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23 Modern Chine se History Studie s No. 2, 2008 The Decline of the Classics and the Rise of Zhang Xuecheng s Theory that the Six Classics Are Histories L iu Wei (4) Since the late Qing period, with the invasion of Western powers and introduction of Western learning in China, in the face of national crisis, the classics ceased to be the best intellectual resources for scholar2officials to give full play to their political and cultural ideals. As a result, the idea that the six classics are histories became a popular view. This ar2 ticle briefly describes the influences on Zhang Xuecheng s theory that the six classics are histories, and changes it went through. Mainly, this article links Zhang s theory with the late Qing debate over new2text and old2text Confucian stud2 ies, and with the slogan the six classics are historical data, proposed by new historians in the Republican period. From the six classics are histories to suborning the six classics to ancient history and on to the six classics are historical da2 ta, the great attention given to this theory was a profound reflection of the fact that classical studies had declined in mod2 ern China and had been supplanted in its leading position by historiography. The classics themselves were destined to be2 come an appendage of historiography in the role of historical data. The decline of the authority of the classics was par2 alleled by the rise of the theory that the six classics are histories. These two contrary but internally connected trends deeply reflect the political and social changes of the time. The Xi an Incident and Japan s Pol icies toward China Za ng Yunhu (26) In August 1936, Japan settled on and began to carry out a China policy centered on breaking up North China. The outbreak of the Xi an Incident upset Japan s scheme to invade China, and made standing united against Japan the most domestically attractive and internationally influential goal in China. During the Incident, Japan firstly adopted the princi2 ple of continuation and acceleration, attempting to use the situation as an opportunity to push forward its existing China policy. But when the actual situation became clear, Japan was forced to adopt an attitude of watching and waiting. Nevertheless, Japan persisted in intervening to try to dissolve the Communists. The quick and peaceful settlement of the Xi an Incident finally undermined Japan s intrigues entirely. After the Incident, China began a united resistance a2 gainst aggression, and the Japanese ruling group was forced to re2evaluate it s understanding of China. At the same time, the Japanese political situation was in turmoil. The Hayashi Cabinet amended the existing China policy, mainly by intro2 ducing the Sato Diplomacy. However, this was not a fundamental change. After the Sato Diplomacy failed, the Ko2 noe Cabinet returned to the Hirota Cabinet s old policy, and eventually set out on the road toward general invasion. Ally with Germany, or Continue to Side with Great Britain and the USA? A Page from the Guomindang s Attempt at Diplomatic Real ignment af ter the Yunnan2Burma Road Incident Zuo Shuangwen (38) In J uly 1940, under Japanese pressure, Great Britain agreed to close off the Yunnan2Burma road for three months. The Chinese government and the general public were very upset at this action, and in the Guomindang leadership there were calls to sever diplomatic relations with Britain and ally with Germany. Some officials even began to take some ex2 ploratory measures. However, Wang Shijie, the director of the Guomindang Central Committee s Department of Propa2 ganda, and some other officials strongly opposed this suggestion and persuaded Chiang Kai2shek to maintain the existing diplomatic strategy. The suggestion of allying with Germany was finally abandoned due to these factors, and particularly due to later changes in the international situation (i. e. the alliance between Germany, Italy and Japan, and their recogni2 tion of the Wang Jingwei puppet regime ; and the USA s ever2toughening stance towards Japan). Although the Guomin2 dang s discussion of diplomatic re2alignment did not actually cause any major upheavals, the issues involved were tied to the Nationalist government s major policies, and were important enough to have an overall impact on China s war of re2 sistance. These issues also reflected the political ideas and thoughts of important figures in the Guomindang. The Institute of Pacif ic Relations and the Northeast China Issue : the China and Ja pan Branches

2005 4,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2001 ) ;() ( 1997 ) ; ( 1997 ) ; () (1996 ) ;,: ( 1995 ) ; (1995 ),,,, (J13) (J9) (J10), (J19) (J17) 58

,,,, 44 %,,,,,,,,,,,, 57 2005 4,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2001 ) ;() ( 1997 ) ; ( 1997 ) ; () (1996 ) ;,: ( 1995 ) ; (1995 ),,,, (J13) (J9) (J10), (J19) (J17) 58 ,,,,,,,,,,, 1945 11 5,, ( ) : ; 1945 11,,,,,:, 1987,802,