中山大學學位論文典藏.PDF

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2 Ohio State University University of Texas at Austin University of California at Los Angeles University of New Orleans

3 /1 /1 /2 /10 /13 /17 /18 /21 /24 /27 /30 /35 /37 /37 /40 /43 /52 /52 /56 /62 /64 /64 /66 /68 /73 /75 /76 /87 /97 /108 /115

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6 1-1 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Panebianco /188

7 6-5 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /263

8 1-1 / / / / Dahl / Harmel Janda / / Gallagher / / / / / / / / / / /260

9 1 / /301 3 /303 4 /305 5 /307 6 /310 7 /313 8 /315 9 / / / /339

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11 Democratic Progressive Party C. C Tien Hung-mao, Government and Politics in Kuomintang (California: Stanford University Press, 1972), pp

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13 Beller Belloni The Study of Factions 5 political party interest group faction Linton faction social anthropologists Lasswell Key coterie 5 Dennis C. Beller Frank P. Belloni, The Study of Factions, in Frank P. Belloni and Dennis C. Beller, eds., Faction Politics: Political Parties and Factionalism in Comparative Perspective (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio Press, 1978), pp Lord Bolinglroke, David Hume, Edmund Burke, James Madison 7 Harold D. Lasswell, Factions, in Edwin R. A. Seligman, ed., Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, Vol.6 (New York: The Macmillian Company, 1931), pp

14 8 Duverger Zariski 10 Chamber Rose tendency 12 Nyomarkay 13 wings 1960 Nicholas 14 Kothari 15 faction systems Nicholson style of politics 8 V. O. Key, Jr., Southern Politics in State and NationNew York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1949 ; V. O. Key, Jr., American State Politics: An Introduction (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956). 9 Maurice Duverger, Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State, Barbara and Robert North trans., (London: Methuen Co., third edition, 1964). 10 Raphael Zariski, Party Factions and the Comparative Politics: Some Preliminary Observations, Midwest Journal of Political Science, Vol. 4, No.1 (Feb. 1960), pp William Nisbet Chambers, Party Development and Party Action: The Americam Origins, Journal of History and Theory, Vol.3, No.1 (Feb. 1963), pp Richard Rose, Parties, Factions, and Tendency in Britain, Political Studies, Vol.12, No.1 (Feb. 1964), pp Joseph L. Nyomarkay, Factionalism in the Northern Socialist German Workers Party, : The Myth and Reality of the Northern Factions, Political Science Quarterly, Vol.LXXX, No.1 (Mar. 1965), pp Ralph W. Nicholas, Factions: A Comparative analysis, in Michael Banton, ed., Political System and the Distribution of Power, Association of Social Anthropologists, Monograph No.2 (London: Tavistock Publications, 1965), pp Rajni Kothari, The Congress Party System in India, Asian Survey, Vo.4, No.12 (Dec. 1964), pp

15 factionalism in the small, homogeneous community of traditional villages poly-communal factionalism in national-wide political organizations or political parties hierarchical factionalism in highly centralized power structures Belloni Beller Political Parties and Factionalism in Comparative Perspective dominant-party alternating-party single-party Democratization Factional Politics and Democratization Gillespie, Waller Nieto Dahl Norman K. Nicholson, The Factional Model and the Study of Politics, Comparative Political Studies, Vol.5, No.3 (Oct. 1972), pp Frank P. Belloni and Dennis C. Beller, eds., Faction Politics: Political Parties and Factionalism in Comparative Perspective (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio Press, 1978). 18 Richard Gillespie, Michael Waller and Lourdes L. Nieto, eds., Factional Politics and Democratization, Democratization, Vol.2, No.1 (Spring. 1995). 19 Richard Gillespie, Michael Waller and Lourdes L. Nieto, eds., Factional Politics and Democratization (London: Frank Cass Co, 1995). 20 Robert A. Dahl, PolyarchyParticipation and Opposition (New Haven and LondonYale University Press, 1971), pp Tien Hung-mao, The Transformation of an Authoritarian Party-State: Taiwan s 5

