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1 2012 5, 19(3): Journal of Fishery Sciences of China 研究论文 DOI: /SP.J Ecopath 黄孝锋 1, 邴旭文 2,3, 陈家长 2,4 1., ; 2., ; 3., ; 4., 摘要 : , Ecopath with Ecosim,, 鲌 17,,,,,, : ; ; ; 中图分类号 : X171 文献标志码 : A 文章编号 : (2012) ,, [1 3], [4], 30,, [3, 5] [6,7] [8] [9] [10] [11],,,,, , [12 13] 20 70,,,,, 2001 [14] , [15],,, 收稿日期 : ; 修订日期 : 基金项目 : ( ); ( ). 作者简介 : (1980 ),,,. xfhuang2020@163.com 通信作者 :,,. bingxw@ffrc.cn

2 472 19, [16], [17] [18],, , ,, / (P/B) /(Q/B), ( 1 2, Ecopath,,, : Q=P+R+U, Q, P, R, U Ecopath (box group),,,,, [1,3] Ecopath, Ecopath (i) 1 1(E: , N: ); 2 (E: , N: ); 3 (E: , N: ); 4 (E: , N: ); 5(E: ,N: ); 6(E: , N: ); 7 (E: , N: ); 8(E: , N: ); 9(E: , N: );10 (E: , N: ); 11(E: , N: ); 12(E: , N: ); 13 (E: , N: ); 14(E: , N: ); 15 (E: , N: ). Fig. 1 Location of sampling stations in this study

3 3 : Ecopath 473 : =0, : P i =Y i +B i +B i M 2i +E i +BA i +M 0i B i, Q i =P i +R i +U i Pi( 1 EE n i) Qj DC ji : M 0i = ; M 2i = B B i j= 1, P i i, Y i, B i, E i, BA i, R i, U i, Q i, M 0i, M 2i, EE i i, ; DC ji i, Ecopath 12~50,, 17 ( 1),, ;, ;,, : (Toxabramis swinhonis) 鰔 (Hemirhamphus kurumeus) (Distoechodon tumirustrisn peters) (Ctenogobius giurinus) 鳉 (Oryzias latipes sinensis) (Mastacembelidae aculeatus) (Abbottina rivularis); (Ctenopharyngodon idella) (Megalobrama amblycephala); (Macrobrachium nipponensis) (Palaemon modestus)(eriocheir sinensis); i (Corbicula fluminea) (Cipangopaludina cahayensis) (Ballamya purificata); (Pentaneura spp.) (Tubifex sinicus Chen)(Brachiura variegatum) (Chironomus plumosus) ; (Zizaniz latifolia) (Phragmitis communis)(nymphoides peltata) (Myriophyllum spicatum); (Carassius auratus) 鰟鮍 (Rhodeus sinenise gunther) 鰟鮍 (Rhodus ocellatus) 鮈 (A.gracilis Nichols) 鱊 (Paracheilognathus imberbis); 鲌 (Cultrichthys erythropterus) (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)(channa argus) (S.chuatsi/S.kneri) (Hemibarbus maculates) 鱤 (Elopichthys bambusa); (Potamogeton maackianus) (Vallisneria spiralis)(potamogeton malaianus) (Myriophyllum spicatum) (Hydrilla verticillata) Ecopath,, Ecopath, : 0<EE l P/Q<0.3, Ecowrite, Pedigree, 2 ±20% Ecopath, ( 2 3) , 2, ,

4 code Abb. 表年五里湖生态系统模型食物组成 Tab.1 Diet composition of ecopath model of Wuli Lake ecosystem / prey/predator functional group LarC 鲌 large culters OthP other piscivores TapA tapertail anchovy ComC common carp CruC crucian carp BigC bighead carp OthF other wild miscellaneousfishes SilC silver carp HerF herbivorous fishes MacC macrocrustaceans Moll molluscs OthB other benthos Zoop zooplanktons SubM submerged macrophytes OthM other macrophytes Phyt phytoplanktons Detr detritus : /. Note: the codes of prey/predator are consistent with those of functional groups.

5 3 : Ecopath 475 表年五里湖生态系统模型基本输入和参数表 Tab.2 Basic input and estimated parameters for Wuli Lake ecosystem model in 2006 functional group TL biomass / P/B / Q/B EE / P/Q 1 鲌 large culters [19] [19] other piscivores [19] [19] tapertail anchovy [19] [19] common carp [19] [19] crucian carp [19] [19] bighead carp [19] [19] other wild miscellaneous fishes [19] [19] silver carp [19] [19] herbivorous fishes [19] [19] macrocrustaceans [20-21] [20-21] molluscs [22-24] [20-21] other benthos [22-24] [20-21] zooplanktons [25] [20-21] submerged macrophytes [25] other macrophytes phytoplanktons [25] detritus :. Note: Bold data are estimated by model. code 表年五里湖生态系统模型基本输入和参数表 Tab.3 Basic input and estimated parameters for Wuli Lake ecosystem model in 2009 functional group TL biomass / production/ biomass / Q/B EE / P/Q 1 鲌 large culters [19] [19] other piscivores [19] [19] tapertail anchovy [19] [19] common carp [19] [19] crucian carp [19] [19] bighead carp [19] [19] other wild miscellaneous fishes [19] [19] silver carp [19] [19] herbivorous fishes [19] [19] macrocrustaceans [20-21] [20-21] molluscs [22-24] [20-21] other benthos [22-24] [20-21] zooplanktons [25] [20-21] submerged macrophytes [25] other macrophytes phytoplanktons [25] detritus :. Note: Bold data are estimated by model.

