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蝠秒卜
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1 kccchan@cityu.edu.hk /9/ /7/31

3 Taiwanese Journal of Sociology, September 2012, 50: Labor, Capital and State: Labor Conflicts in China from a Marxist Perspective Chris king-chi CHAN Department of Applied Social Studies, City University of Hong Kong Abstract The author uses a Marxist perspective to analyze changing patterns in migrant worker protests. While a new working class in China has emerged and recreated itself since 1978, today s labor researchers have mostly rejected the Marxist practice of using the social relations of production as a point of departure for analysis. Instead, Chinese migrant workers protests under a capitalist production regime are understood as part of a citizens movement. In this paper the author argues that this new approach fails to adequately account for recent changes in migrant worker struggles. He advocates a return to the Marxist tradition to study worker struggle in a specific social, cultural and political context, especially in terms of analyzing the growing number of labor-capital conflicts in both foreign-owned and domestic private enterprises in China. Keywords: labor, class, conflict, china

While a new working class in China has emerged and recreated itself since 1978, today s labor researchers have mostly rejected the Marxist practice of using the social relations of production as a

4 Pun and Chan 2008 teleology

6 linguistic turn 1960 Althusser Thomson 1963 Braverman 1974 Burawoy 1985: , modern discourse Bradley 1999; Thiel 2007 Jones 1983; Fantasia 1988; Gould 1995;

1978 1979, 1985 1980 modern discourse Bradley

7 171 Somers 1997 Sewell 1980 Berlanstein 1993: 4 Gould Jones 1983 Joyce 1991 Berlanstein 1992, 1993 Aminzade 1981, 1993 Sewell 1980, 1993

8 172 Cai 2006; Chen 2000, 2003, 2006; Lee 2000, NGO CLB 2005, CLB 2007: 4,

9 Chesneaux 1968 Walder Walder 1984:

10 174 Clarke 1993: 26 Labour Collective Pun and Chan , 2003 Chen 2006

11 175 Chen 2006: 43 Lee 2007: 195, 204 Pun 2005: 23-24

12 : Thompson 1963: Edwards 2000: 142 Thompson 1978: 49 Thompson Pun 2005: 20

13 Chan and Pun 2009; Chan, 2010a, 2010b, 2012c

14 Pun and Lu

15 179 Lee 2007: 195 Lee 2007: 202 Lee 2007: 236 Lee 2007: 164 Lee 2007: 175 Lee 2007: 24

16 180 Chan and Hui 2012 NGO Chan 2012a 2011

17 CLB ; CLB 2007; Chen 2010

18 % Lee 2007: ESRC Clarke and Pringle 2007

20 NGO

21 NGO Lee 2007: 175

22 186 Lee 2007: 237 Chan 2010a 6 Lee 2007: WTO FDI Chan 2009; Chan 2010a

23 % % % Wright Lee 2007: 4 Chan 2009: Franzosi Wright 2000 associational power structural power market place work place

24 188 Thompson 1978; Edwards

25 189 9 Chan 2010a 9 Chan 2010b

26 190 Clarke 1978 Lee 2007: 11, 176

27 Clarke and Pringle NGO NGO NGO

28 NGO NGO

29 NGO Clarke and Pringle 2007; Chan 2009, 2010a

30 Clarke

31 Chan 2009 Lee 2007: 29 NGO Chan and Hui 2012

32 196 patron-client relations Chan Lee Chan 2012b

33 197 Chan and Pun 2009; Chan 2010b, 2012c Chan 2009, 2010a voice exit Hirschman 1970 Clarke 1978

34 The Challenge of Labour in China Routledge, Chan and Hui 2012; Chan 2012c

35 199 Aminzade, Ronald, 1981, Class, Politics, and Early Industrial Capitalism: a Study of Mid-Nineteenth-century Toulouse, France. Albany: State University of New York Press., 1993, Class analysis, politics, and French labor history. In L. R. Berlanstein (ed.) Rethinking Labor History. Chicago: University of Illinois Press: Berlanstein, Lenard. R., 1992, The Industrial Revolution and Work in Nineteenth-Century Europe. London and New York: Routledge. (ed.),1993, Rethinking Labor History. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. Burawoy, Michael, 1979, Manufacturing Consent: Changes in the Labor Process Under Monopoly Capitalism. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press., 1985, The Politics of Production. London: Verso. Bradley, Harriet, 1999, Gender and Power in the Workplace: Analysing the Impact of Economic Change. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Braverman, Harry, 1974, Labor and Monopoly Capital. New York: Monthly Review Press. Cai,Yong Shun, 2006, State and Laid-Off Workers in Reform China: The Silence and Collective Action of the Retrenched. London: Routledge. Chan, Anita, 2001, China Workers Under Assault: Exploitation and Abuse in a Globalizing Economy. New York: ME Sharpe. Chan, Chris K. C., 2009, Strike and workplace relations in a Chinese global

