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1 ( )2015 6( 252) ( ; ) [ ] ; [ ] ; ; ; ; [ ] I046 [ ] A [ ] (2015) (Worldliteratureisanelipticalrefraction ofnationalliteratures) 1 (elipticalreflection) (focus) (eliptical) (refraction) : (DavidDamrosch)2003 ( ) (Whatis World Litera- ture) : [ ] [ ] (12AZD086); (14JJD750008) 1 DamroschD.(2003).Whatis World LiteraturePrincetonN.J.:PrincetonUniversityPress.

2 132 ( )2015 6( 252) ( : [sourcecultures]) ( [hostcultures]) : ( ) : 18 1 : ( ) (essentialize) 1 DamroschD.Whatis World LiteraturePrincetonN.J.:PrincetonUniversityPress2003p.282.

3 133 (KennethRexroth) (elipticalrelation) (JaneHirschfield) 1 (ArthurWaley) (Burton Watson) ; (RobertBly) ; (TheLocust TreeinFlower) (BilyColins) (ReadinganAnthologyofChinese 20 PoemsoftheSungDynastyIpausetoAdmirethe LengthandClarityofTheirTitles) ; 50 (Cold Moun- tain) 2 ; ; : : 1 2 : :

4 134 ( )2015 6( 252) : 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) (JudithGautier) ( ) ( ) Thesmokefrom the ( ) cotagescurls/up around the citron trees/and thehuesoflate Autumnare/Onthegreenpau- lownias : ( ) 1 ( ) : : 2001

5 135 1 (instinctiveafinity)5 2 ; 3 ; (gap) 6 : 4 : 7 (readability) (reliability) : : QianZ.Orientalism and Modernism:theLegacyof Chinain Pound and Wiliams.Durham:Duke University Press1995p.6. 6 LacanJ.TheSeminar.Book XI.The Four FundamentalConceptsof Psychoanalysis.transAlanSheridanLon- 7 8 don:hogarthpressandinstituteofpsycho-analysis.1977p.206. EliotT.S..Introductionto Ezra Pound:Selected Poems.London:FaberandFaber1928p.14. RexrothK.One Hundred Poemsfrom thechinese.new York:New Directions1971p.136.

6 136 ( )2015 6( 252) 3 20 (visva-manav) 1; 5 6 (AmyLowel) (Ayscough) : 7 : 8 ; (20 ) 2 ; TagoreR.ChaudhuriS.GhoshaS.n.& DasS.K.Selected Writingson Literatureand Language.New Delhi: OxfordUniversityPress2001p.143. PoundE.(1915). TheRenaissance:I-ThePalete.Poetry5(5) (Pound1915p.228) WiliamsR.J.(2007). DecolonizingCathay:TeachingtheScandalsofTranslationthroughAngelIslandPoet- ry.transformations:specialisueon Teachingin Translation17(2)15-30.(Wiliams2007) 5 6 : : Anonymous.(1981).Chinese Poetry andthe AmericanImagination.Ironwood p.40. ArthurC.-B.. Poemsfrom Cathay.Times.Literary SupplementApril

7 137 : 5 (PeterBoodberg) (Theempty mountain ) 1 ; countertones antistrophicglowlight 6 2 ; : 7 (readability) (ArthurWaley) (vice)3 (nationalvice) 4 (EliotWeinberger) (Nineteen waysofloo- king at Wangwei) (singlespot) 1 2 DamroschD.Whatis World LiteraturePrincetonN.J.:PrincetonUniversityPress2003p WaleyA..A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems.New York:A.A.Knopf1919p.157. AyscoughF.W.& LowelA..Fir-flower Tablets:Poems Translated from thechinese.boston:houghton Mif- lincompany1921p.xx. WeinbergerE.WangW.& PazO..Nineteen Waysof Looking at Wang Wei:How a Chinese Poem is Transla- ted(1sted.).mountkiscon.y.:moyerbel1987p.43. WeinbergerE.WangW.& PazO..Nineteen Waysof Looking at Wang Wei:How a Chinese Poem is Transla- ted(1sted.).mountkiscon.y.:moyerbel1987p DamroschD.Whatis World LiteraturePrincetonN.J.:PrincetonUniversityPress2003p SnyderG..The Gary Snyder Reader:ProsePoetryand Translations WashingtonD.C.:Counter- point1999p.xx.

8 138 ( )2015 6( 252) ( ) HowtoBecomeWorldLiterature: ElipticalrefractionanddisseminationofoverseasChineseliterature WU Yong-an 1 LIU Hong-tao (unutera- blyalien) 2 4 : 5 (1.UniversityofNorthFlorida2.SchoolofChineseLanguageandLiteratureBNUBeijing100875China) Abstract:ThetheoryofElipticalRefractionproposedbyDavidDamroschdrivesawedgebetweenthewesternexperi- enceandcoreprinciplesofworldliteratureprovidingcriticalconsiderationofthedistinctivehistoricaldevelopmentsindifer- entregionsacrosstheworld.thetransmissionofnationalliteratureintothecorpusofworldliteratureisaninevitability whichcreatesamixingpointofthesourcecultureandthehostculture.thisalowsnationalliteraturetotransformitselfinto worldliteratureinvariousformsviadistincttraceablepaths.thetheorydispelsmuchoftheimpedimentimposedbyessen- tialismandencouragesfurtherdisseminationofchineseliteratureoverseas.thisarticleintroducestheconceptandsignifi- canceofelipticalrefractionandthenadaptsitasthetheoreticframeworkwithwhichtoanalyze WenYiduo scriticalrespon- sestowardsananthologyoftangpoetrytranslatedfrom ChinesetoEnglish.PerceivingtheissuesClassicalChinesepoetry facesonitsroadtobecoming WorldLiteraturethearticledemonstrateshowtouseelipticalrefractiontostudytherelated issuesandevaluatetherebirthofnationalliteratureinanotherliteraryspace. Keywords:worldliterature;ElipticalRefraction;DavidDamrosch;EnglishtranslationofChineseclassicpoetry;dissemi- nationofoverseaschineseliterature 1 2 DamroschD.Whatis World LiteraturePrincetonN.J.:PrincetonUniversityPress2003p CavalaroD.Criticaland Cultural Theory:Thematic Variations.NewBrunswickNJ:TheAthlonePress2001p WeinbergerE.WangW.& PazO.Nineteen Waysof Looking at Wang Wei:How a Chinese Poem is Transla- ted(1sted.).mountkiscon.y.:moyerbel1987p.1. OwenS. TheAnxietyofGlobalInfluence:Whatis WorldPoetry.New Republic191990p.31.

科举定义与起源（河南大学学报稿件）

科举定义与起源（河南大学学报稿件）科举制度的定义与起源申论张希清 ( 北京大学中国古代史研究中心, 北京 100871) 提要 : 在中国科举制度的研究中, 科举制度的定义与起源问题成为最大热门课题之一我认为, 科举制度是朝廷开设科目, 士人可以自由报考, 主要以考试