16 22 party system Chao, Wu, Rigger 23 Rigger 24 Lu, Development Experience, Issues Studies, Vol.25, No.7(July. 1989), pp ; Cheng Tun-jen, Democratizing the Quasi-Leninist Regime in Taiwan, World Politics, Vol.61, No.4 (July. 1989), pp ; Huang Teh-fu, Electoral Competition and Democratic Transition in the Republic of China, Issues Studies, Vol.27, No.10 (Oct. 1991), pp ; Chu Yun-han, Crafting Democracy in Taiwan (Taipei: Institute of National Policy Research, 1992), pp ; Cheng Tun-jen Stephan Haggard, eds., Political Change in Taiwan (London: Lynne Rienner, 1992); You Ying-lung, Elite Politics in the Process of Taiwan s Regime Change ( ), Soochow Journal of Political Science, No.2( 1993), pp ; Shelley Rigger, Mobilisational Authoritarianism and Political Opposition in Taiwan, in Garry Rodan ed., Political Opposition in Industrialising Asia (New York: Routledge, 1996), pp Chao Chien-min, The DPP in Power, Journal of Contemporary China, Vol.11, No.33 (Nov. 2002), pp ; Wu Jau-shieh, Political Earthquake and Aftershocks: The DPP after the 2000 Presidential Election, Journal of Contemporary China, Vol.11, No.33 (Nov. 2002), pp ; Shelley Rigger, The Ruling Party: Finding Effective Governance, Taipei Review, Vol.53, No.2 (Feb. 2003), pp ; Shelley Rigger, From Opposition to Power: Taiwan s Democratic Progressive Party (Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 2001). 25 Lu Ya -li, Political Opposition in Taiwan: The Development of the Democratic Progressive Party, in Cheng Tun-jen and Stephan Haggard, eds., Political Change in Taiwan (Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 1992), pp

17 Cheng Hsu Cheng Tun-jen and Hsu Yung-ming, Issue Structure, the DPP s Factionalism and Party Realignment, in Tien Hung-mao, ed., Taiwan s Electoral Politics Democratic Transition: Riding the Third Way (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1996), pp

18 43 multi-member district single non-transferable vote, SNTV Wang, Chao Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper Row Publications, 1957), pp

19 Wang Te-yu, One China, One Taiwan: An Analysis of the Democratic Progressive Party s China Policy, African and Asian Studies, Vol.35, No.1 (Feb. 2000), pp ; Chao Chien-min, One Step Forward, One Step Backward: Chen Shui-bian s Mainland Policy, Journal of Contemporary China, Vol.12, No.3 (Jan. 2002), pp

20 1-1 A. B. C. D. E Key party organization party and the electorate party and the government 10

21 52 F. G. H. I. coalition of factions 52 V. O. Key, Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1958). 11

22 1-1 A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Hhhhhii g I. 12

23

24 research methods literature analysis method content analysis method interview surveys method observation method

25 15 1-1

26 16

27 faction party 1 faction facere to do to act factio party partire divided, part part Burke object term concrete entity or agency 2 habatsu siya tendance flugel, richtung, tendency correnti sub-lema sector linea, corriente, ala, 3 tendencia 4 1 Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party System: A Framework for Analysis, Vol.1 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p Ibid., pp Dennis C. Beller and Frank P. Belloni, Party and Factions: Modes of Political Competition, in Frank P. Belloni and Dennis C. Beller, eds., Faction Politics: Political Parties and Factionalism in Comparative Perspective (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio Press, 1978), p Dennis C. Beller and Frank P. Belloni, The Study of Factions, in Frank P. Belloni and Dennis C. Beller, eds., Faction Politics: Political Parties and Factionalism in Comparative Perspective (Santa 17