6 表年和 2009 年五里湖生态系统各营养级间的能量转换效率 Tab.4 Energy transfer efficiency of discrete trophic levels in the Wuli Lake ecosystem between 2006 and 2009 item trophic level II III IV V VI II III IV V VI producer detritus all flows proportion of total flow originating from detritus /%( II VI ) transfer efficiencies (calculated as geometric mean for TL II VI) from primary producers from detritus total %, 65% ; %,, 60%, 3.1% 10.0% 2.3 Ecopath Pianka [26], (predator overlap) (prey overlap) Pianka (Pianka index) : 0, ; 1,, Ecopath, , ( ) 5 5, 2006, 表年和 2009 年滤食性生物与生态系统各功能组的猎物重叠指数 Tab.5 Niche prey overlap indexes of filtering feeding organisms about function groups in Wuli Lake between 2006 and 2009 code group name filtering feeding organism bighead carp silver carp molluscs 鲌 large culters other piscivores tapertail anchovy common carp crucian carp bighead carp other wild miscellaneous fishes silver carp herbivorous fishes macrocrustaceans molluscs other benthos zooplanktons

7 3 : Ecopath 477 ; 2009, , ; ,,,, ; 2.4 (Mixed Trophic Impacts, MTI) [27] Ecopath with Ecosim , 2 3 2,, 2006, ,, 2009, ; 2006,, 2009,, 2006, 2009 ( ), ( ) ,,. 1. Fig.2 Mixed trophic impacts in Lake Wuli in 2006 Bars above the base line represent a positive impact whereas bars below he base line indicate a negative impact. The height of the bars is proportion to the degree of impact. Abbreviation of functional group name are shown in table 1.

8 ,, ; 1. Fig.3 Mixed trophic impacts in Lake Wuli in 2009 Bars above the base line represent a positive impact whereas bars below he base line indicate a negative impact. The height of the bars is proportion to the degree of impact. Abbreviation of functional group name are shown in table , ( 6) [28],, / (TPP/TR), TPP/TR 1.154(2006 ) 1.339(2009 ),,,,,, [11] [1] Finn s (FCI),, FCI 1 Finn s (FCI) % (2006 ) % (2009 ),,, 3.628(2006 ) 3.944(2009 ), Finn s (FCL),,, [27] Finn s (FCL) 3.909(2006 ) 3.393(2009 ),, (CI) (SOI),

9 3 : Ecopath 479 6, 0.243(2006 ) 0.277(2009 ), (SOI) 0.106(2006 ) 0.119(2009 ),, 3.2, 2008, TN TP % 10.06% [14] [30 31], ;, [32] [33],,,, ( 2, 3) Ⅰ Ⅱ, Ⅱ Ⅲ,, [5],, ( 5),,, [15],,,,, Finn s,,, 表年和 2009 年五里湖生态系统的总体特征参数 Tab.6 Parameter indices of Wuli Lake ecosystem in 2006 and 2009 attribute parameter /( t km 2 a 1 ) sum of all consumption(tq) / (t km 2 a 1 ) sum of all exports(tex) /(t km 2 a 1 ) sum of all respiratory flows(tr) /(t km 2 a 1 ) sum of all flows into detritus(tde) /(t km 2 a 1 ) total system throughput(t) /(t km 2 a 1 ) sum of all production(tp) /(t km 2 a 1 ) calculated total net primary production(tpp) / total primary production/total respiration(tpp/tr) /(t km 2 a 1 ) net system production / total primary production/total biomass(tpp/tb) / total biomass/total throughput(tb/tt) ( )/(t km 2 ) total biomass (excluding detritus) (A) ascendency Finn s /% finn s cycling index(fci) Finn s Finn s mean path length(fcl ) connectance index(ci) system omnivory index(soi)

