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1 ( ) ( ) /12/13 : 1389/9/23 : : N10, O50, O57 :JEL mohammad_tash@eco.usb.ac.ir.1.2.3

2 / : -. AK (Aghion and Howitt, 1998). :.(Benhabib and Speigel, 1994) " ".(Lucas, 1990).(Nelson, and Phelps, 1966) (Benhabib, J. and M.M. Speigel 1994).... (Benhabib, J. and M.M. Speigel 1994) Schumann, ) (2000

3 ( ) : -1. ( ) (Kyriacou, G.A. 1991) -3 (Barro, R.J. and J.W. Lee 2010) /3 (OECD) 25 1/3 2520$ GDP. 1250$ GDP " " (1993/1964). 2. : 3 :.(Becker, 1964: 1) 1. Definition of the term human capital 2. Becker, Mincer and Schultz 3. Boettcher

4 / " ". (Nerdrum, 1988).(Schumann, 2000) -3 (Mankiw, N.G., D. Romer and D.N. Weil 1992). (Romer, 1990 b). Benhabib and ). (Speigel, 1994 (1994) (1990) (Nelson and Phelps, 1966). (1966). : T(t) c H T(t) = T(0)e λt ] c/ H 0 ( 1) : T(t) H. λ

5 ( ) A.. A (Lucas, Jr., R.E. 1988) H (Romer, 1990 b).. A A H H : i g H c H, i = 1,, n, ( 2). g(h i ) H i.. (2) A : g(h L ). A L (0) A(t) = A L (0)e ( 3) 2 g(h i ) H i H :. A i (t) > A i (0)e ( 4) A i (t) > A L (t) t > τ τ g(h i ) > g(h L ) 3 L A L i F. A(0).1 2. Catch - up c(h) Am A.3 maxj Aj Am = 0

6 / A A L = A F. A(0) t. t = 0. t =0 t : g(h m ) m A m (t) = A m (0)e ( 5) : i A i g H c H g H c H c H ( 6) : ( 7) : A i (t) = [A i (0) Ω A m (0) e Ω A 0 e ( 8) Ω = ( 9) H i g(h i ) = 0 (1966) A i g(h i ) g(h i ) > c(h i ).. g(h i ) lim lim : A i g(h m ) : A i (t)/a m (t). lim e Ω ( 10) : Ω ( 11) [g(h i ) c(h i ) g(h m )] < 0 A m A i H. g(h m )

7 ( ). A g(h i ). - Y t = A t ( H t ) K α β t L t : T 0 (logy T - logy 0 ) = [ loga T (H t ) - loga 0 (H t ) ] + α(log K T logk 0 ) + β(logl T logl 0 ) + (logε T logε 0 ) ( 12).. : i [ log A T (H t ) - log A 0 (H t )] i = c + gh i + mh i [(Y max Y i ) /Y i ] 1 ( 13) Ymax.1

8 / gh i c mh i [(Y max Y i )/Y i ].. : (13) [ log A T (H t ) log A 0 (H t ) ] = c + (g-m) H i + m H i (Y max /Y i ) (14) : (12) (14) (logy T logy 0 ) = c + (g - m) H i + mh i (Y max / Y i ) + α (log K T logk 0 ) + β (logl T - logl 0 ) + (logε T logε 0 ) ( 16). ( ) (Benhabib and Speigel, 1994) -4 (Solow, 1956). (Kendrick, J.W. 1976) Yao, ) 1969 (Azariadis and Drazen, 1990).(2005.(Yao, 2005) (1966) (Romer, 1990 a). (1990)..(Yao, 2005)

9 ( ) (1966) (1994). Benhabib, and ). 43 (Birdsall and londono 1997).(Speigel, 1994.(Yao, 2005) (1998)...(Barro 1998) (1998) 12 ( ) (Lopez, R., et al 1998). (2001) GDP.(2001 ) (2006)

