* 954 assumption of risk Handeln auf eigene Gefahr acceptation desrisque * 1 18ZDA

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1 * 954 assumption of risk Handeln auf eigene Gefahr acceptation desrisque * 1 18ZDA

2 volenti non fit iniuria a man acts at his peril 4 volenti non fit iniuria voluntary assumption of risk Letang v. Ottowa Electric Ry. Co. with full knowledge of the nature and extent of the risk he ran impliedly agreed to incur it Lange See Oliver Wendell Holmes The Common Law Boston Little Brown and Company Letang v. Ottawa Electric Railway Co AC John G. Fleming An Introduction to the Law of Torts 239 Clarendon Press Jean Limpens International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law Vol. 4 Torts Chapter 2 Liability for One s Own Act J. C. B. Mohr 10 Hermann Lange Schadensersatz 2. Aufl S Paul Siebeck Tübingen 1975 p. 89.

3 McComiskey v. McDermott 1974 I. R. 75. A. M. Honoré Causation and Remoteness of Damage in International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law Vol. Ⅺ Chapter 7 Tübingen 1979 p

4 Jean Limpens International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law Vol. 4 Torts Chapter 2 Liability for One s Own Act J. C. B. Mohr 4 Paul Siebeck Tübingen 1975 p. 90.

5 Jean Limpens International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law Vol. 4 Torts Chapter 2 Liability for One s Own Act J. C. B. Mohr Paul Siebeck Tübingen 1975 p

6 See Fleming The Law of Torts th ed. The Law Book Co. Sydney

7 Jean Limpens International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law Vol. 4 Torts Chapter 2 Liability for One s Own Act J. C. B. Mohr Paul Siebeck Tübingen 1975 p

8 Clerk & Lindsell on Torts 3-33 Sweet & Maxwell John G. Fleming See Fleming An Introduction to the Law of Torts 239 Oxford See Jean Limpens International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law Vol. 4 Torts Chapter 2 Liability for One s Own Act J. C. B. Mohr Paul Siebeck Tübingen 1975 p Jean Limpens International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law Vol. 4 Torts Chapter 2 Liability for One s Own Act J. C. B. Mohr 8 Paul Siebeck Tübingen 1975 p. 90.

9 Nigel P. Gravells Three Heads of Contributory Negligence 93 The law Quarterly Review

11 QQ

12 On Victim s VoluntaryAssumption of Risk Wang Liming Abstract Article 954 of the second draft of the Civil Code s Tort Liability confirms the rule of voluntary assumption of risk. It has important practical significance. However the article does not strictly distinguish between voluntary assumption of risk and victims consent and as an exemption of liability lacks strict restrictions on the constituent elements and needs further improvement. Considering the particularity of voluntary assumption of risk it should be applied to comparative negligence rule and not be simply regarded as a valid reason to be exemption of liabilities. Additionally regarding the responsibility of organizers in such activities it is also necessary to distinguish between different situations and determine whether the organizer violates the security guarantee obligation and should bear the liability. Keywords voluntary assumption of risk contributory negligence grounds for exemption from liability 12

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