2006 1, ( 6000 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ; 12,, 1 8,, ( 1, 1981 ) ; ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) ; ( 2

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20 2006 1, ; ; ; :,, ; ; :, ; :,, ; :, ; :,,,,, ; :,, ; :, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 1992, 269 :,,,, :, , 44 74

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24 2006 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1980,,,, (,2005 8, ),, ( : ) :,, 1990,

25 Modern Chine se History Studie s No. 1, 2006 Reflection on the Last 20 Years of Modern Chinese Social History Research Xing L ong (1) Cooperation and Confrontation Bet ween the Magistrate and Local Gentry : The Case of Guangning County in Guangdong Province during the Tongzhi Period Qiu J ie (20) Du Fengzhi, who had served successively as magistrate of Guangning, Sihui and Nanhai counties during the Tongzhi and Guangxu periods, left us a detailed dairy. It is valuable historical source for us to study late Qing Guangdong. Mainly using the dairy written by him when he was magistrate of Guangning County, this article discusses the cooperation and confrontation between the magistrate and the local gentry. The four important tasks of building schools, collecting taxes, conducting trials and arresting criminals advocated by Du Fengzhi required the cooperation and support of the gentry. However, Du used a lot of threats and coercion to collect grain and funds. This caused discontent among the gentry, resulting in them making an appeal to higher authorities, and disrupting the imperial civil examinations. After a few clashes, the magistrate and the gentry reached a compro2 mise. Though both parties suffered some losses, they retained respectively their official post and scholarly honor. The Xianfeng and Tongzhi reigns were the key period for the change in the official2gentry relationship, and the situation in Gauangdong was unique. The case of Guangning county during the Tongzhi period can help to in2 crease our understanding of late Qing political power and society at the basic level. The Geography of Shanxi and Shaanxi and the System for Protecting Water Rights in Modern Times Han Maoli (40) Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces are made up of arid and semiarid areas. Because of a lack of water resources, water rights became a key part of people s lives in this region. Centering on water rights, this article explores the management of the water rights protection system, and the differing maintenance principles and characteristics of rights in different irrigation channels. It also points out that when the water supply relied on irrigation channels, as it did here, the distribution of water resources tended to develop two levels of beneficiaries : the irrigation chan2 nels and the residents who acquired the water resources. Corresponding to these two levels, the water rights pro2 tection system formed geographical water rights circles, based on irrigation channel systems and villages, and con2 sanguineous water rights circles, centered on clans. These two kinds of circles mingled with each other, and mixed with social conventions and social inertia, playing important roles in country society. Water Wells and Northern Rural Society : Based on Field Research on Rural Water Wells in Some Areas of Shanxi, Shaanxi and Henan Provinces Hu Yingze (55) Using stelae from water wells and oral materials collected during field research, this essay examines water well customs in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Henan since the Ming and Qing dynasties, and gives a sketch of how water was used in rural life in North China. Research into the water well system indicates that in northern villages wa2 ter wells played important roles in building community space, establishing social order, managing the population of the community, constructing public space, and influencing relations between villages. The water well system

26 stressed geographic relationships and reflected the special nature of rural society in the North. Research into this topic can help us to understand traditional northern rural society. In What Sense Are Cartoons Materials for Social History?: An Analysis of Feng Zikai s Cartoons Xiao Tian (79) In what sense are pictures, including cartoons, materials for social history? This is not merely a simple mat2 ter of determining the reliability of historical data, more than that it is a process of deeply grasping the character2 istics of social history through an interdisciplinary dialogue between art and history. Through analyzing Feng Zikai s cartoons, we find that as a means of preserving the life of a past society, and a concept of understanding that life, cartoons, with their unique artistic language, show us the interactions and movements of ordinary actors in the community network. Cartoons also make historical actors express their own ideas, both disclosing the social historical significance embedded in daily, grass2roots life, and contributing the cartoonist s own ideas. Through the historical transformation of artistic expression, all these scenes, voices, significances and ideas become materi2 als for social history. Ne w History bet ween Two Poles : An Inquiry into the History of Scholarship of the Historio2 graphy Society Chen Feng (93) The Historiography Society, headed by Wu Han, was once prominent in historiographical circles in the 1930s. It played an active role in the transformation of Chinese historiography from tradition to modernity. It set up social2economic history as its central discipline, paying special attention to interpreting historical phenomena and historical problems from a social and economic standpoint. Historiographically, the Society stood for the cen2 trality of the common people. The Society paid attention to the historical conditions of grass2roots society and the common people, and adopted a strategy of using popular idiom for expression. They laid equal stress on positivism and interpretation in their search for knowledge, and paid attention to both historical data and historical concep2 tion. The Society advocated borrowing theories and methods from sociology, economics, statistics and other disci2 plines to explain Chinese history, and thereby greatly rejuvenated historical research methods. Its New Historio2 graphy belongs to a broader school of historical materialism than Marxist Historiography in general. Its emergence indicated that historical materialism was becoming more and more mature. The Peking University History Department s Curriculum Reforms before the Resistance War against Japanese Aggression Sha ng Xiaomi ng (115) Molding Nationals and the Nationalist Revolution : A Comment on John Fitzgerald s Monograph Awakening China : Politics, Culture, and Class in t he Nationalist Revolution L iu Ping (134) Researchers and the Possibilities of Objective History : Reading An Assessment of What If Historiography by Professor Fang Delin Wang Yeyang (150) A Re2examinatien of the Relationship bet ween Cai Yuanpei and Zhou Yunl iang Song Peiji, Qia nbi n (155) English abstracts translated by Du Jidong and edited by Alexander Beels Articles appearing in this journal are abstracted and indexed in HISTORICAL ABSTRACTS and AMERICA : HISTOR Y AND L IFE.

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