10 / (Park, J. 2006) R&D (2009) (Apergis, N. 2009) R&D (2010) (Barro and Lee, 2010) (1382) (1382 )» (1381) ( ) «OIC. GDP OIC HDI GDP.(1381 ) HDI (1382)

11 ( ).(1382 ) (1387) (TFP) (ARDL).(1387 ) (1387) (ARDL)..(1387 ) (1388)

12 / (2005 ) :Y t 2 :Y i 3 :L 4 :H 5 :K 2005 (Summers and Heston 2009)) : 6. (2010) : K = K 0 (1-s) t + Σ I i (1-s) t-1 i= 1,, t-1 ( 17) (Bernank and i K 0 :I 1 :K 0 K 0 = I 1 /(g 1 +δ) : Gurkayank 2001) :δ 1 5 :g 1 1. (0/06) GDP Per Capita 2. GDP Per Worker 3. Labor Force 4. Human Capital 5. Physical Capital Stock 6. (pwt), penn world table version 6.3

13 ( ) Levin, Lin Psaran and shin ADF-Fisher PP-Fisher F T F T F T F T LRGDP H -11.8* -11.6* * H(Y max/y) * * LL -5.91* -8.77* * LK D(LRGDP) D(LL) D(LK) -6.56* * * * * * * * * -43.1* -2.24* -9.26* -11.1* * 262.3* * 389.5* 351.5* * 358.5* 316.3* 459.0* 471.9* 441.8* 496.5* 262.3* 425.0* 432.4* 455.8* T F. :.. %1.2 Rho Prob t-statistic Prob DF DF* :. -.

14 / Pooling Data F = /. Panel Data ( 18) / : SSR pool = 12 / SSR panel = 7 / N = 620 q = 104 K= 4 2/37 F 3/79. H (16) /55 ( ) 0/55 0/56 (3 1 ) 3 ) 0/69 OECD (3 2 ).(3 (1) 0/42 (3) 0/19 (2) 1. 0/19 0/42. OECD OECD

15 ( ) d 3 0/457 (2/630) -0/115 (-2/798) 0/004 (2/057) 0/012 (7/180) 0/690 (4/500) 0/426 (4/223)./77 0/67 7/97 2/ : dlogy a : - c 2-0/009 (-0/100) 01/091 (-2/753) 0/008 (3/221) 0/002 (10/507) 0/563 (3/975) 0/195 (2/982) 0/53 0/41 4/38 2/02 b 1-0/035 (-0/404) -0/055 (-2/079) 0/004 (2/532) 0/002 (11/534) 0/557 (4/580) 0/198 (3/405) 0/53 0/41 4/42 2/08 Variable C H H^2 H(Y max/y) logl logk R 2 R F DW.3. t :. X log X :a :b 79 :c OECD 25 :d.. 0/01 0/002 GDP 1 OECD 0/2.

16 / ) 1. ( 79 ) 2 (.. U (1) 1 11/5 11/ /5 OECD 23/5.

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18 / OECD.3-6. (2000) (1994). :. (1990).(Nelson, R.R. and E.S. Phelps 1966) ( )..

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20 / (1387) (TFP).1-30 :35 OIC (1381). ( ) - (1381) :26 (1382) (1382).1-31 : 17 (1387) :2 5 Aghion, p. and p. Howitt (1998) Endogenous Growth Theory; 1st Edn., The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachutets, ISBN: 10: , chapter 1,10. Azariadis, c. and A. Drazen (1990) Threshold externalities in economic development; Q. J. Econ., 105: Apergis, N. (2009) Technology, human capital and growth: Further evidence from threshold cointegration; The Open Economics Journal, 2: Baltagi, B. (2005) Econometric Analysis of Panel Data; Third Edition John Wiley & Sons, Ld. Barro, R. and X. Sala-i-Martin (1990) Economic growth and convergence across the United States; NBER Working Paper, july. Barro, R. (1991) Economic growth in a cross country section of countries; Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106: Barro, R.J. (1998) Human capital and growth in cross-country regressions; Harvard University, Manuscript, Oct.. Barro, R.J. and J.W. Lee (2010) A new data set of educational attaintment in the world; , NBER. Benhabib, J. and M.M. Speigel (1994) The role of human capital in economic development evidence from aggregate cross-country data; J. Monetery Econ., 34: DOI: / (94)