28 opprobrious epithet 5 Hobbes conspiracies 6 Bolinglroke 7 Hume 8 Burke 9 the king s men Madison The Federalist Papers 12 Madison Barbara, California: ABC-Clio Press, 1978), pp Ibid., p Thomas Hobbes Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party System: A Framework for Analysis, p Charles W. Hendel, ed. David Hume s Political Essays (New York: The Liberal Arts Press, 1953), pp Edmund Burke Sartori Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party System: A Framework for Analysis, p Edmund Burke James Madison, No. 10 The same subject continued, in Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (Richmond, Vi rginia: Westvaco Corporation, 1995), pp. 10:55-10:66. 18

29 Madison / 13 Belloni Beller traditional bias Sartori 14 Belloni Beller Lasswell Huntington Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party System: A Framework for Analysis, p Dennis C. Beller and Frank P. Belloni, The Study of Factions, p Harold D. Lasswell, Factions, in Edwin R. A. Seligman, ed., Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, 19

30 factionalism 17 Lasswell Huntington cultural contexts 18 clientele tendency cross-party tendency 19 fraktion atomized party reformism Zariski Belloni Beller Vol.6 (New York: The Macmillian Company, 1931), pp Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968), pp Raphael Zariski, Party Factions and Comparative Politics: Some Empirical Findings, in Frank P. Belloni and Dennis C. Beller, eds., Faction Politics: Political Parties and Factionalism in Comparative Perspective (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio Press, 1978), p Raphael Zariski, Party Factions and Comparative Politics: Some Empirical Findings, pp Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party System: A Framework for Analysis, p Rose Richard Rose, Parties, Factions, and Tendency in Britain, Political Studies, Vol.12, No.1 (Feb. 1964), pp Angelo Panebianco, Marc Silver tran., Political Parties, Organization and Power, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp Raphael Zariski, Party Factions and the Comparative Politics: Some Preliminary Observations, Midwest Journal of Political Science, Vol. 4, No.1 (Feb. 1960), p

31 factional cliques or tendency personal, client-group factions institutionalized or organizational factions 27 wings currents or tendency informal factions - patron-client groups 28 Nathan clientelist tie gifts services 24 Frank P. Belloni and Dennis C. Beller, The Study of Party Factions as Competitive Political Organization, Western Political Quarterly, Vol.29, No.4 (Dec. 1976), p Dennis C. Beller and Frank P. Belloni, Party and Faction: Modes of Political Competition, p Ibid., pp (dyadic contract) (dyadic alliance) - (patron-client tie) James C. Scott, Parton-client Politics and Political Change in Southeast Asia, American Political Science Review, Vol.LXVI, No.1(March. 1972), pp Carl H. Land e, Networks and Groups in Southeast Asia: Some Observations on the Group Theory, American Political Science Review, Vol.LXVII, No.1 (Mar. 1973), pp

32 29 Dittmer Wu shared attribute hierarchy reciprocity 30 Nathan simple faction 2-1 complex faction Andrew J. Nathan, A Factionalism Model for CCP Politics, China Quarterly, No.53 (Jan/March. 1973) p Andrew J. Nathan, A Factionalism Model for CCP Politics, China Quarterly, No.53 (Jan/Mar. 1973), p. 37. Nathan Peking Politics : Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism (Berkeley, University of California, 1976). 30 Lowell Dittmer and Wu Yu -shan, The Modernization of Factionalism in Chinese Politics, World Politics, Vol.47, No.4 (July. 1995), p Andrew J. Nathan, A Factionalism Model for CCP Politics, pp

33 33 formalized factions developed factions contexts pre-party faction intra-party faction cross-party factions post-party factions Socialist Party organisation faction parallel faction external faction Panebianco Thomas H. Roback and Judson L. James, Party Factions in the United States, in Frank P. Belloni and Dennis C. Beller, eds., Faction Politics: Political Parties and Factionalism in Comparative Perspective (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio Press, 1978), pp Dennis C. Beller and Frank P. Belloni, Party and Faction: Modes of Political Competition, p Alistair M. Cole, Factionalism, The French Socialist Party and the Fifth Republic: An Explanation of Intra-party Divisions, European Journal of Political Research, Vol.17, No.1 (Jan. 1989), p Dennis C. Beller and Frank P. Belloni, Party and Faction: Modes of Political Competition, p