10 480 19,,, (EWE) (Ecospace Ecosim) [6],, 参考文献 : [1],,,. Ecopath [J]., 2009, 2(2): [2],,,. [J]., 2010(1): [3],. Ecopath with Ecosim [J]., 2007, 31(1): [4] Christensen V, Carl W. Ecopath with Ecosim: methods, capabilities and limitations[j]. Ecol Model, 2004, 3(2 4): [5],,,. Ecopath with Ecosim [J]., 2009, 16(2): [6] Liu Q G, Chen Y. The food web structure and ecosystem properties of a filter-feeding carps dominated deep reservoir ecosystem[j]. Ecol Model, 2007, 5(3-4): [7],,,. [J]., 2011, 18(4): [8] Duan L, Li S, Liu Y, et al. Modeling changes in the coastal ecosystem of the Pearl River Estuary from 1981 to 1998[J]. Ecol Model, 2009, 10(20): [9],,. [J]., 2008, 28(5): [10], Pauly D. [J]., 2000, 11(3): [11],,,. - [J]., 2010, 17(3): [12] [J]., 1962, 1(2): [13],. [J]., 1959, 2(3): [14],,,. [J]., 2010, 26(5): [15],,,. [J]., 2008,10: 3 4. [16],,,. [J]., 2009, 16: [17],,,. [J]., 2007, 19(6): [18],,, [J]., 2009, 21(6): [19] Palomares D, Pauly D. Predicting food consumption of fish populations as functions of mortality, food type, morphometrics, temperature and salinity[j]. Mar Fresh Res, 1998, 49(5): [20] Yunkai L, Chen Y, Song B, et al. Ecosystem structure and functioning of Lake Taihu (China) and the impacts of fishing[j]. Fish Res, 2009, 95(2-3): [21] Liu Q G, ChenY, Li J L, et al. The food web structure and ecosystem properties of a filter-feeding carps dominated deep reservoir ecosystem[j]. Ecol Model, 2007, 203: [22],,. [J]., 2009(3): [23],. [J]., 2007, 31(3): [24],. [J]., 2000, 12(1): [25]. [M]. :, [26] Pianka E P. Niche overlap and diffuse competition[j]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1974, 71(5): [27] Hannon B. The structure of ecosystems[j]. J Theor Biol, 1973, 41(3): [28] Odum E P. Fundamental ecology[m]. W B Saunders Co. Philadelphia,1971: [29] Finn T. Measurements of ecosystem structure and function derived from analysis of flow[j]. Theor Biol, 1976, 56: [30],,,. [J]., 2008, 28(4): [31] Starling F L R M. Control of eutrophication by silver carp in the tropoical Paranoa Reservoir(Brasilia, Brazil): a mesocosm experiment[j]. Hydrobiologia, : [32],.

11 3 : Ecopath 481 [J]., 2009, 29(5): [33] Liu Q G, Chen Y, Li J L, et al.the food web structure and ecosystem properties of a filter-feeding carps dominated deep reservoir ecosystem[j]. Ecol Model, 2007, 5(10): 3 4. Energy flow and trophic structure of the Wuli Lake ecosystem based on an ecopath model HUANG Xiaofeng 1, BING Xuwen 2,3, CHEN Jiachang 2,4 1. College of Fisheries, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi , China; 2. Fresh Water Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi , China; 3. Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi , China; 4. Key Open Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Resources of Inland Fisheries, Wuxi , China Abstract: We constructed mass-balance models for the Wuli Lake ecosystem for 2006 and 2009 using Ecopath model. Using these models, we compared changes in ecosystem structure and energy flow before and after implement of the Aquatic Environment Improve Oriented (AEIO) fishery in Wuli Lake. The models included 17 functional groups covering the main trophic flow of the Wuli Lake ecosystem. These functional groups included large culters, other piscivores, Tapertail anchovy, common carp, Crucian carp, Bighead carp, other wild miscellaneous fishes, Silver carp, herbivorous fishes, macrocrustaceans, molluscs, other benthos, zooplanktons, submerged macrophytes, other macrophytes, phytoplanktons, and detritus. The scale of the Wuli Lake ecosystem expanded following enhancement of biological filter-feeding fish and shellfish. The development degree of the ecosystem was increased, as was the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic level and. There was an expansion in niche overlap between filter-feeding fish and shellfish and the other functional groups. The relationship among the function groups strengthened between 2006 and 2009, but the ecosystem was at a developmental stage. The rate of material flow and material recycling has decreased. Key words: Wuli Lake; Ecopath model; ecosystem structure; energy flow Corresponding author: BING Xuwen. bingxw@ffrc.cn

1 GIS 95 Y = F y + (1 F) (1) 0 0 Y0 kg/hm 2 /day F y 0 y c kg/hm 2 /day [12] y m 20 kg/hm 2 /hour Y = cl cn ch G [ F( y ) T m yo + (2) (1 F)(

1 GIS 95 Y = F y + (1 F) (1) 0 0 Y0 kg/hm 2 /day F y 0 y c kg/hm 2 /day [12] y m 20 kg/hm 2 /hour Y = cl cn ch G [ F( y ) T m yo + (2) (1 F)( 24 1 Vol.24 No.1 94 2008 1 Transactions of the CSAE Jan. 2008 2008 1 100094 2 100035 3 100081 4 100081 5 100101 GIS ( ) 65.12 16.82 13.74 15.27 11.07 t/(hm 2 a) 10.93% 41.43% 46.93% 65.4%. Bi Jiye, Zhu