21 ( ) Bidrsall, N. and J. londono (1997) Asset inequality matters: an assessment of world bank approach to poverty reduction; American Economic Review, 87(2): Charezma, W.W. and D.F. Deadman (1997) New Directions in Economic practice: General to specific Modeling, Cointegration, and Vector Autoregression, 2nd Ed., Edward Elgar Pubishers, Cheltenhaum, UK., ISBN: 10: : 360. Kendrick, J.W. (1976) The Formation and Stocks of Total Capital; 1st Ed., National Bureau of Economic Research, United States, ISBN: 10: : 256. Kyriacou, G.A. (1991) Level and growth effects of human capital: A crosscountry study of the convergence hypothesis; IDEAS: Lopez, R., V. Thomas, and Y. Wang (1998) Addressing the education puzzle: The distribution of education and economic reforms; World Bank Working Papers Lucas, Jr., R.E. (1988) On the mechanics of economic development; J. Monetary Econ., 22: Lucas, Jr., R.E. (1990) Why doesn t capital flow from rich to poor countries? Am. Econ. Rev., 80: Mankiw, N.G., D. Romer and D.N. Weil (1992) A contribution to the empirics of economic growth; Q. J. Econ., 107: Nelson, R.R. and E.S. Phelps (1966) Investment in humans, technological diffusion, and economic growth; Am. Econ. Rev., 56: Park, J. (2006) Disperison of human capital and economic growth; Journal of Macroeconomics, 28: Romer, P.M. (1986) Increasing returns and long-run growth; J. Politic. Econ., 94: Romer, P.M. (1990a) Endogenoud technological change; J. Politic. Econ., 98: S Romer, P.M. (1990b) Human capital and growth: Theory and evidence; Carnegie Rochester Conf. Ser. Public Policy, 32: Schumann, Ch. (2000) Measuring human capital-old and new approaches and their suitability for growth analysis of transition countries; University of Tartu: Solow R.M. (1956) A Contribution to the theory of economic growth; Q. J. Econ., 70: Yao, X. (2005) The role of human capital in economic growth: A Case Study; Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Manuscript, Fall.

22 2 Quarterly Journal of The Economic Research (Sustainable Growth and Development) The Role of Average Years of Schooling on Economic Growth (Barro and Lee Approach to Measuring Human Capital) Mehdi Safdari 1 Mohammadnabi Shahiki Tash 2 Zahra Sheidaee 3 Received: 14 December 2010 Accepted: 3 March 2013 Abstract The main objective of this study is to investigate the role of human capital on economic growth in different economies. For this purpose, we consider a model in which the growth rate of total factor productivity (GRTFP) depends on human capital stock levels, and human capital affects GRTFP through innovation and technology adoption from abroad. Using a cross-country panel approach for 104 countries, including 79 developing countries and 25 OECD countries, in five-year intervals during the , we found the relationship between human capital and economic growth is nonlinear. In addition, the development of domestic technology is more effective factor on economic growth in developing countries than catch-up factor, while human capital accumulation through technology adoption from abroad is more effective factor on economic growth in developed countries. Keywords: Human capital, Growth, Barro and Lee JEL Classification: N10, O50, O57 1. Associate Professor of Economics, Qom University, Iran 2. Academic Member of The University of Sistan & Baluchestan, mohammad_tash@eco.usb.ac.ir 3. Ph.D. Student of Economics, Mazandaran University, Bablsar, Iran

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2015 1 361005 30 Kuznets 1979 Rodrik 2008 Clark,1940 Lewis,1954 Chenery, 1986 Schultz 1956,1975 Dennison 1960 14JA790086 29 Nelson Phelps 1966 60 70 80 Lucas 1988 80 Romer 1990 Barro Lee,1993 Schultz 1996