文學觀念流通的現代化進程 : literature literature R. Morrison W. Lobscheid 1908 Nuttall s Standard Dictionary of the English Language An English-Ch

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3 文學觀念流通的現代化進程 : literature literature R. Morrison W. Lobscheid 1908 Nuttall s Standard Dictionary of the English Language An English-Chinese Standard Dictionary *

4 276

5 The Modernizing Process of the Circulation of Literary Conception: A Study on the Entry Literature in the 19 th and Early 20 th -Century English-Chinese Dictionaries Tsai Chu-ching Abstract This essay discusses how the 19 th and the early 20 th century English- Chinese dictionaries helped standardize and normalize new terminologies of diverse academic disciplines and focuses in particular on the modernization process of the entry word literature. During the Shanghai Settlement in 1860s, the hunger to learn English began to spread, and as a result, the general public s craving for English-Chinese dictionaries increased. Because of this, native Chinese literati gradually took over from foreign missionaries the work of compiling dictionaries to better meet Chinese users needs. After examining three different kinds of English- Chinese dictionaries compiled by missionaries, Japan literati, and China literati, the influence of Morrison and Lobscheid s dictionaries is obvious. In 1908, An English-Chinese Standard Dictionary which was translated from Nuttall s Standard Dictionary of the English Language, and

6 278 compiled by Yen Hui-ching was published. It wasn t until the publication of this dictionary that the compilation of English-Chinese dictionaries reached a more professional standard. An English-Chinese Standard Dictionary, which was compiled from English, American, Japanese, Chinese dictionaries, and textbooks, hence has given terminologies of diverse academic disciplines such as the word literature a more western standard definition. Keywords: new term, literature, Robert Morrison, Wilhelm Lobscheid, P. Austin Nuttall, Yen Hui-ching (W. W. Yen), An English and Chinese Standard Dictionary

7 literature 279 文學觀念流通的現代化進程 : literature * * Literature

8 280 colonial modernity John K. Fairbank xxvi 11 xxv

9 literature the type of translatability 6 7 Lydia H. Liu literature Lydia H. Liu, Translingual Practice: Literature, National Culture, and Translated Modernity China, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995), A. B. C. D. E. F. G A Federico Masini

10 literature bungaku Masini p bungaku

11 literature bank president 浜

12 浜 14 浜 Come 个 Go Twenty-four yesno So and so Sit down Potato keep door Brother FatherMother Father law FootShoe Compador 浜浜浜 1912 浜

literature 285 浜 16 17 1876 18 19 20 1861 浜 16 1864

13 literature 285 浜浜

14 Robert Morrison A Dictionary of the Chinese Language The Honorable East India Company s Press

15 literature DRAMA DRAMA. The origin of the drama in China, is attributed to Yuen-tsung, an emperor of the Tang Dynasty, about A.D. 740; it

16 288 was then called chuen ke; Sung dynasty called the drama he keŭh; the Kin dynasty, Yuen pun tsă Keĭh. The terms now made use for the several performers originated with the emperor Hwuy-tsung (A.D.1120), who on seeing the persons of an embassy from Tswan kwĕ, whose dress and gestures were laughable; he ordered the musicians to imitate them, and get up a play. 24 DRAMA 25 DRAMA Samuel Wells Williams A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language Walter Henry Medhurst Robert Morrison A Dictionary of the Chinese Language Robert Morrison A Dictionary of the Chinese Language

17 literature 289 English and Chinese Dictionary W. Lobscheid English and Chinese Dictionary, with Punti and Mandarin Pronunciation K. Hermeling English-Chinese Dictionary of the Standard Chinese Spoken Language and Handbook for Translation English and Chinese Lexicon, Compiled in Part from Those of Morrison, Medhurst and Williams Part I

18 ? An English and Chinese Dictionary, Compiled from Different Authors, and Enlarged by the Addition of the Last Four Parts 1887 An English and Chinese Dictionary, the Latest and Best Authorities, and Containing All Words in Use, with Many Examples of These Use The Irish First Book of Lessons The Irish First Book of Lessons

literature 291 38 1882 11 24 1887 39 Kelly & Walsh 40 1887 38 39 40 Open Library http://www. archive.