34 38 system of solidarity system of interests Angelo Panebianco, Marc Silver tran., Political Parties, Organization and Power, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 20. highly structured lack of structure Angelo Panebianco, Marc Silver tran., Political Parties, Organization and Power, pp Dennis C. Beller and Frank P. Belloni, Party and Faction: Modes of Political Competition, pp

35 societal causes political causes structural guanxi elitism electoral systems party system direct primary 47 proportional representation, PR 40 Dennis C. Beller and Frank P. Belloni, Party and Faction: Modes of Political Competition, pp Brass caste Paul R. Brass, Factional Politics in an Indian State: The Congress Party in Uttar Pradesh (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1965), p Lucian W. Pye Barnes Samuel H. Barnes, Party Democracy: Politics in an Italian Socialist Federation (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1967), pp Andrew Nathan, Peking Politics : Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism, pp ; Joseph Bosco, Taiwan Factions: Guanxi, Patronage, and the State in Local Politics, Ethnology, Vol.31, No.2 (April. 1992), pp Lucian W. Pye Thomas H. Roback and Judson L. James, Party Factions in the United States, pp

36 preference voting 48 SNTV Grimshaw Duverger informal Gary W. Cox, Frances McCall Rosenbluth and Michael F. Thies, Electoral Reform and the Fate of Factions: The Case of Japan s Liberal Democratic Party, British Journal of Political Science, Vol.29, Part.1 (Jan. 1999), pp Raphael Zariski, Party Factions and Comparative Politics: Some Empirical Findings, p cohesiveness Maurice Duverger, Barbara and Robert North, trans., Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State (London: Methuen Co., 1954). p Panebianco institutionalization autonomy systemness internal sectors Angelo Panebianco, Marc Silver tran., Political Parties, Organization and Power, pp

37 groups 57 subgroups 58 cadre party mass party conformity Dahl concentration Robert A. Dahl, Patterns of Oppositions, in Robert A Dahl, ed., Political Oppositions in Western Democracies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1966), p

38 63 Sartori support groups veto groups policy groups 64 factional systems closed, elitist factionalism open factionalism factional alliances 65 snag veto game 66 intra-party democracy loyal opposition Dennis C. Beller and Frank P. Belloni, Party and Faction: Modes of Political Competition, p Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party System: A Framework for Analysis, p Dennis C. Beller and Frank P. Belloni, Party and Faction: Modes of Political Competition, pp Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party System: A Framework for Analysis, p Duverger one party democracy Sartori altruism Maurice Duverger, Barbara and Robert North, trans., Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State, pp. 28

39 democratization 68 Nathan civil code ; Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party System: A Framework for Analysis, p.47; pp Richard Gillespie, Michael Waller and Lourdes L. Nieto, eds., Factional Politics and Democratization (London: Frank Cass Co, 1995), pp Andrew J. Nathan, A Factionalism Model for CCP Politics, pp Nathan 29

40 doctrinalism inner order 30

41 70 71 structural principle

42 73 party government Maurice Duverger xiv-xviii 32

43

44 Sartori Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party System: A Framework for Analysis, pp Hans H. Baerwald, Factional Politics in Japan, Current History, Vol.46, No.272 (April.1964), p. 226;

45 Free China Fortnightly

46 H. Truman Tangwai; Non-Kuomintang

47

48 Domes activist faction lone star faction national socialists local factions

49 liberals Jurgen Domes, Political Differentiation in Taiwan: Group Formation Within the Ruling Party and the Opposition Circles, , Asian Survey, Vol.XXI, No.10 (Oct. 1981), pp

50 20 Rose tendency

51 Thomas B. Gold, State and Society in the Taiwan Miracle (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1986), p

52

53 Huntington 36 maximalists, principalists, moralists moderates Huang Mab, Intellectual Ferment for Political reforms in Taiwan, (Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, 1976); Samuel P. Huntington Adam Przeworski, Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy, in Guillermo O Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press), p

