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Cell biology- 細胞生物學網頁 : http://www2.nsysu.edu.

1 Cell biology- 細胞生物學網頁 : Wen Zhi-Hong PhD Lab: 海 B4018 (Marine Biomedical science Lab)

3 Textbook Molecular Cell Biology, 6th edition, Harvey Lodish et al., 2008, W. H. Freeman and Company. 買一本好書可以用很久買一本難的書可以使用更久

5 Reference Textbook Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th edition, Bruce Alberts et al., 2002, Garland Science. Essential Cell Biology, Second Edition

6 評分標準 : 16 次小考平均 (85%) + 出席 (15%) = 100 % 全班總成績最高定為 99 分去年全班 51 人原始平均 ( 大二 74.3; 大三以上 81.5) 請假 : 請事先提出相關證明及假條, 臨時病假請事後提出就醫證明考試時間 : 週三 9:00-9:15 ( 上課前 ) 考試題型 : 選擇題是非題填空題簡答題考試內容 : 書本原文, 各大研究所考題, 上課必考題

7 補考措施請事假者 : 補考第一次打八折, 第二次打七折請公假者 : 補考第一次不打折, 第二次打九折請病假者 : 補考第一次不打折, 第二次打九折期末考週統一補考

8 預計章節 1. Life begins with cells 2. Chemical foundations 3. Protein structure and function 4. Basic molecular genetic mechanisms 5. Visualizing fractionating, and culture 6. Biomembrane structure 7. Transmembrane transport of ions and small molecules 8. Move protein into membrane and organelle 9. Vesicular traffic, secretionk and endocytosis 10.Microfilaments-I 11.Microtubules and intermediate filaments 12.Nerves cells

9 Lodish Berk Kaiser Krieger Scott Bretscher Ploegh Matsudaira MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY SIXTH EDITION CHAPTER 1 Life Begins with Cells 2008 W. H. Freeman and Company Copyright 2008 W. H. Freeman and Company

11 細胞的發現西元 1665 年, 英國科學家虎克 (Robert Hooke) 首次以自製的顯微鏡, 觀察軟木塞, 看到許多蜂窩狀的小格子, 並以拉丁文 cellulae ( 小房間之意 ) 命名之 --- 細胞 (CELL) 的由來羅伯特. 胡克所用的顯微鏡胡克觀察到的栓皮細胞

12 細胞學說 (cell theory): T. Schwan ( 動物學家 ) 和 M. Schleiden ( 植物學家 ) 提出細胞學說 ( ) ( 一 ) 細胞是構成生物體的基本單位 (unit of structure) ( 二 ) 細胞是生物體的基本生理單位 (unit of physiology) ( 三 ) 細胞是生物體的發育單位 ; 或 All arise from pre-existing cells.

13 多細胞生物的組成層次細胞組織器官系統個體 1. 構造或機能相似的細胞, 集合一起稱為組織 2. 數種不同的組織集合一起以完成某種生理機能者稱為器官 3. 幾種機能相同的器官聯合而成系統 4. 人類及其他脊椎動物具有多種系統, 各系統互相分工合作而表現各種生命現象

14 多細胞生物的組成層次胞器 ( 粒線體 ) 分子細胞組織器官個體

15 m= 米細胞有多大? mm= 毫米 =(10-3 m): 肉眼可見的範圍 um= 微米 =(10-6 m): 光學顯微鏡可見的範圍 nm= 奈米 =(10-9 m): 電子顯微鏡可見的範圍細胞的大小約為數百至數微米, 大型細胞如鳥類的卵細胞, 直徑可達 10 公分, 神經細胞可達一公尺

16 Single cell multiple cell complex structure, organ body It grow, reproduces, process information, respond to stimuli and carry out an amazing array of chemical reactions. define life Cell biology is a integrative science that brings together biochemistry, biophysics, molecular biology, microscopy, genetics, physiology, computer science and developmental biology.

The diversity and commonality of cells Some move rapidly and have fastchanging structure (amoebae and rotifers 輪蟲 ) Oxygen: skill or absolute requirement.

17 The diversity and commonality of cells Some move rapidly and have fastchanging structure (amoebae and rotifers 輪蟲 ) Oxygen: skill or absolute requirement. Most organisms are multiple cell Unicellular organisms live. Such as the bacteria that live in our intestines and help us digest food. A single ~200 mm cell, the human egg, with sperm, which are also single cells. From the union of an egg and sperm will arise the 10 trillion cells of a human body.

