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1 Open Education Research Vol. 20 No. 1 Feb G640 A GAO Allen et al % 31. 3% % % % 34. 7% triad 18. 4% 11. 6% Radford YJC zhangxiumei2@ 126. com 18

2011 2002 2010 160 614 9. 6% 31. 3% 2010-2011 10% 2002 1% 2007-2008 35. 2% 34.

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3 . 25% Dillon 2006 Government 85% 85 /15 Accountability Office GAO % % 90% 50% United States General Ac- counting Office % Harkin 2012a / % 50% % 50% 5% 23% % 12 50% % % 12 50% 1998 Distance Education Demonstration Program DEDP Sally L. Stroup Blumenstyk % % NTU % % Tom Harkin 3 50%

36 Harkin 2012a 2008-2009 90 /10 1 2010 50% 50% 1998-2005 63% 50% 5% 23% 20 90 50% 12 50% 2001 10 10 2001 12 50% 2002 50%

4 . Senator HELP committee Senate HELP Committee % % % / % 63% % UMUC 96% % % 50% Harkin 2012b % 90% 21

2. 5 2. 1610 5-6 16 3. 30 2008-2009 109. 6 / 2010 54. 4% 63% 4.

5 . OER the Senate HELP Committee % GAO 2004 Interregional Guidelines for the Evaluation of Distance Education Online 7 瑏瑢 Learning 8 Commission on the Regulation of Postsecondary Distance Education - SHEEO % % 4. 25% 50% Harkin ACCSCT ACCET ASHA ATS DETC 瑣瑏 3 瑡瑏 the Accrediting Council 22

Online 7 瑏瑢 Learning 8 Commission on the Regulation of Postsecondary Distance Education -

6 . for Independent Colleges and Schools ACICS the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges ACCSC Program Integrity Issues State Authorization Section c 瑏瑥瑏瑤 Federal Regulations on State Approval of Out - of - State Providers /

9 Program Integrity Issues State Authorization Section 600.

7 . 1 /4 36 Ozdemir et al 瑏瑧 41% the Commission on the Regulatory Reform Poulin et al / 2. Gainful Employment Rule Commission on the Regulation of Postsecondary Distance Education - SHEEO 瑨瑏 WICHE SREB NEBHE MHEC 47 瑏瑩 30% 40% 35% 35% 30% 12% /3 State Authorization Reciprocity Agreements NC - SARA 22 Mar- Hill shall % MOOC 瑏瑦 The Presidents Forum Council of State Governments CSG State Higher Education Executive Officers Association 24 National Council for 2013 SHEEO

WICHE SREB NEBHE MHEC 47 瑏瑩 30% 40% 35% 35% 30% 12% 2013 9 1 /3 State Authorization Reciprocity Agreements NC - SARA 22 Mar- Hill

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9 . Nelson % 90% % 87. 9% Bridgepoint 93. 7% Wikipedia 2013 Harkin the Middle States Association Of Colleges and Schools MSACS the New England Association Of Schools and Colleges NEASC the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools NCASC Northwest Association of Schools and Colleges NWCCU the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools SACS the Western Association of Schools and Colleges WASC 4. WASC Junior WASC Senior 7 8 / 9 10ACCSCT Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Col- ACCET Accrediting Council for Continuing Education and Training ASHA American Speech - Language - Hearing Association Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Speech ATS leges of Technology 3. - Language Pathology 26

Association of Schools and Colleges NWCCU the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools SACS the Western Association of Schools and Colleges WASC 4. WASC Junior 1. 2.