19 literature Kelly & Walsh Open Library archive.org/stream/englishchinesedi00kwon#page/n13/mode/2up Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh London: Trubner & Co. 57, and 59, Ludgate Hill HongKong: Kelly & Walsh San Francisco: Wing Fung, 746, Sacramento Street

20 Commercial Press s English and Chinese Dictionary 羣 43 Hartford An English and Chinese Standard Dictionary Alvin Pieson Parker

21 literature 293 Nuttall s Standard Dictionary of the English Language English and Chinese Dictionary, with Punti and Mandarin Pronunciation

22 294 Nuttall s Standard Dictionary of the English Language P. Austin Nuttall? Based on the labours of the most eminent lexicographers P. Austin Nuttall?-1869 Open Library The Standard Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language (London: Frederick Warne and co., 1856) Dictionary of Scientific Terms (London: Strahan & Co., Publishers, 1869) LL.D. Open Libraryhttp:// org/stream/dictionaryscien00nuttgoog#page/n4/mode/2up Open Library PDF 1914 James Wood P. Austin Nuttall ed., Nuttall s Standard Dictionary of the English Language 1886, Rev. James Wood (London, New York: Frederick Warne and Co., 1914). Open Library d00nuttrich/nuttallsstandar James Wood Z. P. Maruya 1901

23 literature 295 STANDARD DICTIONARY 47 the present usage of literary and well-bred society English literature P. Austin Nuttall, Preface to the Original Edition, in Nuttall s Standard dictionary of the English language, Rev. James Wood, viii. English literature literature P. Austin Nuttall, Preface to the Original Edition, in Nuttall s Standard dictionary of the English language, Rev. James Wood, ix.

296 50 1866-1869 50 Rheinische Mission Gesellschat1848 1850 1853

24 Rheinische Mission Gesellschat J. Legge China Missionary Conference

literature 297 51 畧 52 English and Chinese Dictionary Open Library 51 52 W.

25 literature 畧 52 English and Chinese Dictionary Open Library W. Lobscheid, Preface, in English and Chinese Dictionary, Ed. W. Lobscheid (Hongkong: Daily Press, 1866) W. Lobscheid ed., English and Chinese Dictionary

26 literature F. Kingsell 54 F. Kingsell 1897 F. Kingsell A Dictionary of the English and Chinese Language F. Kinsell W. Lobscheid F. Kingsell A Dictionary of the English and Chinese languages, with the Merchant and Mandarin PronunciationYokohama Kingsell & Co

27 literature F. Kingsell 1844? Kingsell & Co. F. Kingsell 総 F Fung Kingsell geng3 jyu4 Kingsell

29 literature

31 literature An English and Chinese Standard Dictionary Yen Hui-ching W. W. Yen St. John s College 64 Tung Wen College

32 F. L. Hawks Pott F. L. Hawks Pott Preface i-ii

33 literature terminology F. L. Hawks Pott Preface i F. L. Hawks Pott Preface ii

34 306 羣 70 Queen s College Hongkong Queen s College 1862 The Government Central School Central School for Boys 1884 Victoria College 1894 Queen's College) General Intelligence Webster s International Dictionary of the English Language Noah Webster Noah Porter , ,000 Open Library Noah Porter, Webster s International Dictionary of the English Language (Springfield, Mass: G. & C. Merriam Company, 1898) #page/n1/mode/2up

35 literature definition F. L. Hawks Pott Preface ii

36 K. Hemeling English-Chinese Dictionary of the Standard Chinese Spoken Language literature literature

37 literature literature 1. literature Fond of attacking (i. e. studying) ancient literatureliterature literature Fond of attacking ancient literature literary degrees literary man literati literature literature literature a man of literature a man of letters 78 literature literature 78 Raymond Williams Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society

38 310 polite do. ancient do. 褏褏 79 learning polite literature ancient literature 辞 learning J. C. Hepburn literature Gakumonbunbundō bundō n. Literature learing military science alone, without a knowledge of literature, can never be successful. 82 learning to read, pursuing literary studies, especially the Chinese classics 惣郷辞辞 3.0 SHARP 辞 Papyrus PW- LT220

39 literature 311 literature China Missionary Conference 83 literature literature ancient literature ancient literature literature literature 蛯 J. C. HepburnJapanese and English Dictionary

40 312 Tetsuziro Inoue Bun-Gaku literaturegakumon bun bundō Keiu Nakamura A Dictionary of the English, Chinese and Japanese Language 1879 literature n. bun bungaku mon-ji ancient literature kobun modern literature kon-bun literature 学 Self Help1871 On Liberty

41 literature 313 Tetsuziro Inoue F. Kingsell literature 87 Tokio J. Fujimoto Morrison, Medhurst and Williams F. Kingsell

42 314 ancient literature literature n. ancient literaturemodern literature F. Kingsell 1897 literature literature Second Edition

43 literature 315 literature modern literature literature comedy drama fictionist literate literati literature narrative novelist poem poet poetic tragedy literary poetry Webster s International Dictionary of the English Language fiction literal narration prose narrate narrator novel literature Literaturelit -er-á-tewr n. 1.Acquaintance with books 2. The collective body of literary

44 316 productions of a country or an age, in general or in some special department 3. In a special sense, that body of literary compositions which, to the exclusion of merely philosophical scientific, and technical works, are occupied mainly with that which is spiritual in its nature and imaginative in its form, whether in the world of fact or the world of fiction 4. The profession of lettersbelles lettres Literature literature literary 国 94 95