18 真細菌 eubacteria 古細菌 archaebacteria Blood cell Acolonial singlecelled green alga purkinje Epithelial cell Plant cell Cells come in a astounding ( 令人驚奇 ) assortment ( 分類 ) of shapes and sizes

19 Prokaryotic cell: outer has plasma membrane but lacks a defined nucleus, and has a relatively simple internal organization. Bacteria (blue-green algae, cyanobacteria), the most numerous prokaryotes which are single celled organisms. There is no membrane-bounded compartments, however many proteins are precisely localized in their aqueous interior, or cytosol internal organization. One E coli bacterium 2.5 x g; In earth, about 5 x kg ; one people about 70 kg

20 Eukaryotic cell: contain a defined membrane-bound nucleus and extensive internal membranes that enclose compartments (organelles) Golgi vesicles: process and modify proteins. Mitochondria: generate energy Lysosomes: digest cell materials to recycle them. Peroxisomes: precess materials to the surface to release them. It comprise all members of the plant and animal kingdoms

21 E coli WBC Nucleus outer membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum golgi vesicles process and modify proteins

23 All cells are prokaryotic or eukaryotic Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic cells No Nucleus No Organelles Cell Wall of peptidoglycan Binary Fission 1 circular chromosome Small Eukaryotic Cells Nucleus Organelles If cell wall, Cellulose or chitin Mitosis Linear chromosomes um across

24 All organisms form simple bacteria to complex mammals probably evolved from a common, single celled progenitor 真細菌枯草桿菌硫葉菌古細菌極端嗜熱菌甲烷桿菌黃桿菌嗜鹽球菌嗜鹽桿菌綠硫菌甲烷球菌伯氏疏螺旋菌

Oocytes ( 成熟卵母細胞 ): external surface of stomach wall cells and are encased with a membrane that

25 瘧原蟲 Transformation is a metamorposis 裂殖子配子體孢子形成 SEM of mature oocysts and emerging sporozoites ( 孢子體 ). Oocytes ( 成熟卵母細胞 ): external surface of stomach wall cells and are encased with a membrane that protects them form the host immune system. Plasmodium organisms ( 多核的原生質團 ), the parasites that cause malaria, are single celled protozona with a remarkable life cycle Merozoites ( 裂殖子 )

26 Even single cells can have sex 單配體細胞生長 Ascospores: 囊孢子 Ascus: 子囊產生孢子減數分裂 The yeast reproduces sexually and asexually, it had different mating type (a, α)

27 Viruses are the ultimate ( 最終的 ) parasites Virus must infect a host cell to grow and reproduce Chicken pox 水痘, influenza 流行性感冒, pneumonia 肺炎,polio 小兒麻痺, rabies 狂犬病, hepatitis, AIDS, common cold ect.

We develop from a single cell In 1827, German

The first few cell division of a fertilized

28 We develop from a single cell In 1827, German physician Karl von Baer Discovered: sperm cell + egg fertilization zygote (200μm) development proliferation differentiation cell type body The first few cell division of a fertilized egg set the stage for all subsequent development

29 Stem cells, cloning and related technique offer exciting possibilities but raise some concerns Embryonic stem cell (EC cell) Reproduce copy: 1. Early stage of embryo separated five groups cell implanted to mother produced five copy sheep. 2. Multiple single-celled embryos remove nuclei injection Five genetically identical cloned sheep adult nuclei implanted to mother developed Early cytoplasm had many or unknown factor induced development

30 The molecules of a cell Small molecules carry energy, transmit signals, and are linked into macromolecules Much of the cell s contents is a watery and small molecules. The function of small molecule: Energy: ATP, photosynthesis related signal transduction: hormone, neurontransmitter formation of macromolecule : monomer polymer macromolecule such as cytoskeleton, protein, nucleic acid

Proteins give cells structure and perform most cellular tasks Form 20 different amino acids Only protein has functions Amino acid peptide poly peptide 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0

31 Proteins give cells structure and perform most cellular tasks Form 20 different amino acids Only protein has functions Amino acid peptide poly peptide functional protein Protein family: are similar to one another and therefore can be considered members Enzyme: catalyst Protein vary greatly in size, shape and function

32 Nuclei acids carry coded information of making protein at the right time and place DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid, consist from nucleotide (ATCG) Double helix, and complementary ; also called gene One gene define = may produced protein Human about gene T C A G

The coded information in NDA is covered into the amino acids sequences of proteins by a multistep process Cells use two processes in series to convert the

33 The coded information in NDA is covered into the amino acids sequences of proteins by a multistep process Cells use two processes in series to convert the coded information in DNA to protein First, transcription (DNA mrna) RNA polymerase Messenger RNA Transcription factor Second, translation (mrna protein) Ribosome

The genome is package into chromosomes and replicated during cell division Most of the DNA is located in the nucleus extensively folded into the familiar structures chromosomes Genome: an organism

34 The genome is package into chromosomes and replicated during cell division Most of the DNA is located in the nucleus extensively folded into the familiar structures chromosomes Genome: an organism comprises its entire complement of DNA. Human 46 chromosomes: half the gene form mother, other half form father Male :XY; Female: XX, one x chromosome barr body, not activity and transcription. Multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridiation; M-FISH

The work of cells Plasma membrane: separated from the external environment Plasma membrane consist from two layers of Phospholipid molecules.