54 progress towards a democratic system growth of democracy John F. Copper, Taiwan Recent Election: Progress towards a democratic System, Asian Survey, Vol.XXI, No.10 (Oct. 1981), pp

55

56 Lin Chia-lung, Path to democracy: Taiwan in comparative Perspective, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Political Science, Yale University, 1998, p

57 Maurice Duverger ~

58 Lin Chia-lung, Path to democracy: Taiwan in Comparative Perspective, p ~

59 Rose Lin Chia-lung, Path to Democracy: Taiwan in Comparative Perspective, p

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62 opposition party

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67 The Committee for Formosans Free Formosa, 3F Claude Geoffroy

68 United Formosans for Independence, UFI The United Formosans in America for Independence, UFAI World United Formosans For Independence WUFI

69

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74 Taiwan Independence Party TAIP

75 DPP

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79 synchronization of party and government DPP Aims for Synchronization of Party and Government

80

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82 ( ) ( ) 72

83 Grimshaw 73

84 74

85 1 2 Sartori sub-party level invisible politics 3 party underworld icebergs Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party System: A Framework for Analysis, Vol.1 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp Ibid., p Stephen P. Robbins

86 Formosa

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88 22 discipline management recruitment

89 seniority personality leadership

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91 62 Jacobs New Era Institute 41 Bruce J. Jacobs

92

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94 net.net Action Vision

95 Action Vision IT

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97 61 FAPA The Movement; New Tide The Movement New Tide

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100 Hannah Arendt

101 Hannah Arendt

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103 Institute of New Congress

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107 Justice Alliance A

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110 http//

111 fraction Grimshaw Andrew Leigh, Factions and Fractions: A Case Study of Power Politics in the Australian Labor Party, Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol.35, No.3, pp

112

113 Alliance for Taiwan Welfare State

114

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117 68 FAPA

118 World United Formosans for Independence political justice social justice economical justice

119

120 172 Taiwan Congressional Office

121 FAPA

122 Mainstream Alliance

123 FAPA

124 IT 114

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126 116

127 Lin organizational nature collective leadershiplin Chia-lung, Path to Democracy: Taiwan in Comparative Perspective, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Political Science, Yale University, 1998, p

128

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130 Shelley Rigger, From Opposition to Power: Taiwan s Democratic Progressive Party (Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 2001), p news.chinatimes.com 120

131 limited vote single non-transferable vote

132 () () () () () () ()

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139 weak party center Lin Panebianco Lin Chia-lung, Path to democracy: Taiwan in comparative Perspective, pp

140 electoral-professional parties mass-bureaucratic parties 23 penetration diffusion sponsor organization charismatic leaders Angelo Panebianco, Marc Silver tran., Political Parties, Organization and Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp Ibid., pp

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142 132 / /

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144 nationalism C33 134

145 Chu 1990 / Chu Yun-han, Taiwan s Unique Challenges, in Larry Diamond and Mare F. Plattner, eds., Democracy in East Asia (Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1988), p Cheng Tun-jen and Hsu Yung-ming, Issue Structure, the DPP s Factionalism and Party Realignment, in Tien Hung-mao, ed., Taiwan s Electoral Politics Democratic Transition: Riding the Third Way (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1996), pp ;

146

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151 WTO

152 Wang Te-yu, One China, One Taiwan: An Analysis of the Democratic Progressive Party s China Policy, African and Asian Studies, Vol.35, No.1 (Feb. 2000), pp

153 V WTO

154 WTO Chao Chien-min, One Step Forward, One Step Backward: Chen Shui-bian s Mainland Policy, Journal of Contemporary China, Vol.12, No.3 (Jan. 2002), pp

155

156 John Higley, Huang Tong-yi and Lin Tse-min, Elite Settlements in Taiwan, Journal of Democracy, Vol.9, No.2 (Feb. 1998), pp

157

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162 5-13 ( ) ( ( ( ( ( )