45 literature 317 literature literature poetry prose literature poetry SHARP 辞 Papyrus PW-LT

46 nature 98 form The profession of letters 99 belles letters literature belles letters literature 100 literature Literature Science

47 literature 319 literal literary literate literati literature literature literature 羣 literature literature

48 320 literature

49 literature

51 literature An English and Chinese Standard Dictionary Federico Masini 1997 Eliza Morrison Memoirs of the life and labours of Robert Morrison 2004 Robert Morrison A Dictionary of the Chinese Language 2008 Raymond Williams

52 324 Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society Lydia H. Liu 辞総惣郷辞 1998 Hepburn, J. C. ed. Japanese and English Dictionary. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, in Kwong, Ki Chiu ed. English and Chinese Dictionary. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh; London: Ludgate Hill; Hong Kong: Kelly &Walsh; San Francisco: Wing Fung, Open Library, e/n13/mode/2up

53 literature 325 Liu, Lydia H. Translingual Practice: Literature, National Culture, and Translated Modernity China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, Lobscheid, W. ed. English and Chinese dictionary, with the Punti and Mandarin Pronunciation. Hongkong: Daily Press, Lobscheid, W. F. Kingsell A Dictionary of the English and Chinese languages, with the Merchant and Mandarin PronunciationYokohama Kingsell & Co Lobscheid, W. An English and Chinese DictionaryTokio J. Fujimoto Lobscheid, W. An English and Chinese Pronouncing Dictionary Lobscheid, W. A Dictionary of the English, Chinese, and Japanese languages with the Japanese Pronounciation Lu, David J. Missionary from Central Pennsylvania to Japan. Hepburn/2011.htm Medhurst, W. H. English and Chinese Dictionary. Shanghai: The Mission

54 326 Press, Vol. II. Open Library, org/stream/englishandchine00medhgoog#page/n4/mode/2up Nuttall, P. Austin, ed. Nuttall s Standard dictionary of the English language Rev. James Wood. London, New York: Frederick Warne and Co., Open Library, nuttallsstandard00nuttrich#page/n7/mode/2up Porter, Noah. Webster s International Dictionary of the English Language. Springfield, Mass: G. & C. Merriam Company, Open Library,

55 literature 327 literature Kingsell 101 A Dictionary of the Chinese Language. Part III. English and Chinese Dictionary. English and Chinese Dictionary. Japanese and English Dictionary A Dictionary of the English, Chinese and Japanese Language, with the Japanese Pronunciation An English and Chinese Dictionary An English and Chinese Dictionary A Dictionary of the English and Chinese Language, with the Merchant and Mandarin Pronunciation Commercial Press English and Chinese Pronouncing Dictionary An English-Chinese Standard Dictionary 101 F. Kingsell

56 328 Robert Morrison. W. H. Medhurst W. Lobscheid. J. C. Hepburn, A.M., D. W. Lobscheid W. Lobscheid Kwong Ki Chiu W. Lobscheid Nuttall s Standard Dictionary of the English Language F. Kingsell ) Macao, China Shanghai Hong Kong Shanghai 102 Tokio Shanghai; London; Hong Kong; San Francisco Yokohama William Gamble, James Curtis Hepburn Lu, David J. Missionary from Central Pennsylvania to Japan

57 literature 329 The Honorable East India Company s Press The Mission Press 103 The Daily Press American Presbyterian Mission Press J. FUJIMOTO Kelly Walsh ; Ludgate Hill; Kelly &Walsh; Wing Fung. HongKong Tsun Wan Yat Po Kingsell & Co London Missionary Society Press Walter Henry Medhurst, English and Chinese DictionaryHistorical Classic of Ancient China The Mission Press

58 Open Library Vol. II Tokyo: Toyo Bunko, 辞 Open Library 辞 literatrure Fond of attacking(i. e. studying) ancient literature polite do. ancient do. 褏褏 learning ancient literature, Gakumon; bun; bund n. bun bungaku monji ancient literature kobun modern lierature kon-bun n. ancient literature modern literature ancient literature n. ancient literature modern literature n. ancient literature modern literature n. 1.Acquaintance with books 2. The collective body of literary productions of a country or an age, in general or in some special department 3. In a special sense, that body of literary compositions which, to the exclusion of merely philosophical scientific, and technical works, are occupied mainly with that which is spiritual in its nature and imaginative in its form, whether in the world of fact or the world of fiction 4. The profession of letters belles lettres

59 literature 331 Bun- D n. Literature learing.,military science alone, without a knowledge of literature, can never be successful. Bun- Gaku learning to read, pursuing literary studies, especially the Chinese classics

61 literature

63 literature

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