35 The work of cells Plasma membrane: separated from the external environment Plasma membrane consist from two layers of Phospholipid molecules. Water-loving: hydrophilic; water hating: hydorphobic In eukaryotic cell: cytosol and internal spaces of organelles differ form the cell external in terms of acidity, ionic composition and protein. The watery interior of cells is surrounded by the plasma membrane

36 Cells build and degrade numerous molecules and structure Mitochondria or chloroplast: ATP recycle Lysosome: has many enzyme for degrade protein.. Peroxisome: degrade lipid Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) & golgi apparatus: protein production and modification

37 Cells change shape and move network of protein fibers running throughout the cytoplasm that give a cell its shape & provide a basis for movement (cytoplasmic streaming)

38 cytoskeleton microfilaments (actin*) about 7 to 8nm dia & of indefinite lengths. It is a universal eukaryotic protein 5% of total cell protein intermediate filaments... (10nm dia ex: keratin, vimentin & lamin) protein fibers [rope-like] with an intermediate diameter spans cytoplasm providing framework for mechanical strength made from a heterogeneous family of filamentous proteins microtubules... 25nm dia tubulin proteins (highly conserved evolutionarily) nm dia, up to several um long make long fibrillar protein complexes that form spontaneously repeating globular units: 2 different proteins: alpha & beta tubulin

Cells sense and send information Hydrophilic ligands bind to cell-surface receptors Examples: Ion-channel-linked receptors G-protein-linked receptors Enzyme-linked receptors Non-enzyme-linked

39 Cells sense and send information Hydrophilic ligands bind to cell-surface receptors Examples: Ion-channel-linked receptors G-protein-linked receptors Enzyme-linked receptors Non-enzyme-linked receptors Hydrophobic ligands diffuse across the plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm or the nucleus Examples: Nuclear receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones, retinoids, Vit D

Cells grow and divide Cell cycle, mitosis; a parent cell into two daughter cell The eukaryotic cell cycle had four stages: S: synthesis phase M: mitotic phase, replicated chromosomes separate G1 and

40 Cells grow and divide Cell cycle, mitosis; a parent cell into two daughter cell The eukaryotic cell cycle had four stages: S: synthesis phase M: mitotic phase, replicated chromosomes separate G1 and G2 phase: mrna and protein are made During interphase, which consists of G1, S and G2 phase, the cell roughly doubles its mass. Under starvation or when a tissue has reached its final size, cells will stop cycling and remain in a waiting state called G0.

41 Dad made you a boy or girl Meiosis Diploid Haploid Gamete Autosome (44 chromosomes) 2 (X or Y) are sex chromosomes

42 Die from aggravated assault or an internal program Apoptosis: programmed cell death, a dying cell actually produces proteins necessary for self-destruction It can prevent release damaged chemical to hurt other cells. apoptosis

43 Investigating cells and their parts

m:10-3 m symbol μ : 10-6 n: 10-9 p: 10-12 f: 10-15 毫米

44 m:10-3 m symbol μ : 10-6 n: 10-9 p: f: 毫米 mm (mini-meter) 微米 μm (micro-meter) 奈米 nm (nano-meter)

45 Cell biology reveals the size, shape, and location of cell components Micoscopes Confocol micoscopes Antibody Fluorescent protein or chemcial

46 Biochemistry reveals the molecular structure and chemistry of purified cell constituents

48 Genomics reveals differences in the structure and expression entire genomes DNA microarray Proteome ( 蛋白體 ) Proteomics ( 蛋白質體學 ) Genome ( 基因體 ) Genomics ( 基因體學 )

49 Development biology reveals changes in the properties of cells as they specialize Different gene expression different protein expression different cell physiology

50 Choosing the right experimental organism for the job Molecular divination in vitro (cell model) in vivo

A genome perspecitve on evolution Meatbolic proteins, the genetic code, and organelle structure are nearly universal Many genes controlling

58 A genome perspecitve on evolution Meatbolic proteins, the genetic code, and organelle structure are nearly universal Many genes controlling developmental are remarkably similar in humans and other animals Similar genes, conserved during evolution, regulate many developmental processes in diverse animals

60 別忘了下週三, 同一地點及中原標準時間早上 9:00 要小考 9:15 要收考卷

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untitled 1 1-1 1-3 1-2 2 (cell membrane) (cytoplasm) (organelles) 1-1 1-1 1-1 (Cell Membrane) 1972 (S. J. Singer) (G. L. Nicholson) (fluid-mosaic model) 1. 2. 1-2 3. 1 3 (phospholipids) 55% 25% (glycoproteins)