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164 loyal or constitutional opposition opponents within and outside the system 2 Dahl 1966 Patterns of Opposition quasi-official bargaining among giant associations democratic corporatism

165 3 Dahl Dahl Dahl Robert A. Dahl, Patterns of Oppositions, in Robert A. Dahl ed., Political Oppositions in Western Democracies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), p goals system characteristics concentration competitiveness distinctiveness decisiveness of sites 3 Robert A. Dahl, Patterns of Oppositions, in Robert A. Dahl ed., Political Oppositions in Western Democracies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), pp

166 choice of sites transitions from authoritarian rule Huntington The Third WaveDemocratization in the Last twentieth Century transplacement 6 7 Linz 8 4 Robert A. Dahl, Patterns of Oppositions, pp Guillermo O Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Last Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), pp transformation replacement Juan J. Linz, Opposition in and under an Authoritarian Regime: The Case of Spain, in Robert A. Dahl, ed., Regime and Opposition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), pp

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189 reconciliation

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192 Laver Schofield the politics of coalition party as coalition of factions grand coalition Michael Laver and Norman Schofield, Multiparty Government: The Politics of Coalition in Europe (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p

193 Arend Lijphart consociational consensus Lijphart majority rule Arend Lijphart

194 Wu Jau-shieh, Coalition Politics: A New Phenomenon in Taiwan, Issues Studies, Vol.25, No.7 (July. 1996), pp ;

195 /

196 party change Panebianco organizational change

197 6-4 Panebianco 1 versus 2 evolutionism political development intentionality non-intentionality exogenous endogenous Angelo Panebianco, Marc Silver tran., Political Parties, Organization and Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp Panebianco 163 Harmel Janda 164 Panebianco party goals Panebianco Panebianco 165 Harmel Janda Harmel Janda Angelo Panebianco, Marc Silver tran. Political Parties, Organization and Power, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p Robert Harmel and Kenneth Janda, An Integrated Theory of Party Goals and Party Change, Journal of Theoretical Politics, Vol.6, No.3 (July. 1994), pp Angelo Panebianco, Marc Silver tran., Political Parties, Organization and Power, p

198 6-2 Harmel Janda Robert Harmel and Kenneth Janda, An Integrated Theory of Party Goals and Party Change, Journal of Theoretical Politics, Vol.6, No.3 (July. 1994), pp ; Robert Harmel and Kenneth Janda Harmel Janda

199

200

201 Harmel Tan dominant faction or coalition Robert Harmel and Alexander C. Tan, Party Actors and Party Change: Does Factional Dominance Matter? European Journal of Political Research, Vol.42, No.3 (May. 2003), pp

202 193

203 194 31

204 6-3 ( Dahl / / ) 195

205 196

206 election-driven democratization Lin Chia-lung, Path to Democracy: Taiwan in Comparative Perspective, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Political Science, Yale University, p Rei Shiratori, Japan: Localism, Factionalism and Personalism, in Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh, eds., Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics (London: SAGE, 1988), pp

207 SNTV nomination candidate selection Schattschneider 7 Gallagher Marsh secret garden SNTV E. E. Schattschneider, Party Government (New York: Holt, Rinehart Winston, 1942), p Gallagher Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh, eds., Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics (London: SAGE, 1988), p

208

209 /

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213 Gallagher participation centralization party voters 2. party primaries 3. subset of constituency party members 4. national executive 5. interest groups 6. national faction leaders 7. party leader 7-1 Gallagher 17 Michael Gallagher, Conclusion, in Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh, eds., Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics (London: SAGE, 1988), pp

214 Michael Gallagher, Conclusion, in Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh, eds., Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics (London: SAGE, 1988), p

215

216

217 SNTV

218

219 vote equalization SNTV 39 SNTV

220 give me five Cox Niou Gary W. Cox and Emerson Niou, Seat Bonuses Under the Single Nontransferable Vote System: Evidence from Japan and Taiwan, Comparative Politics, Vol.26, No.1 (Jan. 1994), pp

221 SNTV /

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223 9 9/ / / / /