10 . Commission on Accrediting of the Association of Theological Schools DETC Distance Education and Training Council 瑏瑡 Western Cooperative for Educational Telecommunications WCET 3 Blumenstyk G Company offers to help colleges cap- italize on end of 50 - Percent Rule EB /OL http / /chronicle. com /article /Company - Offers - to - Help /9716. 瑏瑢 4 Commission on the Regulation of Postsecondary Distance Education - SHEEO Advancing access through regulatory reform Finding principle and recommendations for the state authorization reciprocity agreement SARA EB/OL http / /www. sheeo. org /sites / default / files / publications / Commission% 20on% 20Regulation% 20of% 20Postsecondary% 20Distance% 20Education% 20Draft% 20Recommendations% 20FINAL% 20April% 20_0. pdf. 5 Dillon S Online colleges receive a boost from congress N. the New York Times EB /OL http / / the CRAC 2013 www. nytimes. com /2006 /03 /01 /national /01educ. html pagewanted 瑏瑣 Walden Argosy = all. Argosy 2001 J Harkin T. 2012a. A 2 - year investigation of for - profit colleges by the Senate Committee on Health Education Labor and Pensions SACS 瑏瑤 executive summary EB /OL http / /www. help. senate. gov / imo / media / for_profit_report / ExecutiveSummary. pdf. 瑏瑥 8 Harkin T. 2012b. Report reveals troubling realities of for - profit schools EB /OL http / /www. help. senate. gov /newsroom /press /release / id = 45c8ca2a - b290-47ab - b452 瑏瑦 - 74d6e6bdb9dd. 9 Harkin T Tom Harkin s official website EB /OL. 瑏瑧 Commission on the Regulation of Postsecondary Distance Education State Higher Ed Executive Officers and the Association of Public and Land - grant Universities organizations SHEEO 21 tp / /www. aascu. org/policy/publications/policy - matters/topten2013. pdf. 2 Allen I. E & Seaman J Going the distance Online education in the United States EB/OL http / /www. babson. edu/academics/centers/blank... /going - the - distance. pdf http / /www. harkin. senate. gov /. 10 Nelson L. A Trying again on 'Gainful' EB /OL http / /www. insidehighered. com /news /2013 /04 / 16 / us - announces - rulemaking - gainful - employment - state - authorization - and - long - term - agenda. 瑏瑨 the 11 Ozdemir D. & McDaniel J. G Evaluation of the Midwestern Higher Education Compact MHEC state authorization processes for distance education J /OL. Online Jour- of Distance Learning Administration ht- New England Board of Higher Education NEBHE nal Southern Regional Education Board SREB tp / /www. westga. edu / ~ distance /ojdla /spring161 /mcdaniel _ozdemir. Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education html. WICHE 瑏瑩 D.. 13 Poulin R. Chaloux B. & Fong J UPCEA. Colleges moving slowly toward state authorization compliance or opting out of states EB /OL http / /wcet. wiche. edu /wcet /docs / state - approval / UPCEA / WCET - UPCEA - SloanC_StateAuthorization- SurveyPressReleaseMarch2013. pdf. 1 AASCU State Relations and Policy Analysis Team Top Radford A. W Learning at a distance Undergraduate enrollment in distance education courses and degree programs EB higher education state policy issues for 2013 EB/OL ht- / 27

瑏瑢 4 Commission on the Regulation of Postsecondary Distance Education - SHEEO 2013.

11 . OL http / /nces. ed. gov /pubs2012 / pdf. 15 The Council of Regional Accrediting Commissions Interregional guidelines for the evaluation of distance education online learning EB /OL http / /www. msche. org /publications / Guidelines - for - the - Evaluation - of - Distance - Education - Programs. pdf. 16 UMUC Accreditation frequently asked questions EB / OL http / /www. umuc. edu /accreditation /index. cfm. 17 United States Senate Committee on Health Education Labor and Pensions For profit higher education The failure to safeguard the federal investment and ensure student success EB /OL http / /www. help. senate. gov /imo /media /for_profit_ report / Contents. pdf. 18 WCET State authorization Updates on SARA the Military and the USDOE Regulation EB /OL http / /wcetblog. wordpress. com /2013 /09 /13 /state - authorization - updates. 19 Wikipedia Tom Harkin EB /OL http / /en. wikipedia. org /wiki /Tom_Harkin. The Evolution of Post - secondary Distance Education Rules and Policies in the United States Analysis of Mechanism and Issues about the TRIAD Regulation System ZHANG Xium ei School of Educational Information Technology South China Normal University Guangzhou China Abstract The quality monitoring system for online education practice in the United States consists of three pillars federal government and congress local state governments and accreditation associations which is called TRIAD. By using the method of policy analysis the author has identified the interaction process between the practice of distance education and its external changing monitoring policies in the last two decades. The wrestle between the TRIAD and distance education institutions especially for - profit distance education has been outlined. Considering the gradual e- rosion environment for sustainable online education development and the decreasing power and effectiveness of the TRI- AD monitoring function in this decade the author proposes that the correction of online education s going awry nowadays should rely heavily on whether the federal government especially the Department of Education could continue to come out with more stringent policies for online learning as well as for - profit higher education. Key words online distance higher education triad regulation system higher education act federal student Aid and grants the US Department of Education policies 28

org /publications / Guidelines - for - the - Evaluation - of - Distance - Education - Programs. pdf. 16 UMUC 2013. Accreditation frequently asked questions EB / OL. 2013-10 - 02. http / /www. umuc.

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