Voice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Gehlen, F.L Women Members of Congress: A Distinctive Role. In A Portrait of Marginality, edited by M. Githens and J. Prestage. New York: McKay. Havens, Catherine M., and Lynne M. Healy Cabinet-Level Appointees in Connecticut: Women Making a Difference. In Gender and Policymaking: Studies of Women in Office, edited by D.L. Dodson. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for the American Woman and Politics. Havvio-Manilla, Elina et al Unfinished Democracy: Women in Nordic Politics. New York: Pergamon. Johnson, Janet Bottolph, and Richard A. Joslyn Political Science Research Methods. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc. Kathlene, Lyn Uncovering the Political Impacts of Gender: An Exploratory Study. Western Political Qarterly 42: Kelly, R.M., Saint-Germain M.A., and J.D. Horn Female Public Officials: A

33 Different Voice? Annals of the American Academy of the Political and Social Science1991. Kirkpatrick, Jeane J Political Women. NY: Basic Books. Leader, S.G The Policy Impact of Elected Women Officials. In The Impact of Electoral Process, edited by L. Maisel and J. Cooper. Beverly Hills Sage. Mezey, S Support for Women's Rights' Policy. American Political Quarterly 6: Muller, C Feminism and the New Women in Public Office. Women and Politics 2 (7-21). Norris, Pippa Women in Congress: A Policy Difference. Politics 6: Norris, Pippa Women Politicians:Transforming Westminister? Parliamentary Affair. Perkins, Jerry, and Diane Fowlker Opinion Representation Versus Social Representation; or Why Women Can't Run as Women and Win. American political Science Review 39: Phillips, Anne Democracy and Difference. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press. Phillips, Anne The Politics of Presence. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Pitkin, Hannah F The Concept of Representation. Berkerly: University of Califonia Press. Reingold, Beth Concepts of Representation Among Female and Male State Legislators. Legislative Studies Quarterly. 17: Rhode, Deborah L Theoretical Perspective on Sexual Difference. In Theoretical Perspective on Sexual Difference, edited by D.L. Rhode. New Haven: Yale University Press. Saint-Germain, Michelle A Does Their Difference Make a Difference? The Impact of Women on Public Policy in the Arizona Legislature. Social Science Quarterly. 70: Sapiro, Virginia Gender Politics, Gendered Politics: the State of the Field. In Political Science: Looking to the Future, edited by W. Crotty. Illinois: Northwestern University Press. Skjeie, Hege The Rhetoric of Difference: On Women's Inclusion into Political Elites. Politics and Society 19 (2): Squires, Judith Quotas for Women: Fair Representation? Parliamentary Affairs. Tamerius, Karin L Sex, Gender, and Leadership in the Representation of Women. In Gender Power, Leadership, and Governance, edited by G.

34 168 Duerst-Lahti and R. M. Kelly. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Taylor, Charles The Politics of Recognition. Edited by A. Gutmann, Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition. N.J.: Princeton University Press. Thomas, Sue The Impact of Women on State Legislative Policies. Journal of Politics 53: Thomas, Sue The Effects of Race and Gender on Constituency Service. Western Political Quarterly 45: Thomas, Sue How Women Legislate: Oxford University Press. Thomas, Sue., and Susan. Welch The Impact of Gender on Activities and Priorities of State Legislators. Western Political Science Quarterly 44: Young, Iris Marion Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

35 Gender Differences in the Legislative Yuan Wan-ying, Yang * Abstract Compared with past studies of female compatibility with men in the arena of representational politics, this study goes further, and looks to explore exactly what it is that distinguishes women from men, and the rationale of considering gender divisions as an integral part of normal party politics. I start with the theoretical discussion regarding representation. The liberal theorists maintain that our representative bodies should transcend interests based on group identity. In contrast, the supporters of the politics of identity claim that representatives should represent different identity groups, and particularly those that are oppressed. To evaluate whether gender makes a difference in terms of legislator's attitudes toward representation, I interviewed a sample of legislators to explore and compare male and female representatives conceptualizations and attitudes to representation. Over all, I have observed a significant gender difference as regards women s issues, with respect to constituency perception and policy priority. I also find a causal link between these two seemingly correspondent gender patterns. Even though the variety of considerations may prevent women from bringing forth any significant changes, women are more likely to be involved with or develop women s networks, and that such networking is conducive to developing a stronger female group identity and identifying with women s culture. key words: politics of difference, gender, representation, descriptive representation, substantive representation, symbolic representation, constituency identification, policy preferences *Assistant professor, Graduate Institute of Public Affairs, Ming-Chuan University

36 170

210 Y A B B A A sexual/gender politics Kate Millett Millett, K., : 37 political institutions

9 210 Y A B B A A sexual/gender politics Kate Millett Millett, K., 1970 2006: 37 political institutions 9 211 equity politics of difference domination 1980 essentialist totalizing post-structuralism 1980