36 200 factory. Industrial Relations Journa 40 (1): , 2010a, The Challenge of Labour in China: strikes and the changing labour regime in global factories. New York/London: Routledge., 2010b, Class struggle in China: case studies of migrant worker strikes in the Pearl River Delta. South African Review of Sociology 41(3): , 2012a, Community-based organizations for migrant workers rights: the emergence of labour NGOs in China. Community Development Journal, in press., 2012b, Challenge of Labour Policy under Hu Wen s regime. In J. Cheng (ed.) China A New Stage of Development for an Emerging Superpower. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press. Chapter 12., 2012c, Class or Citizenship? An Analysis of Workplace Conflict in China. Journal of Contemporary Asia. and Pun, Ngai, 2009, The making of a new working class? a study of collective actions of migrant workers in South China. The China Quarterly 197: and Hui, Elaine. S. I, 2012, The Dynamics and Dilemma of Workplace Trade Union Reform in China: the case of Honda workers strike. Journal of Industrial Relations 54(5). Chen, Feng, 2000, Subsistence crisis, managerial corruption and labor protest in China. The China Journa, 44: , 2003, Industrial restructuring and workers resistance in China. Modern China 29 (2):

37 201, 2006, Privatization and its discontents in Chinese factories. The China Quarterly 185: , 2010, Trade Unions and the Quadripartite Interactions in Strike Settlement in China. China Quarterly 201: Chesneaux, Jean, 1968, Chinese Labor Movement, 1919 to Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. Clarke, Simon, 1978, Capital, fractions of capital and the state: neo-marxist analyses of the South African state. Capital & Class 5: (ed.) 1991, The State Debate. London: Macmillan, c1991. et al., 1993, What about the Workers? Workers and the Transition to Capitalism in Russia. London: Verso. and Pringle, Tim, 2007, Labour activism and the reform of trade unions in Russia, China and Vietnam, paper presented at ESRC Nongovernmental Public Action Labour Workshop, Nov Online. Available: [accessed 16 February 2008]. China Labor Bulletin, 2005, Zhongguo Gongren Yundong Guancha Baogao (Standing Up: The Workers Movement in China, ) Hong Kong: China Labour Bulletin. [in Chinese], 2007, Zhongguo Gongren Yundong Guancha Baogao (Speaking Out: The Workers Movement in China, ) Hong Kong: China Labour Bulletin. [in Chinese] Edwards, Paul. K., 2000, Late twentieth century workplace relations: class struggle without classes. Pp in R. Crompton et al. (eds.), Renewing Class Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell.

38 202 Fantasia, Rick, 1988, Cultures of Solidarity: Consciousness, Action and Contemporary American Workers. Berkeley: University of California Press. Franzosi, Roberto, 1995, The Puzzle of Strikes: Class and State Strategies in Postwar Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gould. Roger. V., 1995, Insurgent Identities: Class, Community, and Protest in Paris from 1848 to the Commune. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Hirschman, Albert. O., 1970, Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Response to decline in firms, organizations, and the states. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Jones, Gareth Stedman, 1983, Language of Class: Studies of English Working Class History Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Joyce, Patrick, 1991, Visions of the People: Industrial England and the Question of Class Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lee, Ching Kwan, 2000, The revenge of history: collective memories and labor protests in northeastern China. Ethnography 1 (2): , 2007, Against the Law: Labor Protests in China s Rustbelt and Sunbelt. Berkeley: University of California Press. Pun, Ngai, 2005, Made in China: Women Factory workers in a Global Workplace. Durham: Duke University Press. and Chan, Chris K.C., 2008, The Subsumption of Class Discourse in China. Boundary 2 35(2): and Lu, Hui. Lin, 2010, Incomplete Proletarianization: Self, Anger and Class Action of the Second Generation of Peasant-workers in Reform China. Modern China 36(5):

39 203 Sewell, William. Hamilton., Jr., 1980, Work and Revolution in France: The Language of Labor from the Old Regime to New York: Cambridge University Press., 1993, Toward a post-materialist rhetoric for labor history. In Berlanstein, L. R. (ed.), 1993, Rethinking Labor History. Chicago: University of Illinois Press: Somers, Margaret R., 1997, Deconstructing and reconstructing class formation theory: narrativity, relational analysis, and social theory, Pp in. J. R. Hall (ed.), Reworking Class. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. Thiel, Darren, 2007, Class in construction: London building workers, dirty work and physical cultures. The British Journal of Sociology 58 (2): Thompson, Edward. Palmer., 1963, The Making of the English Working Class. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books., 1978, Eighteenth Century English Society: Class Struggle without Classes? Social History 3: Walder, Andrew. G., 1984, The remaking of Chinese working class: Modern China 10(1): Wright, Erik. Olin, 2000, Working-class power, capitalist-interests, and class compromise. American Journal of Sociology 105 (4): :

Silver 2003 Lee 2007 Chan & Pun 2009 Pun & Lu Chan & Pun Seidman Zhuang & Chen 201

* 2010 2010 Lee 1998 * 14CSH069 51 2017. 2 Silver 2003 Lee 2007 Chan & Pun 2009 Pun & Lu 2010 2011 2010 2014 2015 Chan & Pun 2009 2013 Seidman 1994 2001 2004 2015 2014 Zhuang & Chen 2015 Chen & Kang 2016